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Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914. 

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania 

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 



ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Cammissioner of Forestry 

in Cooperation With the 
Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester 



Wood-Usinff Industries 



OF PENNSYLVANIA 



By ROGER E. SIMMONS, 

United States Forest Service, 
1912. 




HARRISBURG, PA.: 

WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE I'R INTER 

1914 



CeRecteel set. 



Bulletin No. 9. April, 1914. 

C ommonwealth of Pennsylvania 

DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY 



ROBERT S. CONKLIN, Commissioner of Forestry 

in Cooperation With the 
Forest Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture 

HENRY S. GRAVES, Forester 



Wood-Usins: Industries 



OF PENNSYLVANIA 

„ '. . 'to « i J. 

m. 01 mi 



By ROGER E. SIMMONS, 

United States Forest Service, 
1912. 




.^l 




HARRISBURG, PA. 

'WM. STANLEY RAY, STATE PRINTER 

1914 







D. of D. 
m 16 ai5 



(2) 







Fig. 1. — Virgin hemlock mixed witli white piue iu the Jack's Mouutaiu Division 
of the Seven Mountains' State Forest. Shove's types which Pennsylvania did 
and can produce. 



1-^ 

^ CONTENTS 



Page. 

Introduction , 8 

Purpose of the Study 9 

Forest Conditions , 10 

Importance of Manufacturing, 12 

Future Timber Supply , 12 

Scope of tlie Study , 13 

Part I. 

Kinds of Wood , '. ' 14 

The Woods Grown in Pennsylvania , 17 

Specific Descriptions , 18 

SOFTWOODS , 19 

Pines , 19 

Hemloclis 27 

Cypress , 28 

Spruce , 29 

Douglas Fir , 30 

Cedars , 31 

Redwood 32 

Tamarack 33 

Balsam Fir 33 

THE HARDWOODS 33 

Oaks, 34 

Yellow Poplar , 35 

Maples , 37 

Chestnut, 39 

Beech 40 

Red Gum, 42 

Basswood , 43 

Birches 44 

Hickories , 45 

Ashes , 47 

Elms 48 

Cottonwood , 49 

Gums , 50 

Cherry 52 

Black Walnut, ,52 

Sycamore , 53 

Hornbeam , 54 

Black Locust 55 

Cucumber , ' 55 

Buckeye , 56 

Applewood , 57 

Dogwood , 57 

Persimmon , 58 

Butternut , 58 

Minor Species , 59 

Foreign Woods , 59 

Description of Qualities , 60 

Part II. 

INDUSTRIES , 61 

Planing Mill Products , 63 

Boxes 65 

Car Construction , 68 

(3) 

i 



Furniture , 69 

Chairs , 73 

Vehicles and Vehicle Parts , 76 

Ships and Boats 78 

Caskets and Coffins , 82 

Mine Equipment, 84 

Mine Rollers , 85 

Sprags , 86 

Fixtures , 88 

Cloth , Hosiery Boards , etc. , 90 

Patterns and Flasks , 91 

Handles , , 93 

Laundry Appliances , 96 

Cigar Boxes , 98 

Woodenware and Novelties , 99 

Tanks , Vats , and Silos , 101 

Machine Construction , 103 

Agricultural Implements , 105 

Toys 107 

Trunks and Valises , 109 

Brushes , 110 

Shuttles , Spools and Bobbins , Ill 

Dairymen's and Poulterers' Supplies, 113 

Musical Instruments , 114 

Machinery and Electrical Apparatus, 116 

Water Pipes and Pumps 117 

Baskets and Veneer Packages , 118 

Frames land Mouldings 119 

Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets , 120 

Excelsior 121 

Playground Equipment , 123 

Printing Material , 123 

Ladders , 124 

Elevators , 126 

Canes and Whips , 127 

Plumbers' Woodwork 129 

Insulator Pins and Brackets , 130 

Butchers' Blocks and Skewers , 130 

Weighing Apparatus 132 

Professional and Scientific Instruments, 132 

Pulleys and Conveyors , 134 

Boot and Shoe Findings . 135 

Smoking Pipes 137 

Sporting land Athletic Goods , 137 

Saddles and Harness , 138 

Gates and Fencing , 139 

Clock Cases 140 

Rollers and Poles 141 

Manual Training Practice, 142 

Miscellaneous , 143 



Part III. 

Wood Uses 145 

Directory of Manufacturers , 177 



APPENDIX. 

Rough Forest Products 201 

Lumber , 201 

Laths , 202 

Shingles 202 

Cooperage , 202 

Pulpwood 203 

Hardwood Distillation , 204 

Veneer , 204 



V 



LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 



Fig. Page. 

1 Virgin hemlock mixed with white pine in Jack's Mountlain Di- 

vision of Seven Mountains' State Forest, 3 

2 Collection of finished boxes, made in Pennsylvania 64 

3 Box shocks and nailing machine in a Pennsylvania box factory, 65 

4 Interior of a small Philadelphia box factory. Boxes when nailed 

are used for city trade , 65 

5 Utiliziajtion of mill waste. Rough squares are bolted from slabs 

and edgings, and then turned into chair stock, 76 

6 Chair parts and the squares or dimension stock from which they 

are made , 76 

7 Parts of a farm wagon and the woods used in their manufacture, 76 

8 Showing pants of delivery wagons and woods used 76 

9 Body of an old-time Conestoga w<agon. This style of wagon is 

still being manufactured in Pennsylvania 76 

10 Hickory, oak and pine waste of a large Pennsylvania wagon manu- 

facturer being sold for fuel , 76 

11 Manufacture of limousine bodies , 77 

12 River scows after being launched , and re'ady to be taken to market 

down the Allegheny River , 86 

13 Racing shell being built by a Pennsylvania manufacturer for 

the University of Pennsylvania, 86 

14 Manufacture of mine sprags in Northern Pennsylvania, 87 

15 Standard dimensions of a mine sprag, 87 

16 Tier bins for provision store, 100 

17 Dimensions of a wrapping board, 100 

18 Foundry flasks , 100 

19 Sixty different kinds of novelties made by one manufacturer of 

Pennsylvania , 100 

20 Product of a woodenware manufacturer of Philadelphia, 101 

21 Oil tank staves preparatory to assembling, 110 

22 Finished oil tank , 110 

23 Manufacture of toy pHanos , 110 

24 Woodworking department of a toy manufacturer. Making wooden 

dolls, 110 

25 Brush blocks , Ill 

26 Brush blocks , Ill 

27 Manufacture of pipe organs 122 

28 Piano cases and kinds of wood used in their manufacture, 122 

29 Action parts of upright piano , 123 

30 Interior of excelsior factory, showing billets in place in excelsior 

machines , 134 

31 Finished excelsior ready for bailing, 134 

32 Whips, canes, and umbrella handles, and rough stock from which 

they are manufactured , 134 

33 Manufacture of shoe lasts. Roughly cut billets and the finished 

lasts turned from them , 135 

34 Evolution of a shoe last , 135 

35 Evolution of a briar pipe, 142 

36 Evolution of a gun stock and a number of finished stocks reJady 

for market, made of black and Circassian walnut, 143 

(5) 




(6) 



NOTICE 



The study upon which this report is based was undertaken by the Depart- 
ment of Forestry of Pennsylvania in cooperation with the United States 
Forest Service, tlie work being done under the direction of Robert S. Conklin, 
Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsylvania, and O. T. Swan, in charge OfRce 
of Industrial Investigations, United States Department of Agriculture. The 
statistics were compiled from data collected in the summer of 1912, covering 
a period of one year from July 1, 1911 to June 30, 1912, inclusive. 



ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 



In the preparation of the text of the Pennsylvania Wood-Using Industry Re- 
port, the Forest Service desires to acknowledge the kind assistance of Hon. 
I. C. Williams, Deputy Commissioner of Forestry, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 
and Mr. John L. Strobeck, Forester; also of Foresters James E. McNeal, W. 
Gardiner Conklin, R. Lynn Emerick, and Walter D. Ludwig, of Pennsylvania, 
Department of Forestry, wlio assisted in the actual collection of data. 



(7) 



WOOD-USING INDUSTRIES OF PENNSYLVANIA 



INTRODUCTION. 

In the work of practical forestry, Pennsylvania is a leading State and 
bears this distinction as a result of the development and operation of an 
effective State-wide policy. To this Commonwealth also properly belongs the 
credit of being the cradle of American forestry. When William Penn made 
the well known provision in the Charter of Rights, that for every five acres 
cleared one should be left in woods, the seed of forestry was first sown. Fol- 
lowing this, as early as 1700, the proprietary Government enacted forest 
fire laws, and from that time to the present. State Legislatures have de- 
bated upon and passed similar enactments. Popular sentiment favoring the 
practice of forestry by the State, grew steadily from the beginning, but in 
the past 20 years it has developed with remarkable rapidity. Directing this 
educational propaganda were rnen who have since gained prominence and 
who stand high among those recognized as authorities pertaining to forestry 
subjects. 

Naturally, much has been written and said on all phases of forest con- 
servation and improvement in Pennsylvania. In the discussions, the economic 
importance of forests, aside from the collateral values they are regarded as 
possessing, has been reckoned usually in terms of production of the rougher 
forest products, such as lumber, lath, shingles, crossties, cooperage stock, 
telegraph poles, fence posts, mine timbers, cordwood for fuel and distillation 
purposes. The commercial gain that comes to the State through the millions 
of feet of lumber that the forests supply through their conversion into such 
finished commodities as vehicles, boxes, handles, novelties, has always been 
recognized; but reference thereto has been made only in a casual manner 
as the detailed data have not heretofore been available. It is a well es- 
tablished fact that the cutting and shipping away of lumber and other 
forest materials like pulp wood, cooperage stock, chemical wood, etc., is not 
as permanent a commercial and industrial gain as when those materials find 
a home market and are held for the manufacture of finished articles within 
the State, but to what extent this development has taken place in Pennsyl- 
vania, no previous investigation has ever attempted to ascertain. This study 
has been projected, therefore, with this special view, and of outlining the 
relations of the wood-consuming industries to the growing forests, as well as 
of collecting information respecting wood uses and factory waste. 

The information presented in this report covers the period of twelve 
months, prior to July, 1912. It was gathered in the late summer and fall of 
that year by the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania, and by the Forest 
Service, United States Department of Agriculture, working under a co- 
operative agreement. The information was solicited from the manufacturers, 
not only from those producing complete wooden commodities, but from those 
making wooden parts of products, axe handles, brush blocks, and piano 
cases, for example; those factories that use lumber as a means of manufac- 
turing other commodities, like patterns and fiasks in foundry work, and fac- 
tories of all kinds that require lumber in the marketing of their wares by 
manufacturing their own boxes and crates. The names and locations of all 
manufacturers were obtained through the assistance of the postmasters in the 

(8) 



9 

State, and the thoroughness and accuracy of this report were made possible by 
tlie kind co-operation of the wood users in giving detailed information as to 
their individual operations. Report blanks were mailed to each, with the 
request that they be filled in and returned. After a time, agents represent- 
ing Pennsylvania and the Federal Government were sent throughout the State 
to visit factories which had failed to report, and more particularly to study 
at close range processes of manufacture, waste problems, and industrial 
conditions. On completion of the field work, in accordance with agree- 
ment, the data were compiled and the report written by the office of Indus- 
trial Investigations of the Forest Service, whereupon the manuscript was 
turned over to the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry for revision and 
publication. 

For a number of years the Federal Government has kept a record of the 
annual production of rough lumber and other forest products by States, and 
for the last seventeen years the State has been gathering similar statistics 
for Pennsylvania. These reports should not be confused with the present in- 
vestigation, which in no way concerns the output of sawmills, except in a sup- 
plemental capacity. This investigation relates to the rough lumber after it 
leaves the sawmills and to the bolts and billets after they leave the woods, 
tracing them through different channels into commodities of final manufacture. 
It is not the purpose of this study to record the total quantity of wood used 
annually in the State. Much of it, in the form of rough lumber, goes into 
construction, which needs no other change than cutting or trimming the tim- 
bers, planks, or boards, to fit them into place in the house, bridge, tunnel, 
concrete forms, scaffolding, fences, etc. This material has not been taken 
into account and neither have the large quantities of dressed lumber which, 
are brought into the State in the form of flooring, siding and ceiling, finished 
and ready for use. In addition there are parts of products made in other 
states and sent into Pennsylvania merely to be assembled; vehicle parts 
and box shooks are examples; also there are commodities partly manufac- 
tured, like club turned handles, spokes, rough bobbins and speeders, chair 
stock, etc., that have not been included in Pennsylvania but accredited to 
states in which the principal operations that change the forest material into 
the finished articles occur. 

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY. 

The Pennsylvania investigation has been conducted under the same plan 
as that followed by the Forest Service in 30 other states. Eventually, the 
information from all the states will be correlated in a national study and a 
series of publications issued by the Federal Government relating to the 
wood-using industries and the commercial v/oods of the United States. 

Every factory was asked to state the amount of each species used, the com- 
modity into which each was made, the form in which it was received, and 
whether these woods came from within Pennsylvania or from outside the State. 
Inquiries referred also t© tendencies of manufacture, closer utilization, and 
methods followed for waste utilization. As stated above, no data were solicited 
from sawmills or those producing veneer, laths, shingles, crossties, cooper- 
age, stock, posts, telegraph poles, chemical wood, pulp wood, etc. This in- 
formation for all the States has been kept and reported annually by the Bu- 
reau of the Census, and such of these statistics as relate to Pennsylvania, 
appear in the appendix of this report; they were taken from the census 
bulletins issued for 1911-1912. Apart from the concerns producing 
the above named rough forest products, there are scattered throughout Penn- 
sylvania nearly 5,100 factories that take wood and convert it into articles 
1 



10 

of final form. These have been separated into classes or industries, and as 
much as possible of the data which they represent has been similarly ar- 
ranged and is presented in this report in tabular form. 

The question of the disposal of that part of the rough lumber cut going into 
the various channels of manufacturer is answered by this report and by the 
others of this series. For instance, the furniture woods are grouped together 
in the order of their importance as to amount consumed and in the same 
way is presented the species demanded for the making of other chief commod- 
ities, like chairs, vehicles, refrigerators, matches, farm implements, sport- 
ing goods, etc. 

The Pennsylvania Department of Forestry and the United States Forest 
Service are constantly receiving inquiries from points throughout this and 
nearby states concerning markets for various kinds of timber and lumber, 
and are called on for data on practical uses of wood and for suggestions and 
advice on possible solutions of waste problems. This report will answer 
many of these questions. The farmer, the timber owner, and the sawmill 
man are aided in selling their material by having the information of the 
kinds of wood the manufacturers demand and of the forms and prices apply- 
ing to their purchase. The manufacturers in turn are benefited in these 
added opportunities for buying raw material and in the suggestions offered 
for finding in the waste of another factory suitable materials for making 
their own wares. The report may also suggest to manufacturers possible 
substitutes of cheaper woods for the more costly ones that are being used, 
besides pointing out the chief regional sources from which the industries 
procure their raw material. Dealers in wooden products throughout the 
country can learn what the Pennsylvania manufacturers have to sell, while 
those outside of Pennsylvania who desire to dispose of their lumber or wood 
in other forms can find what the manufacturers demand. 

To illustrate the use of this bulletin for reference, suppose information is 
requested concerning the raw material the handle makers demand. On page 
96 appears Table 59, giving the list of handle woods, the prices and amounts 
of each, and other pertinent information, while in the directory appended 
to this report, grouped also by industries, appear the names and addresses 
of the handle manufacturers buying these woods, page 186. Again, sup- 
pose information is needed as to what uses are made of ash, with a view of 
selling to the best advantage. By first turning to the list of uses on pages 
145, 146, one can find all commodities made in the State for which the manu- 
facturers demand ash. Should interest be attracted to the use of this wood 
in the form of lumber, say for passenger cars, by means of the table of 
contents the industry table embracing prices f. o. b. factory and other data 
referring to car building material is quickly found. Then by turning to the 
names of car builders in the directory, all preliminary information is at 
hand relating to the conditions of marketing this material with the factories 
engaged in the industry. 

FOREST CONDITIONS. 
The earliest settlements were naturally in the hardwood regions of the 
eastern part of the State, where were found extensive forests of various 
species of oak and hickory. Chestnut, yellow poplar, black walnut, elm, 
white ash, basswood, and other valuable trees were also common and often 
attained large size. In the southern tier of counties were magnificent for- 
ests, mostly of deciduous growth similar to those in the eastern part of 
the State. Probably in no region of the United States were there finer 
hardwoods than here, and magnificent specimens still standing confirm this 



11 

presumption and make one realize the almost inconceivable wealth Pennsyl- 
vania had in her timber lands. West of the Allegheny River the prevailing 
timber was largely hardwoods, similar to those in eastern Pennsylvania; 
but in the central and northeastern parts of the State, in the mountains, 
is the home of the cone bearing trees, the pine and the hemlock. With 
these, especially in the northern counties, were associated beech, birches, 
sugar maple, ashes, the black cherry, and scattered stands of other hard- 
woods. At first there was an exceedingly limited market for timber, and the 
gigantic trees that constituted the forests proved a hindrance rather than 
an asset. The same destructive method of cutting them and rolling the 
logs together to be burned was pursued in Pennsylvania, with the same 
zest as in other timbered states. Even the older living citizens recollect the 
custom of removing timber by fire from ground which was to be used for 
agricultural pursuits. Farm land was needed above all, but the unabated 
desire to clear away the timber was not limited to areas suitable for cropping 
but was extended into thousands of acres that have since been abandoned, 
after being denuded, as unsuitable for profitable farming. 

In the days of the early settlers of Pennsylvania, there was practically no 
market for hardwoods aside from what was required for local use. In com- 
parison with the demand for softwoods to meet the needs for buildings and 
other structural purposes, the call for hardwoods was very limited. 
White pine was then regarded as the principal and only desirable lumber, 
and was the first in demand when the exploitation of the Pennsylvania for- 
ests began. Large rafts of pine logs were fioated down the Susquehanna 
River and its tributaries as these streams drained a region abounding in the 
growth of this wood. About this period, large quantities of timber were 
sacrificed for the bark, which was peeled for tanning purposes; the logs being 
left in the woods to rot and burn. Not long after eastern woods had begun 
to be felled, similar activities were started in the forests of the far western 
part of the State. Here the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers afforded 
the means of rafting large quantities of timber from that part, which, 
after being manufactured into lumber, was taken to market by water through 
the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. The introduction of railroads extended the 
lumber industry inland, remote from the rivers, where the finest developed 
stands of conifers and hardwoods were abundant. After the great demand for 
white pine had considerably increased its price, hemlock began to attract 
attention. Though at first considered an inferior lumber, this prejudice 
soon faded aw^ay and Pennsylvania was destined to meet a constantly in- 
creasing demand for this species and has since been among the three States 
leading in hemlock products. 

The marketing of the stands of magnificent hardwood forests which had to 
give way to provide room for agriculture and homes for farmers, was for 
many years an important economic problem in this State. There was little 
demand for this kind of timber abroad and still less in any of the other 
States. This presented the situation that if the hardwoods were to be ex- 
ploited at all, it would be necessary to develop a market at home, by the 
establishment of factories like those concerned in this report, which would 
consume this material for making various manufactured products. These 
wood-working industries though prosperous, developed gradually at the out- 
set. Later they not only rapidly increased in number, but grew to substan- 
tial proportions and contributed largely to the industrial expansion which gave 
Pennsylvania probably her early recognition as one of the leading manu- 
facturing states. The products turned out by these industries not only 



12 

found markets in other states, but were demanded as important articles for 
export to European cities. 

IMPORTANCE OF MANUFACTURING. 

Besides the forests, the other natural resources of the State — coal, petro- 
leum, gas, ore, stone, clay, and rich productive soil — have also influenced the 
starting and growth of particular industries. These resources, with the 
further advantages Pennsylvania offers through its harbors and waterways, 
and a network of railway systems, making raw material accessible and 
products easily marketed, have gained for Pennsylvania a commercial prestige 
surpassed by only one other state. 

In the report of the loth Census, taken in 1910, the Federal Government 
shows the valuable farm products taken from Pennsylvania in 1909 to ap- 
proximate nearly 1663: million dollars'; the value of mlineral products, 
including the output of mines, wells, and quarries, amounted to 226^ million 
dollars; while for the same period the factories, 27,563 in number, gave an 
added value to raw material of nearly li billions dollars. Manufacturing 
then is preeminently the first of Pennsylvania industries. 

The wood-using industries, with which this report deals, constitute one of 
the important classes of the State's manufacturing enterprises. The value 
of the commodities turned out by them, together with that of the rough 
forest products produced, such as crossties, telegraph poles, etC;, annually 
approximate $100,000,000. Although this is small compared to the production 
of factories using iron and steel, it is next in importance and indicates 
clearly the part that forests and their afliliated industries have and are still 
taking in the commercial development of the State. The capitalization of 
these wood factories amounts to over $63,000,000, and they give employment 
to nearly 100,000 wage earners, many of whom are skilled mechanics. It 
is known that the continued operation of these industries depends upon the 
future timber supply. And equally obvious is the fact that if these factories 
have to shut down and move closer to other timber producing regions , the re- 
sult will be general industrial depression and loss. 

FUTURE TIMBER SUPPLY. 

For more than fifty years lumbering has been actively carried on in Penn- 
sylvania, and has been especially active for the past twenty-five years. 
Valuable scattered tracts of old growth hemlock and hardwood timber are 
still to be found in the State, but they represent only a small percentage 
of its wooded area and before many years pass they will be consumed. It 
is, therefore, recognized that the second-growth forests will have to be de- 
pended upon to meet the demands of the manufacturer, and this can only 
be made possible by the practice of forestry, according to a definite State- 
wide policy similar to that which this State has already inaugurated. 

Studies by the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry of forest conditions 
in the State, have pointed out vast areas like that contained in the State 
forests already established, that are better suited to forest growth than for 
agriculture. A large portion of these areas has a forest cover of valuable 
young trees in situations most conducive to their rapid growth. By the same 
practical and systematic management which is now being followed on the 
established forests, all of these lands can probably not only maintain the 
present lumber output of the State, but increase the production in a com- 
paratively short time. In other words, the State, by looking to the future 
timber supply, can continue her three fold industry of growing timber, cut- 
ting it into lumber, and making it into commodities. 



13 

SCOPE OF THE STUDY. 

This report is divided into tliree parts. Part I relates to the species 
of wood used by the wood-working factories in Pennsylvania, independent of 
their particular uses and the factories purchasing them. There is a general 
discussion of each wood, its range, and importance in the State as a lumber 
tree, the proportion of the amount used grown within the State, and a brief 
though particular enumeration of the properties of the wood. Uses are re- 
ferred to only in a general sense by calling attention to the industries report- 
ing the wood in large quantities. 

Part II concerns the wood-using factories of Pennsylvania which have 
been divided into industries according to products manufactured. Following 
this is a discussion of individual industries, referring to the products manu- 
factured, processes of manufacturing, woods demanded, and the principal 
qualities determining their use. In a majority of cases, the most suitable 
wood for each particular purpose is known, but the second best of the avail- 
able kinds is pointed out where possible, and in this way, as well as in 
others previously mentioned, the report will prove valuable to wood users. 

Part III is a summary of wood uses, independent of any industry classifi- 
cation or statistical data. In compiling this list, the Forest Service en- 
deavored to arrange it to include every wooden commodity manufactured in 
Pennsylvania. It constitutes the most nearly complete compendium of uses of 
wood that has ever been arranged, and will be of particular value for reference. 
Part III further includes the directory of the names and addresses of manu- 
facturers, grouped according to industries, who supplied the information con- 
tained in this report. The appendix presents data pertaining to Pennsyl- 
vania taken from reports of the Bureau of Census, United States Department 
of Commerce. 



14 



PART I. 



KINDS OP WOOD. 

A summary of the kinds of wood consumed in Pennsylvania manufacture, 
togetlier witli the cost, total quantity, and average price are presented in 
Table I following. Seventy-two kinds of wood were used within the State 
in the year 1911-12. "White pine heads the list, representing nearly 144% 
of the total, but had longleaf, loblolly, and shortleaf pine been grouped 
under the term "southern yellow pine" it would have stood first in the list, 
and in amount equal to more than i of the total consumption. 

It is interesting to know that the consumption of lumber in Pennsylvania 
exceeds the production. In 1912 the. lumber cut by the State was 992,180,000 
feet while the quantity consumed by the wood-using factories was 1,114,000,000 
feet. Of the quantity used, 313,683,000 feet or 28% was accredited to the 
State, leaving 800,536,000 feet as coming from the forests of other States 
and from foreign countries. Cost is the principal consideration with the 
manufacturer purchasing raw material and the fact that his own State pro- 
duces the same kind of lumber that he uses is of little consideration unless 
that material be the cheapest and readily and conveniently procured. That 
only a little more than one-fourth of the State's lumber production is con- 
sumed in factories within the State suggests a probable duplication in distribu- 
tion that does not tend to economy. This condition is worthy of considera- 
tion by both lumber consumers and lumber producers, and when generally 
understood, can, through the medium of the regular trade agencies, be con- 
siderably improved. 

So far as possible in this study, the data were presented by species rather 
than by genus in order to enable one more easily to study uses according to in- 
herent properties. It is of far greater value to know that a wood is white 
oak, yellow poplar, or sugar maple than to have merely the generic name, 
oak, poplar, or maple. Owing to the many difficulties encountered this effort 
was but partially successful and was followed only to the extent warranted 
by the information furnished by the manufacturers and by general information 
as the particular uses of woods or the location where they were cut. 

The southern states, and next to them the Lake states, contribute more of 
the shipped-in material than any other lumber producing region. Shipments 
of white pine, sugar maple, beech, birch, ash and elm were reported as 
originating in the Lake region. The largest part of the shipped-in supply of 
oak, yellow poplar, hickory, chestnut, and sycamore came from the forests 
of West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Tennessee, included within the 
hardwood region. Canada contributed a larger amount of wood but not as 
many kinds as the region embracing New York and the New England states, 
while the Pacific coast states sent a supply of six Vv^oods that aggregated nearly 
10,000.000 feet. That such a large amount should have been brought over so 
great a distance to meet the demands of the Pennsylvania wood-users is 
significant of the growing scarcity of native eastern soft-woods. 



15 

Table 1. — Summary of kinds of wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June, 

1912. 



















Kind of Wood. 


Quantity Used. 


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Botanical Name. 




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'^ 


c^ 



White pine, 

Shortleaf pine 

Longleaf pine, 

White oak 

Red oak 

Yellow poplar, 

Sugar maple, 

Chestnut 

Loblolly pine 

Hemlock 

Beech 

Cypress (bald) 

Red gum, 

Spruce, 

Basswood, 

Birch 

Hickory 

Ash 

Pitch pine, 

White elm, 

Cottonwood 

Cotton gum 

Spanish cedar, 

Red and silver maple, 

Black gum, 

Southern white cedar, 

Mahogany, 

Douglas fir, 

Western white pine, , 
Cherry (black) , 

Scrub pine 

Norway pine, 

Sugar pine, 

Red cedar 

Western yellow pine 

Black walnut 

Sycamore, 

.Cork elm 

Hornbeam, , 

Locust (black) 

Redwood 

Western hemlock, . . 

Cucumber , 

Yellow buckeye 

Applewood, 

T)ogwood, 

Kbony, 

Persimmon, 

Ciri^assian walnut, . 
Butternut, 

French briar, 

Teak, 

Holly (American) , . 

Congo 

Westerp red cedar, 



Pimis StroMts 

Finns ecJiinata, 

Pinus palustris, 

Quercus alba, 

Quercus rubra, 

Liriodendron tulipifera 

Acer sacchanim, 

Castanea dentata 

Pinus taeda 

Tsuga canadensis 

Pagus atropunicea (P. grandi- 
folia). 

Tarodium disticTium, 

Td(iuidambar styraciflva 

Picea species, 

Tilia americana 

Bctula species, 

Hicorla species= (Oarj/a species) 

Fraxinus species 

TPiniis rigida 

Vlmus americana 

Pnpnlus deJtoides 

yyssa aquatica, 

Ccdrcla ndorata 

Acer ruhrum and Acer sacchar- 

imtm. 
^'yssa sylvatica 

Cliamaecyparis tliyoides, 

Swietenia mahagoni 

Pseudotsuga tawifolia 

Pinus moniicola, 

Prunus serotina, 

Pinus virginiana, 

Pinus resinosO; 

Pi.nvs la.miertiana 

Juniperus virginiana 

Pinus ponderosa 

■Jncilans nigra 

Platamts occidentalis 

Tlmus racemosa 

Ostrya virginiana, 

RoHnia pseudacacia^=(.R, Pseu- 
do-Acacia). 

i^equoia sempervirens 

Tsuga heterophylla 

Magnolia acuminata 

^esculus oc.tandra 

Pyrus species, 

Vornus florida 

Diospyros species, 

Diospyros virginiana, 

Jtiglans regia 

Juglans cinerea, 

Erica species 

Tectona grandis 

Ilex opaca, 

Diospyros species, , 

TTiuja plicata, 



160,749,759 
149, 744, 213 
108,577,308 
98,190,060 
83,837,570 

56, 720', 991 
54, 955., 805 
51,326,097 
51,241,544 
43,027,872 

40,244,300 

23,195,290 
22,865,144 
20, .539, 02s 
18,698,836 

18,635,582 
17,8.53,255 
14,304,627 
10, 630. 700 
9,708,643 

6.335,8.50 
5,957,687 
5,812,660 
5,711,275 

4,957,160 

3,737,300 
3,680.254 
3 364,138 
3, 070, 50O 
2,723,493 

2,386,095 

2,327,340 

1,213,700 

878,509 

830,000 

782, 615 
697,073 
672,200 
547,184 

505,8,50 

505, 682 
500,000 
351,400 
324.200 
172,435 

164.137 

134,777 

113,0.10 

■ 108.140 

86,810 

SI . SOO 
65,. 590 
61,000 
60.000 
55,000 



14.43 
13.44 
9.75 
8.81 
7.52 

5.09 
4.93 
4.61 
4.60 
3.86 

3.61 

2.08 
2.05 
1.S4 
1.68 

1.67 

1.60 

1.28 

.95 

.87 

.57 
.54 
.52 
.51 



$31 55 - 
23 34 

31 71 
34 00 
30 94 


$5,071,607 
3,494,950 
3,443,246 
3,338,005 
2,593,836 


32 62 
22 29 
25 22 

19 91 

20 60 


1,850,151 
1,225,049 
1,294,609 
1,020,167 
886, 201 


17 42 


701,244 


38 94 
22 78 
21 34 
29 53 


908,285 
520,842 
438,216 
552,118 


28 05 

40 59 
44 02 
18 07 
27 61 


522,774 
724,635 
629,752 
192,084 
268,014 


26 66 
32 29 
112 93 
21 66 


168,938 
192.3.50 
656,435 
123. 690 


19 35 


95,923 


41 74 
122 29 
43 19 
40 22 
39 73 


155.986 
450,064 
145.296 
123,496 
108,191 


19 10 

25 74 
50 53 
56 29 

26 as 


45,557 
66,897 
61,323 
49.454 
21,630 


72 94 
28 73 
32 88 
43 83 


57,085 
20,080 
22,102 
23,985 


22 93 


11,601 


50 36 
20 00 

24 73 

25 19 
48 84 


25,464 
10,000 
8,691 
8,168 
8,422 


22 59 
188 18 

58 92 
340 45 

33 72 


3,708 
25,363 

6,659 
36,816 

2,927 


351 34 
191 95 

99 10 
133 00 

39 09 


28,740 
12,590 
6.045 
8,000 
2,150 



16 



Table 1. — Summary of kinds of wood used in Pennsylvania, year ending June, 

1912— Continued. 





Kind of Wood. 


Quantity Used. 


Common Name. 




Botanical Name. 


Feet b. m. 


a 
g 



Tamarack, 

Balsam fir. 
Boxwood, . 



Aspen (popple) , 
Willow (black), 

Sitka spruce, . . . 

Rosewood, 

Eucalyptus 

Tjignum-vitae, . . . 
Mountain laurel, 



Sumach, 

Olive wood, 
Satinwood, , 
Sassafras, . , 



Weichsel roots. 



Sarbo, . . 
Doncella, 



Total, 



Larix laricina, 

Ahiei, balsamea, 

Tabebuia pentaphylla and Buxus 
sempervirens 

Populiis tremuloides 

balix nigra, 



P'icea sitcliensis 
Dalbergia species, . 
Eucalyptus species, 
Giiajacwm officinale, 
Kalmia latifolia, .. 



Rhus hirta (R. typMna) , 

Olea europea 

Chloroxylon swietenia 

Sassafras sassafras (8 varii- 

foUum). 
Pnimis malialeb, 



Byrsonima spicata. 



40,300 
40,000 



32,416 
30, OOO 



15.000 
fl,185 
5,000 
2,050 
1,000 

50O 
4S0 
120 
50 



1,114,219,650 



: 


28 81 
45 50 


* 


298 90 
15 00 
13 00 


* 


35 40 
462 89 
260 00 
175 61 

40 00 


* 


SO 00 
81 25 
200 00 
25 00 


* 


540 00 


* 


200 00 
lOO OO 


100.00 


$29 15 



1,161 
1,820 



450 
325 

531 
2,863 
1,300 

360 
40 

40 
39 
24 
1 



$32,483,227 



Reeds 24,C0O lbs. 

Rattan 2,000 lbs. 

*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

Under the lieading "Kind of Wood" the above table shows two separate 
lists of names. In the first column appear the names of the several woods as 
they are known to the trade, called common names. The scientific names 
which the botanists use to distinguish species are shown in the second column. 
In this and similar State reports, it has been the purpose of the Forest 
Service to call woods by their proper name with a view of standardizing 
nomenclature. Common names vary considerably according to locality but 
botanists as a rule are in agreement as to the scientific names. There are 
exceptions to this and among those shown in the above table are hickory, 
beech, locust, and sassafras. It will be noted that two botanical names are 
given for these woods. The first set is used by the Forest Service as given in 
the publication issued by the Federal Government entitled "The Check List of 
the Forest Trees of the United States." The second set is from the seventh 
edition of Gray's Botany which is used as a standard by the Pennsylvania 
Department of Forestry. 

Thirteen of the species shown in the above table are foreign woods, the 
most prominent being Spanish cedar, and mahogany, followed by ebony and 
teak. Those accustomed to purchasing foreign woods in the form of logs, 
flitches, or lumber may regard the average cost of these woods as excessive. 
This is because a part of the supply of these woods is purchased in the form of 
thin veiieer which, in order to be included in the tables of this report, was 
reduced to feet board measure with no allowance for waste or the cost of 
production. 



17 

THE WOODS GROWN IN PENNSYLVANIA. 

Of the seventy-two woods which the manufacturers reported using, the en- 
tire amount of only six was home grown. These were aspen, (or popple), 
mountain laurel, sometimes called kalmia, black locust, sassafras, sumach 
and willow. The forests in the State also furnished a part of the supply 
of thirty-six other woods, making an aggregate of State-grown material used 
equal to a little more than 28% of the total consumption. 

Instead of arranging the woods in the order of the quantity consumed, as 
in Table 1, they are shown in Table 2 alphabetically according to their 
generic names. This arrangement throws together consecutively the birches, 
the cedars, the oaks, the maples, and the pines, and allows an easy compari- 
son of amounts of each species used, and if desired, an aggregate of any of 
them can be made readily. For a more convenient comparison of the home- 
grown woods with those grown out of the State, not only the quantities of 
these two classes are given for each species but also the per cent, which 
each class represents. 

Table 2. — Summary of State-grown and shipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania, 

year ending June, 1912. 





Grown in Pennsyl- 


Grown Out of 






vania. 


Pennsylvania. 




Kind of Wood. 


a 




ri 








^^ 


^ 


*>./:" 


a 






"SoJ 


o 


■S OJ 


0) 


__• 




§fe 


0) 


is 


u 


C3 




c 


^ 


a 


^ 


r^ 



Applewood 

Ash, 

Aspen (popple) 

Balsam fir 

Basswood, 

Beech, 

Birch, 

Boxwood 

Buckeye, yellow 

Butternut, 

Cedar, red, 

Cedar, southern white, 
Cedar, western red, ... 

Cherry, black 

Chestnut 

Congo, 

Cottonwood, 

Cucumber, 

Cypress (bald) 

Dogwood 

Doncella, 

Douglas fir 

Ebony 

Elm, cork 

Elm, white, 

Eucalyptus, 

(Trench briar, 

Gum, black, 

Gum, cotton, 

Hemlock, 

Hemlock, western, ... 

Hickory, 

Holly, American 

Hornbeam, 

Laurel, mountain, 



87,435 

6,568,952 

30,000 



7,933,764 



27,556,900 
9,S26,6W 



184,000 
79,50« 



17,500 



1,802,880 
212, 479, 333 



88,500 
235,600 



154,600 
846,300 



272,716 
'31,217,942 



397,184 
1,000 



50.71 

45.92 
100.00 



68.47 
52.73 



56. 7G 
91.58 



66.20 
43.80 



1.40 
67.05 



85.37 



23.00 

8.72 



5.50 
'7155 



72.59 
100.00 



85,000 
7,735,675 


49.29 
54.08 


40,000 
10,765,072 


lOO.OO 
57.57 


12,687,400 

8, SOS, 968 

32,416 

140,200 

7,310 


31.53 

47.27 

100.00 

43.24 

8.42 


861,000 

3,737,300 

55,000 

920,613 

28,846,764 


98.01 
lOO'.Ofl 
lOO.OO 
33.80 
56.20 


60,000 

6,247,350 

115,800 

23,195,290 

24,015 


lOO.OO 
98.60 
33.95 

100.00 
14.63 


10 

3,364,138 

134,777 

517,600 

8,862,343 


lOO.OO 
lOO'.OO 
100.00 
77.00 
91.28 


5,000 

81,800 

4,684,444 

5,957,687 

11,809,930 


lOO.OO 
lOO.OO 

94.50 
lOO.OO 

27.45 


500,000 

9,485,659 

61,000 

150,000 


lOO.OO 
53.13 

lOO.OO 
27.41 



172,435 

14,304,627 

30,000 

40,000 

18,698,836 

40,244,300 
18,635,582 

32, 416 
324,200 

86,810 

878,500 

3,737,300 

55,000 

2,723,493 

51,336,-097 

60.000 

6,335,850 

351,400 

33,195,290 

164,137 

10 

3,364,13S 

134,777 

672,200 

9,708,643 

5,000 

81,800 

4,957,160 

5,857,687 

43,027,872 

500', OOO 

17,853,255 

61,000 

547,184 

1,000 



18 



Table 2. — Summary of State-grown and sliipped-in wood used in Pennsylvania, 
year ending June, 1912 — Continued. 





Grown in Pennsyl- 


Grown Out of 






vania. 


Pennsylvania. 




Kind of Wood. 


a 




g 








t''^ 


a 


i:-= 


^ 






■^+j 


0) 




? 


^* 






a! 


3g 


a! 


03 




a 


dl 


5 


Clj 


^ 



Lignum vitae, 

I-ocust, blaoli, 

Mahogainy, 

Maple, red and silver, 
Maple, sugar, 



Oak, red, .... 
Oak, white, 
Olivewood, 
Persimmon. 
Pine, loblolly, 



Pine, 
Pine, 
Pine, 

Pine, 
Pine, 



longleal, 
Norway, 
pitch, .. 
scrub, . . 
shortleaf. 



Pine, sugar, 

Pine, western white. 
Pine, western yellow, 

Pine, white 

Red gum 



1? edwood , 
Rosewood, 
Sassafras, 
Satinwood, 
Sarbo, . . . 



Spanish cedar. 

Spruce, 

Spruce, Sitka, 

Sumach 

Sycamore, 



Tamarack, 

Teak 

Walnut, black, .... 
Walnut, Circassian, 
Weichsel roots, . . . 



Willow, black. 
Yellow poplar. 



505, S5C 



3,Ci73,275 
35,482,2»£ 



25,681,38.2 
41,536,349 



25,000 

4,432,^)0 

105,501) 

10', OO'P 



69,236,764 
5,50C 



1,786,400 



500 
31,603 

SCO 

443 JOS 



25,000 
13,013,636 



313,683,63: 



53.81 
64.56 



30.63 
42.30 



41.69 

4.42 
.01 



43.07 
.02 



100. OO 
4.53 



.74 
56 [76 



lOfli.OO 
2:2.94 



2,050 im.m 



3,6S0,2S4 
2,638,000 
19', 473, 605 

58,156,208 

56,653,711 

480 

113,010 

51,241,544 

108,577,308 
2,302i,340 
6,198,500 
2,280,595 

149,734,213 

1,213,700 
3,070,500 
830,000 
91,512,983 
22,859,644 

506, 682 
6,185 



120 
30 

5,812,660 

18,753,628 
15,000 

"665, 470 

40,000 
65,590 
338,910 
108,140 
SO 



43,707, 355 



800,536,018 



100.00 
46.19 
35.44 

69.37 
57.70 
100.00 
100.00 
100.00 

100.00 



58.31 
95.58 
99.99 

ICO. 00 
100.00 
100. OiO 
56.93 
99.98 

100.00 

lOO'.OO 



100.00 

100.00 
100.00 

91.30 

lO&.Ofl 



95.47 

99.26 
1001.00 

43.30 
100.00 
lOfli.OO 



2,050 

505,850 

3,680,254 

5,711,275 

54,955,805 

83,837.570 

98,190,060 

480 

113,010 

51,241,544 

108,577,308 

2,327,340 

10,630,700 

a,3S6,0»; 

149,744,213 

1,213,700 

3,070,500 

830,000 

160', 749.. 759 
32,865,144 

505,683 

6, 185 

50 

120 

30 

5,812,660 

201,539,02s 

15,000 

50O 

697,073 

40,300 

65,590 

782, 615 

108,140 

SO 

25,000 
56,720,991 

1,114,219,660 



SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS. 
Notwithstanding the very general substitution of other materials like con- 
crete, metals, stone, and clay for wood there is no clear indication that the 
call for lumber and other forest products is decreasing at this time. With 
the opening of the Panama Canal and the changing conditions v/hich are con- 
stantly taking place in trade, it is difficult to predict Avhat the future will 
bring forth. As it is there is a large demand for lumber of all kinds and es- 
pecially for the better grades of native woods. If there were an inexhaustible 
supply of timber now as there appeared to be fifty years or more ago, there 
would be less reason for making a study of this kind; but on account of the 
growing shortage of commercial timber it is most important that investiga- 
tions be made to determine the qualities of woods that best fit them for a 
particular use. With this in view, this section of the report has been de- 
voted to a brief account of the several woods used by the manufacturers. 



19 

In dealing with tlie properties of woods in tlie following paragraphs, a 
graded set of terms, such as hard, very hard, fairly hard, soft, very soft, 
etc., is used. These terms of course indicate an approximate scale and 
apply only to the average run of woods, as many conditions governing the 
growth of the tree affect materially the structure of the wood so that the same 
kind appears to have slightly different qualities. Generally the scale of terms 
used will serve to give a fairly clear idea of the properties of woods. To 
prevent confusion in their application, efforts have been made not to use them 
too loosely. The schedule setting forth the terms showing the relative grada- 
tions to which all descriptions of qualities conform will be found on page 60. 
By reference to this schedule the properties of the woods described may read- 
ily be studied and compared. 

Lumbermen divide woods into two general classes, hardwoods and soft- 
woods. This classification is not based so much upon the qualities of hard- 
ness and softness as upon distinction which custom has standardized because it 
is practical and holds true generally. Hardwoods are trees with broad leaves, 
while the softwoods have the needle leaf. 

THE SOFTWOODS. 
There are nineteen species of conifers going into final manufacture in 
Pennsylvania. Ten of them are pines, constituting nearly fifty per cent, of the 
total consumption, and of these the supply of seven is obtained entirely from 
other states, and of the three home-grown species, scrub and pitch pine are 
required in relatively small amounts, leaving white pine the foremost soft- 
wood representative of the Pennsylvania forests. Pine lumber is generally ad- 
mitted to be the most valuable wood that the earth produces and the species 
that are used in Pennsylvania together with the other softwoods are described 
m the order of quantity as follows: 

PINES. 
White Pine (Pinus Strobus). 
White pine was the first lumber tree in Pennsylvania that attracted the 
attention of the lumbermen. It was not found in this State in thick stands of 
vast areas like the white pine in the Lake regions and parts of New 
England, but it grew plentifully in various parts of the State. The trees were 
generally of large development, and in the early j'ears of lumbering, Pennsyl- 
vania trees contributed a large proportion of the total white pine cut of the 
country. In 1880 the estimated cut of white pine in Pennsylvania amounted to- 
380,000,000 feet, in 1900, 221,000,000 feet, and in 1910 only 92,000,000 feet. 
In a few localities the remnants of the original stands are still being cut and 
here and there trees are found scattered among the hemlocks and hardwoods, 
besides the second growth that helps to make up the supply. White pine 
reproduces vigorously and in certain parts of the State under favorable con- 
ditions grows with astonishing rapidity. In quantity, it is the most used of 
any wood for manufacture in Pennsylvania, and owing to its valuable 
qualities of being light, soft, comparatively durable, of whitish color, easily 
worked, and holding its shape when in place, it is called for by the factories 
comprising thirty-two of the fifty-four industries. The largest quantity was 
used for making planing mill products and general mill work, and the 
next largest for boxes, these two industries accounting for 71% of the supply 
going to the Pennsylvania factories. It is interesting to note that white pine 
cut for Pennsylvania was only 2,000,000 feet more than the reported quantity 
of home-growii wood used. This gives white pine the distinction of being con- 



20 

sumed by manufacturers in the largest proportion of the amount cut in the 
State of any home grown tree tliat is important in the production of lumber. 

Table 3. — Consumption of White Pine, year ending June, 1912. 











k, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 


ci 


vania. 


sylvania. 










J= 










































ft 








Industry. 








°& 










a 




+j 


^ o 


+j 


g 


a 




jo 




0) 






.d 


xi 




-tJ 






q! ■+-» 


ri 


4j 


.^ 




fa 




IS 




o 


fe! 


&( 



Planing mill products, 

Boxes and crates, packing, 

Car const) uetion, 

Patterns and flasks — 

Caskets and coffins 

Ship and boat building, 

Pumps, 

Boards, 

Tanks and silos, , 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Toys, 

Fixtures, 

Trunks and valises, 

Furniture, 

Mine equipment 

Baskets, fruit and vegetables, 
Woodenware and novelties, 
Butchers' blocks and skewers,.. 

Machine construction 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Agricultural implements, 

Instruments, musical, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies 

Laundry appliances, 

Excelsior 

Elevators 

Manual training practice (sloyd). 

Gates and fencing, 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

Instruments, professional and 
scientific 

Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- 
nets, 

Miscellaneous 

Total 



62,556,492 
51,583,373 
12,829,420 
9,141,449 

4,7.^13.003 


38.92 
32.00 
7.8S 
5.69 

2.98 


$36 53 
21 03 
31 38 
56 0i9 
18 90 




2.83 

1.30 

.62 

.51 


46 85 
24 59 
32 00 
34.84 


787,2,00 


.49 


40 0'2 


,725,000 
453,450 
428,500 
298,700 
239,000 


.45 
.28 
.27 
.19 
.15 


24 90 
45 64 
28 60 
44 32 
23 70 


230,000 
225,000 
200i.000 
143, 500 
140, 550 


.14 
.14 
.12 

.09 
.09 


21 00 
11 78 

22 00 
41 34 
34 62 


116,000 
88,000 


.07 
.05 


31 71 

34 56 


79,000 
78,200 
63,500 


.05 
.06 
.04 


22 58 
35 92 
15 00 


62,200 
21,575 

5,000 
2,500 


.04 
.01 


40 45 
72 35 
22 OO 
36 CO 


1.000 


* 


90 00 


500 
7,002,000 


4.36 


28 00 
26 00' 


160,749,759 


100.00 


$31 5i5 



$2,285,337 

1,084,714 

402, 837 

512,735 

138,495 

212,928 
51,435 
32,000 
2S,570 

31,504 

18,050 
20,649 
12,255 
13,239 
5,665 

4,830 
2,650 
4,400 
5,932 
4,866 

3,678 
3,041 

1,784 
2,809 



953 

2,516 

1,561 

110 

90 

90 



14 
182,070 



29,261,299 
19,390,373 
4,041,869 
2,276,198 
708,500 

2,733,150 
1,575,000 



60,000 

150,000 

487,500 
100,450 
128,500 
281,500 
13,000 

230,000 
225,000 
200,000 
83,500 
118,050 

26,000 



15,000 
25,000 
63,500 

32,200 
8,675 
5,000 



$5,071,607 



500 
7,002,000 



69,236,764 



33,295,193 
33,193,000 
8,787,551 
6,865,251 
4,089,500 

1,811,500 
517,0,50 

1,000,000 
760,000 

637, 2»a. 

237,500 

352, OOO 
300,000 
17,200 
226,000 



60,000 

22,500 



90,000 
88,000 



64,000 
53,200 



SO, OOO 
12,900 



2,500 
1,000 



91,512,995 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 



Shortleaf Pine (Pinus echinata). 
In quantity shortleaf pine is the most important yellow pine used by the 
Pennsylvania wood users. It was demanded, next to white pine, in the 
largest amount of any wood going into final manufacture in the State. 
Twenty-four industries report using this wood, but over ninety-one per cent, of 
the total went to three of them: boxes, planing mill products, and car con- 
struction. Shortleaf pine grows in Pennsylvania and, to a limited extent, is 
sawed into lumber; but the manufacturers report the use of the home cut 
wood in very small quantities and purchase almost their entire supply in 
the southern states. Shortleaf pine is a soft, yellow wood with considerable 
sap and has wider rings than the longleaf pine. Its qualities may be indicated 



21 

as intermediate or coarse grained, moderately hard, dense, tough and 
elastic, strong, stiff, durable, resinous, moderately stable, rather easy to 
work, and takes paint well. It is not infrequently bought and sold as longleaf 
pine, especially that coming from the Gulf states. The Virginia and Carolina 
shortleaf pine is generally handled under the name North Carolina pine, 
being a mixture of loblolly and shortleaf in the proportion of about four 
to one. 

Table 4.- — Consumption of Shortleaf Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


p4 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 
o 




vania. 


sylvania. 








r-T 
















tH 


.Q 






Industry. 








a 


6 








a 






H 


O 


a" 


a 




■°' » 




CD 






J2 


ji 












C3 








































fe 




Ph 


<i 


et 


fa 


fe 



Boxes ami crates, packing 

Planing mill products, 

Car construction, 

Boards, cloth, hosiery, etc 

Machinery and electrical aijpa- 
ratus, 

Mine equipment 

Ship and boat building 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- 
nets, 

Fixtures •. 

Patterns and flasks, 

Equipment, playground 

Machine construction, ". 

Dairymen's, poulterers', etc.,.. 
Furnituie, 

Agricultural implements 

Tanks and silos 

Elevatorfe, 

Ladders, 

Instruments, musical, 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

Handles 

Frames and moulding, picture. 
Manual training practice (sloyd) , 

Total 



52,719,727 
51,870,590 
32,724,334 
8,000,0.010 

968,200 

567,000 
480,800 
467,200 

453,750 
356,000 

242,012 
240,000 
163,000 
145,000 
141,000 

95,000 
86,200 
50,000 
25,uO0 
19,900 

12,260 

12,000 

5,000 

250 

149,744,213 



35.21 


$18 00 


34.64 


2,6 68 


21.85 


216 10 


=i.34 


25 OO 


.65 


21 89 


.38 


21 14 


.32 


28 74 


.31 


26.67 


.30 


27 07 


.17 


2S 92 


.16 


20 89 


.16 


27 OO 


.11 


23 99 


.10 


15 69 


.10 


23 92 


.06 


29 74 


.06 


29 47 


.03 


22 00 


.02 


25 00 


.01 


34 52 


.01 


28 00 


.01 


30 00 




30 00 


* 
lOO.OO 


40 00 


?23 34 



$949,003 
1,383,733 

854,105 
200,000 

21,191 

11,983 

13,820 

^ 12,461 

12,284 
6,635 

5,056 
6,480 
3,910 
2,2(75 
3,374 

2,825 

2,540 

1,100 

625 

687 

343 
360 
150 
10 

$3,494,950 



10,000 



52,719,727 
51,870,590 
32,724,334 
8,000,000 

968,200 

567,000 
480,800 
467,200 

453,750 
256,000 

242,013 
240,000 
153,000 
145,000 
141,000 

95,000 
86,200 
50,000 
2S,O00 
19,900 

12,250 

12,000 

5, OOO 

250 

149,734,213 



*Iiess than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 



Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris). 
For strength, stiffness, and durability, longleaf pine is considered superior 
to other species of yellow pine. The distinguishing features of the wood are 
its narrow rings and its relatively small proportion of sapwood. It is hard, 
with fine straight grain, dense, moderately heavy, elastic, tough; splits 
rather easily, is fairly hard to work, and does not take paint well. Nearly 
three-fourths of all that is used in the State is consumed in car building, al- 
though seventeen other industries reported its use in varying small amounts. 
The most prominent among these are planing mill products, ship building, and 
the manufacture of tanks and silos. 



22 



Table 5. — Consumption of Longleaf Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









+J 


1 
& 1 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 


d 


vania. 


sylvania. 










^ 












;-( 


£2 


























C^ 








Industry. 






o h 










S 


+j 


^ o 


b 


g 


S ■' 




d 


o 


5--S 




■^ 


-■ 














































^ 


Oi 


< 


^ 


^ 


^ 



Car construction, 

Planing mill products, 

Ship and boat building 

Tanlis and silos, 

Machine construction 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Agricultural implements, 

Mine equipment, 

Elevators 

Boxes and crates, packing 

Patterns and flasljs, 

Weighing apparatus, 

Furniture, 

I.adders 

Fixtures, 

Equipment, playground, 

Caskets and coffins, 

Machinery and electrical ap- 
paratus, 

Total 



76,932,160 
19,612,698 
5,2S6,0O0 
2,G65,0&0 
1,431,0W 

576,550 
563, 2'0'Oi 
423,000 
269,900 
241,800 

234,000 
200, OOO 
138,500 
50,000 
39,500 

7. OOO 
6,000 



108,577, SOS 



70.85 


$32 21 


18.06 


29 39 


4.87 


37 56 


. 2.36 


26 57 


- 1.32 


27 66 


.53 


34 33 


.52 


31 77 


.39 


2« 39 


.25 


36 73 


.22 


22 04 


.22 


20 70 


.18 


30 00 


.13 


31 83 


.05 


28 OO 


.04 


32 41 


.01 


52 00 


* 


37 50 


* 


25 00 


lOO.OO 


$31 71 



?2, 477, 985 

576,370 

198,520 

68,150 

39,585 

19,791 

17,893 

11,163 

9,913 

5,330 

4,844 
6, 0*0 
4,408 
. 1,40'D 
1,2180 

3&4 

2*5 

25 



,443,246 



76,932,160 
19,612,69^ 
5, 286, OOO 
2,565,000 
1,431,000 

576,550 
563,200 
423,000 
269, £00 
241,800 

234,000 
200,000 
138,500 
50,000 
39,500 

7,000 

e,ooo 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 

Lohlolly Pine (Pinus taecla). 
Loblolly pine does not grow in Pennsylvania though it has a wide range 
extending from southern Maryland through all the southern states and ex- 
tends as far west as Texas. Most of that used in Pennsylvania was re- 
ported as coming from Virginia and North Carolina, in which states it con- 
stitutes the largest proportion of the lumber production. It is a soft, wide 
ringed, thick sapped, yellow pine. It has very coarse straight grain, is 
moderately hard, strong and durable, resinous, brittle, easy to season and 
work, and takes paint well. It closely resembles shortleaf pine and meets 
similar uses, so that no attempt is ever made to distinguish it commercially. 
Over 51,000,000 feet is demanded yearly by the Pennsylvania wood users 
for a great variety of purposes, but over nine-tenths is reported by the box 
makers and the manufacturers of sash, doors, blinds, and other planing mill 
products. 



23 



Table 6. — Consumption of Loblolly Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









■H 


•^_ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




3 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 


a 


vania. 


sylvania. 








^ 


<w 












.^ 


£ 


























a 








Industry. 






of- 










g 


i 




9. 


a 


a 




.Q 


a 


tea 




^ 


J3 


















9 


s 


> d 


o 


1^ 


OJ 




^ 


^ 


< 


H 


fci 


fc 



Boxes and crates, packing, 

Planing mill products, 

Car construction 

Boards, clotb, hosiery, et 
Patterns and flasks, 

Equipment, playground, ., 

Ladders 

Trunks and valises, 

Fixtures, 

Elevators, 

Furniture, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts 

Machine construction 

Instruments, musical,. 
Miscellaneous, 

Total 



36,173,420 

7,307,090 

4,827,625 

1,(»0,OOC 

579,000 

400, OOO 
400,0*0 
160,000 
153,000 
96,500 

58,000 
41,900 
25,000 
3,000 
17,00i0 



70. 5S 


$17 51 1 


14.26 


27 52 I 


9.42 


25 9S 


1.9: 


IS 13 : 


1.13 


20 27 


.78 


20 00 


.78 


20 00 


.31 


21 22 


.30 


23 17 


.20 


33 31 


.11 


22 79 


.08 


28 07 


.05 


32 00 


.01 


40 OO 


.03 

100. oo 


30 00 


$19 91 



$6?3,483 

201,076 

125,422 

18.125 

11,738 

8,000 
8.000 
3.875 
3.392 
3,118 

1,322 

1,176 

800 

120 

510 

$1,020,167 



36,173,429 
7,307,090 
4,827,625 
l.OJO.OCO 

579,000 

400,000 
400,000 
160,000 
153,000 
96,500 

58,000 
41,800 
25,000 
3,000 
17,000 



51,241,544 



Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida). 
Pitch pine furnishes the largest amount of yellow pine lumber that is 
cut in Pennsylvania. The tree has a large proportion of sapwood and is de- 
cidedly resinous. It grows scatteringly throughout the State and is more 
extensively used than the total in Table 7 would indicate, owing to the 
fact that after it is cut into lumber it is difficult for the manufacturer to 
identify it. The wood is very brittle, of medium weight, hard, coarse 
grained, weak, stiff, durable, and does not hold paint. Its principal use in 
Pennsylvania for manufacturing is for boxes and crates, though it meets a 
wider demand for structural work and for other uses where rough timber is 
required without further manufacture. 

Table 7. — Consumption of Pitch Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









^H 


>-. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








O 

o 


^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 








u 


. 


















Industry. 








Ih 


6 








a 




^■ 


"3 


d 


a 


a 




.o 




OJ 


brj,c3 




J3 


£ 




■t; 




^ 




-2 


X 


t; 




















^ 




Ch 


< 


^ 


b, 


fa 



Boxes and crates, 

Planing mill products. 

Car construction, 

Mine equipment, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Machine construction 

Patterns and flasks, 

Fixtures 

Total 



6,931,800 

3,826,000 

458,600 

346,000 

55,200 

49,100 
44,000 

20,0'00 



65.21 


$16 32 


36.58 


22 37 


4.31 


16 10 


2.32 


23 017 


.52 


22 77 


.46 


16 44 


.41 


20 84 


.19 


16 OO 


100.00 


$18 07 



112,519 
63, 200 
7,383 
5,675 
1,257 



917 
320 



$192,084 



979,600 
2', 826, 000 
214,800 
246,000 
55,200 

49,100 
41,500 
20,000 



5,952,200 
'243,800 



2,500 



6,198,500 



24 

Western White Pine (Pinus monticola). 
This is not the species which produces tlie wliite pine lumber of Pennsyl- 
vania and the Lake states, but in appearance the wood closely resembles 
eastern white pine and is suitable for naost of the purposes for which the 
eastern wood is used. Idaho, western Montana, and Washington supplied 
the most of it used in Pennsylvania. The industries demanding it are the 
makers of planing mill products and the car builders. 



Table 8. — Consumption of Western White Pine, year ending June, 1912. 











>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 












vania. 


sylvania. 










.Q 


































Industry. 










o 








a 






^ o 


4-» 


a 


a 




j= 




a 




o 


.Q 


ja 




















0) 




0) 


> CJ 


o 


a> 


2 




fe 




fc 


< 


H 


fa 


fa 



Planing mill products 
Car construction, 
Patterns and flasks, 

Fixtures, 

Caskets and coffins, 

Total, 




3,0(70,500 



94.92 


$39 55 


ZS~y 


54 99 


.91 


56 93 


.67 


46 7S 


.65 


42 50 


100.00 


$40 22 



$115,281 

4,S12 

1,59'4 

959 

850 



$123,496 



2,914,500 
g;7,50O 
28,000 
20,500 
20,000 

3,0(70,5001 



Scrul) Pine (Pinus virginiana) . 
This tree occurs most frequently in the coastal plain region from New York 
to Virginia, and for that reason is found in New Jersey and Delaware more 
extensively than in Pennsylvania. Its range extends from the clay ridges 
in the southeastern part of the State westward and northward into the foot- 
hills and mountain regions, scattered among the hardwoods. The common 
names in different localities are: Jersey pine, nigger pine, and bastard pine. 
On cut over areas restocking is heavy and springs up rapidly but the reproduc- 
tion is best on old fields where in some localities it forms thick stands. It 
grows more slowly than loblolly or shortleaf and only a comparatively small 
proportion of the trees reach a size large enough for lumber. It has coarse, 
straight grain, wide sapwood, and is very brittle, soft, moderately 
strong, stiff, splits rather easily, is fairly durable and resinous. It 
can be recognized readily by its short dark green needles, two in a sheath, 
and by the fact that cones generally remain on the trees several years after 
they have dropped their seed. In Virginia the box makers and excelsior 
manufacturers use large quantities of this wood, while in Maryland and 
Delaware, it is cut into railroad ties, converted into boxes and crates, and, 
to a limited extent, is used for building materials. In Pennsylvania a 
quantity equal to the entire cut of yellow pine went to the box makers. 



25 

Table 9. — Consumption of Scrub Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




s 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 


o 


vania. 


sylvania. 






*~t 












^ 


.a 






















a 








Industry. 








o 








a 




■^ o 


m 


a 


a 




^ 


a 

0) 

o 


^•2 


O 


xi 


.Q 






































O 


0) 


o 




b 


PM 


<i 


Eh 


fa 


fa 



Boxes and crates, packing, 


2,251,400 
70,000 
64,0^ 

2,385,095 


94.36 
2.&3 

2.71 


$18 93 
20 50 
23 33 


$42,613 
1,435 
1,509 


30,000 
25,t"00 
50,500 

105,500 


2,221,400 
45,000 




14,195 






Total, 


lOO.OO 


$19 10 


$45,557 


2,280,595 







Islorway Pine or Red Pine (Pinus resinosa). 
Pennsylvania is the southern limit of the range of Norway or red pine. It 
occurs in the State infrequently on higher elevations, scattered with hard- 
woods. The reddish color of the bark is the easiest means of identification. 
It is most commonly cut into lumber in the New England states and in the 
Lake states near the Canadian border. All that has been said of white pine 
generally applies to Norway pine. The two trees grow mixed together and are 
marketed in most cases indiscriminately as white pine , the other constituting 
only a relatively small per cent, of the consignment. It differs from white pine 
in that it is slightly heavier, harder, and more resinous. Where color is a con- 
sideration, red pine is separately specified and this accounts for the dis- 
tinction that the manufacturers make who reported it separately for this 
investigation. When sold alone as Norway pine it grades lower than white 
pine. None of that used in Pennsylvania was reported as growing within 
the State. It has fine, straight gi-ain, medium sapwood, is moderately hard, 
fairly dense, of medium weight, moderately strong, stiff, non-elastic, fairly 
brittle, readily split and easily seasoned, easy to work and keeps its shape. 



Table 10. — Consumption of Norway Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









<H 


>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






2 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








O 




vania. 


sylvania. 










^ 


























o. 


6 






Industry. 








oh 










a 




_^ 


^s 




a 


a 




J2 




CI 
0) 






J2 


^ 




a 






> 03 


o 


0) 


■w 








CL, 


< 




fa 


fa 



Car construction, 

Planing mill products, . . 

Elevators, 

Boxes and crates, packinj 
Tanks and silos, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Total 



1,518,300 
526,000 
100,000 
901,000 
50,000 

43,040 

2,327,340 



65.34 


$28 97 


1 22.60 


29 20 


4.29 


28 00 


3.87 


20 OO 


2.15 


35 OO 


1.85 


2S 00 


100.00 


$28 74 



$43,985 
15,357 
2,800 
1,800 
1,750 

1,205 

$66,897 



25,000 



1,493,300 
526,000 
lOOi.OOO 
90,000 
50,000 

43,040 



25,000 2,302,340 



26 

Sugar Pine (Pinus lambertiana). 
Sugar pine is the largest pine tree in the United States and is cut almost 
entirely in California. The name is due to a sugary substance which exudes 
from the tree when the wood is bruised. It is a true white pine and the wood, 
except for its being slightly more resinous, is quite similar in appearance to 
eastern white pine. The uses of the two pines are almost identical, and for 
a number of purposes the western wood is substituted for the eastern. Sugar 
pine has a fine straight grain, narrow sapwood, is soft, fairly dense, of very 
light weight, moderately strong, stiff, non-elastic, easily split and seasoned, 
and very easy to work. Over a million feet are annually demanded by the 
Pennsylvania manufacturers. The largest quantity goes to the producers of 
sash, doors, and blinds. It is also demanded in considerable quantities for 
foundry patterns and for special uses in store and office fixtures. 



Table 11. — Consumption of Sugar Pine, year ending June, 1912. 









+J 


1=^ 


Gro\Yn in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Penns.vl- 


of Penn- 








o 


(3 


vania. 


sylvania. 








'-^ 














^ 


,n 
















































Industry. 






o f^ 


en 








g 




o 


to 


a ■ 


a 




^ 


a 

CD 


II 




X! 


XJ 
















































Cj 






fa 


fe. 



Planing miU prducts, 

Patterns and flaglis, 

Fixtures, 

Instruments, musical, 

Instruments, professioiial and 
scientific, 

Manual training practice (sloyd). 

Total 



1,1212,000 

25,000 
11,2»0 

5,000 

500 



1,213,700 



32.45 

4.12 

2.06 

.92 


$48 20 
85 00 
05 00 
87 50 


.41 


70100 


.04 
100. CO 


SO OO 


$50i 53 



$54,078 

4.250 

1,625 

9S0 

530 

40 



$61,323 



1,122,0«) 
50,000 
25,000 
11,2:00 

5,000 

500 



1,213,700 



Western Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa). 
This species next to Douglas fir is more extensively cut into lumber than any 
of the other western woods, and in the western and central states is used 
for every purpose for which wood can be employed. Its range includes nearly 
all of the Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast states. On the market it goes to a 
large extent as white pine. Sometimes it is called California white pine and in 
the eastern states dealers give it assumed names, as in Philadelphia it was 
found being sold as maraschino white pine. The wood in a large number of 
cases closely resembles white pine and by ocular examination it is difficult 
to distinguish. It is, however, a true yellow pine, fine grained, and al- 
though somewhat heavier and more resinous than white pine, meets a number 
of uses for which white pine has heretofore been used. It is a cheaper wood 
and for that reason is a valuable lumber tree and has great possibilities. 
Box makers and the planing mills are the industries using it most extensively 
in Pennsylvania. 



27 



Table 12. — Consumption of "Western Yellow Pine, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 





tM 


ity. 


^ 












^ 


1 




CJ 




c. 




^ 




^ o 






a 

0) 


1'- 






i-t 


•JS 


(U 


<J 



Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



Hoxes and crates, packing, 


TjOO', ooo 
320,000 
10,000 


60.24 
3S.56 
1.20 

100.00 


S20i 00 
34 94 
45. 00 


$10,000 

11,180 

450 

$21,630 




500,000 
S'^O.OOO 






10,000 








Total 


S30,OOP 


$26 06 




830,000 









HEMLOCKS. 

Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). 
Although the cut in Pennsylvania is over 150 times the amount the manu- 
facturers use, it is interesting to note than twenty -seven per cent, of the hem- 
lock going into further manufacture came from other states. In 1912 Penn- 
sylvania ranked third in the production of hemlock lumber , being surpassed by 
Michigan and Wisconsin. Of the imported wood, West Virginia and New 
York furnished the largest amount. This is the eastern species of the hem- 
lock, that grows from Nova Scotia to Georgia and as far west as Minnesota. 
It is light, brittle, cross grained, and coarse. It is more difficult to work 
than the pines and has more of a tendency to warp and twist. It is, however, 
strong and stiff and non-resinous, holds nails well, and is fairly durable. 
It is cheaper than similar grades of the principal pines, and in the east 
central states it is more largely used than any other wood for framing, 
sheathing, and other uses of rough lumber in building construction. Among 
the factories of the State, the box industry and that of the planing mills 
use the largest amounts of this wood, but ten other industries demand small 
quantities for a variety of purposes. 



Weste7-n Hemlock (Tsuga lieterophylla). 
Another species of hemlock was found being used in Pennsylvania, and it is 
interesting to note that it is the kind that grows only in the far western 
states commonly known as western hemlock to distinguish it from the eastern 
wood. This tree usually attains larger sizes than the eastern hemlock, but, 
like the latter, is found in association with other species and seldom in pure 
stands. It ranges from two to five feet in diameter and when cut into 
lumber , generally classes higher , showing less defects than its eastern relative. 
It is used by only one industry in Pennsylvania, the makers of tanks and silos. 



28 
Table 13. — Consumption of Hemlock, year ending June, 1912. 









**-i 


>i 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






1 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 

o 


c« 


vania. 


sylvania. 








■-(" 










1 




^ 


A 






























c< 








Industry. 








Sh 


«w 








a 




+j 


^s 


o 


a 


a 




£! 




V 




'^ 


^ 


.Q 




-4-) 






S +j 


ca 


■4-) 


+j 








OJ 


> cS 


o 


s 


s 




fe 




Oh 


<) 


b 


fel 


fe 



Planing mill products 

Boxes and crates, pacliing, 

Ship and boat building, 

Mine equipment 

Car construction, 

Caskets and coffins, 

Machine construction, 

Patterns and flasks 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and 
apiarists' supplies 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Fixtures, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- 
nets 

Tanks and silos, 

Elevators, 

Instruments, musical, 

Manual training practice (.sloyd). 
Miscellaneous 

Total 



23,077,000 
9,2:69,631 
4,343,000 


53.63 
21.54 
10. OO 


$21 24 
16 85 
25 93 


2,260,750 
2,W3i6,075 


5.26 
4.66 


20 82 
15 53 


1,000,000 


2.32 


28 OO 


296,000 


.69 


18 2a 


291,500 


.6S 


18 37 


215,000 


.50 


15 49 


143,600 


.33 


26 85 


44,300 


.10 


26 64 


37,100 

25,000 


.09 
.06 


32 13 
IS 00 


3,S00 

2,600 


.01 
.01 


30 Oft 
35 00 


262 




34 35 


12,250 


.03 


28 16 


43,027,872 


100.00 


?20 60 



$490,263 
156,2214 
112,551 
47,066 
31,153 

2S,000 
5,392 
5,356 

3,330 

3,856 

1,180 

821 

450 

114 

91 

9 

345 



15,349,900 
5,365,055 
4,217,000 
2,2.60,750 
1,975,075 

1,000,000 
296,000 
291,500 

215,000 

143,600 

30,300 

33,100 
25,000 
3,800 

1,600 

262 
10,000 



31,217,942 



7,727,100 

3,904,580 

126,000 



14,000 
4,000 



1,000 



2,250 



11,809,930 



CYPRESS. 

(Taxodium distichum) 
In Pennsjdvania cypress next to yellow pine is the most widely used of any 
lumber coming from the southern states. It is typically a swamp tree of 
the southeastern coast and gulf region and up the Mississippi Basin as far 
as Missouri. The wood is light, soft, straight-grained, and of fine texture. 
Though more difficult than some woods to season properly, it holds its shape 
when thoroughly dried and is one of the most durable woods for which the 
manufacturers call. These qualities make it desirable for many purposes. 
The planing mills use the largest quantities, not only for porch, cornice, and 
other exterior wo-rk, but also for doors, sash, panels, moulding and other 
interior finish. The other seventeen industries in the State demanding this 
wood and the quantities used are listed in the following table: 



/ 



29 



Table 14. — Consumption of Cypress (Bald), year ending June, 1912. 









Is;, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






§ 


03 


vania. 


sylvania. 






















£3 


























p. 








Industry. 
















a 




ig 


<M 


a 


a 




X2 


a 


^•2 


u 


J3 


.o 




.t_) 




tH 


(S 


+j 


_!_, 








> oi 


o 


0) 


V 


' 1 


fe 


C^ 


"^ 


B 


fe 


&( 



Planing mill products, 

Boxes and crates, packing, 

Tanks and silos 

Dairymen's, poulterers', etc., . 
Car construction 

Ship and boat building, 

Fixtures, 

Furniture, 

Ladders 

Laundry appliances 

Agricultural implements, . . 

Caskets and coffins, 

Elevators 

Gates and fencing, 

Instruments, musical 

Manual training practice (sloyd) 
Vehicles and vehicle parts, . . . 
Machine construction, 

Total 



18,790,200 

1,719,230 

1,13S,000 

545,000 

352,800 

2S7,OO0 
111,800 
80,500 

62,5U0 
39,00« 

30,000 

2.«, am 

10,000 
3,840 

2,500 

1,750 

1,000 

150 



23,195,2S0 



81. 04 


$39 68 


7.41 


16 62 


4.90 


56 32 


2.35 


37 02 


1.52 


37 93 


1.24 


55 64 


.48 


37 38 


. .35 


43 19 


.27 


54 64 


.17 


39 10 


.13 


35 GO 


.09 


40 00 


.04 


55 00 


.02 


55 00 


.01 


43 60 


.01 


63 43 




50 00 




75 OO 


100. 00- 


$38 94 



$745,612 
28,570 
64,090 
20,175 
13,380 

15,970 
4,179 
3,477 
3,415 
1,525 

1,060 
800 
550 
211 
109 

111 
50 
11 



$903,285 



18,790,200 

1,719,250 

1,138,000 

545,000 

352,800 

287,000 
111,800 
80,500 

62,500 
39,000 

30,000 
20,000 

10,000 
3,840 
2,500 

1,750 

1,000 

150 



23,19&,290 



SPRUCE. 
Two species of eastern spruce, namely, red and white, and one north- 
western species, Sitka spruce, are reported by the Pennsylvania manufactur- 
ers. It is impossible from the information obtained to present separate 
statistics for the eastern species. The red spruce, the species common in New 
York, Maine, and New Hampshire, is the tree appearing on the mountains in 
various parts of Pennsylvania. In 1912 spruce was reported cut by 129 saw- 
mills of the State. The white spruce came into the State largely by water 
through the Great Lakes, from Wisconsin, Michigan, and Minnesota, where 
it is the common lumber tree. In appearance, qualities and sizes white 
spruce resembles red spruce. Spruce lumber irrespective of species is being 
substituted for white pine, especially in constructive work, box making, 
tanks and silo manufacture, and many other less important places where white 
pine was formerly used. Compared with it, however, spruce is weaker, less 
durable, more brittle, harder to work, whiter and of finer grain. It is non- 
resinous and therefore valuable for containers of foodstuffs. The western 
wood, Sitka spruce, comes from Washington and is used for a few special pur- 
poses. The planing mills reported its entire amount. 



30 



Table 15. — Consumption of Spruce, year ending June, 1912. 



Boxes and crates, packing, ... 

Planing miU products, 

Car construction, 

Sliip and boat building, ' 

Refrigerators and kitchen cabi- 
nets 

Instruments, musical, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Ladders 

Frames and moulding, picture,.. 
Tanks and silos, 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Cfates and fencing, 

Elevators 

Vehicles and vehicle parts 

Fixtures 

Toys, 

Woodenware and novelties 

Miscellaneous, 

Total, 



14,648,870 
1,993,734 
1,367,636 
1,013,000 

413, 800 

325,500 
223,988 
191,000 
100,000 
100,000 



87,700 
36,000 
101,000 
8,000 
1,500 

1,300 
1,000 

10,000 



2fli,539,0a« 



71.32 


$17 42 


9.74 


29 96 


6.66 


26 35 


4.93 


31 06 


2.01 


37 39 


1.58 


43 24 


1.09 


33 63 


.93 


43 40 


.49 


30 00 


.49 


30 00 


.43 


26 00 


".17 


2S GO 


.05 


30 00 


.04 


48 8S 


.01 


42 00 


.01 


43 00 




43 00 


.05 


201 00 


lOO.OO 


$21 34 



$255,211 
59,904 
36,032 
31,464 

15,474 

14,075 
7,533 
8,290 
3,000 
3,000 



3, 280 
900 
300 
391 
63 



43 
200 



$438,216 







*-H 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






O 

o 


C3 


vania. 


sylvania. 








d 






















aj 








Industry. 






It- 


o 




■ 




a 


4J 


o 


i 


S 






js 


0) 


^'=H 




J2 






■w 


r; 


P-^ 


o 


a 


c 




fa 


C^ 


<1 


H 


fa- 


fa 



975,350 
176,350 
189,700 
200,000 

190,000 



10,000 
1,000 



1,786,400 



13,673,520 

1,823,384 

1,177,936 

813,000 

2SS,8O0 

325,500 
179,988 
191. 00« 
100,000 
100,000 



87,700 
36,000 

7^000 

1,500 

1,300 

l.OOO 

10,000 

18,752,628 



DOUGLAS FIR. 
(Pseudotsuga taxifolia). 
Over tliree and a tliird million feet of Douglas fir, often called Oregon pine, 
is brought from the far western states to Pennsylvania to meet the demands 
of three industries: Ship building, planing mill products, and the manu- 
facture of tanks and silos. It is primarily reported for structural work, be- 
cause it possesses superior tensile strength, and, because it grows in large 
sizes and timbers of large dimensions are readily obtainable. In this latter 
respect it is the chief competitor of longleaf pine in the eastern and middle 
states. It is also valuable as a decorative wood, owing to its attractive grain 
and figure and the fact that it takes stain readily. This accounts for its 
rapid growth in popularity in recent years for doors, moulding, wainscot- 
ing, stairwork, and for other interior finish. 



31 

Table 16. — Consumption of Douglas Fir, year endii^g June, 1912. 











>^. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity, 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








S 
=1 




vania. 


sylvania. 
























1^ 


;2 














































^ 


d 














tc • 


■4-: 














o r= 










a 




+j 


-o 




3 


s 




j£ 




a 


^-5 


o 


J2 


.a 




'a 






^ti 


.5 


"£ 


-M 




o 








o 




a; 




fa 




u^ 


^ 


^ 


fa 


fa 



Ship and boat building, 

Tanks and silos, 

Machine construction. 
Planing mill products, 
Car construction, 

Miscellaneous, 

Total, 



2,521,000 
450,000 
200,000 
108,500 
70,23S 

14,400 

3,364,13$; 



74.94 


$42 41 


13.37 


43 33 


5.94 


51 25 


3.23 


43 33 


2.09 


45 55 


.43 


50 00 
$43 19 


lOO.OO 



106,926 
19,500 
10, 250 
4,701 
3,199 

720 



?145, 296 



2,521,000 
450,000 
200,000 
108,500 
70,238 

14,400 

3,364,138 



CEDARS. 

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana) . 
The Pennsylvania wood users report the use of three woods known as ced- 
ars. Two of them grow in Pennsylvania and the other is a western wood. 
Red cedar, often called juniper, has a range covering all the states east and 
several west of the Mississippi River, but now commercially most abundant 
in Tennessee and southward. The Pennsylvania factories consume annually 
861,000 feet of this and only about two per cent, was cut in the State. It 
was called for by nine industries , the most important of which were makers of 
professional instruments, including the lead pencil makers, planing mill 
products, furniture and caskets. 

Table 17. — Consumption of Red Cedar, year ending June, 1912. 







+J 


>i 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






o 


=3 


vania. 


sylvania. 








/3 






















CD 








Industry. 






o >■■ 


O 








a 


^ 


« 3 

4J 




a 


a 






§ 


M^ 




• 




















Feet 


iS 


2:« 
< 


o 


0) 

fa 


1 



Instruments, professional and 
scientific, 

Planing mill products, 

Furniture, 

Caskets and coilins 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and 
apiarists' supplies, 

Brushes, 

Boxes and crates, packing, 

Manual training practice (sloyd). 
Miscellaneous 

Total 



240,000 
213,000 
178,100 

169,000 

45,000 

23,000 

5,000 

400 

5,000 



878,500 



27.32 


m 00 


2;4.2o 


49 27 


20.27 


60 81 


19.24 


66 72 


5.12 


55 00 


2.63 


64 57 


.57 


35 00 


.04 


97 50 


.57 


401 00 


100. OiO 


$56 29 



$13,480 
101,495 
101,830 
11,275 

2,475 

1,485 

175 

39 

200 



$49,454 



10,000 



5,000 
2,500 



17,500 



240,000 
203,000 
178,100 
169,000 

45,000 

18,000 

2,500 

400 

5,000 



861,000 



32 

Western Red Cedar (Thuja plicata). 
The western cedar is the largest cedar that grows and it is the foremost 
shingle wood of the country. It is commonly cut into wide boards and plank 
and is more abundant than eastern cedar, but the wood is lighter, weaker, 
softer, less durable, and more spongy in texture. The red cedars are so named 
on account of the color of the heartwood and the white cedar on account 
of its lack of color. The planing mills are the only class of factories bring- 
ing the western red cedar into Pennsylvania. 

Southern White Cedar (Ghamaecyparis thyoides). 
Southern white c6dar grows principally near the Atlantic Coast on lowlands 
and is best developed in states from New Jersey southward. The western 
limit of its range is in the extreme eastern portion of Pennsylvania, but 
none of the wood the manufacturers used was State-grown. The boat builders 
and the tank and silo makers accounted for ninety-seven per cent, of all the 
nearly four million feet used in the State. White cedar lumber is readily 
seasoned, easily worked, splits straight, and is regarded the most durable 
of any of the domestic woods. It possesses a remarkably straight, fine grain 
and a fine compact structure. It is probable that a small per cent, of this 
wood reported as white cedar may have been the northern white cedar often 
called arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis) , but there was nothing in the informa- 
tion received to indicate it. Arborvitae is found on high elevations as far 
south as North Carolina but south of New York State rarely attains sufficient 
size to be of any commercial importance. 



Table 


18. — Consumption of Cedar, 


Southern White, year ending June, 1912. 








<H 


pi 


Grown in 


Grown Out 






Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§. 




vania. 


sylvania. 




Industry. 








6 










a 




" o 


+j 


a 


8 






XJ 





1) V 




ij 


ji 






% 






C3 
O 


<D 


o 






fa 


0. 


< 




fa 


fa 



Tanks and silos, 

Ship and boat building, 
Gates and fencing, . . . 

Furniture 

Planing mill products, 

Total, 



2,554,000 

1,081,000 

100,000 

1,300 

1,000 



3,737,300 



68.34 

28.92 

2.68 

.03 

.03 


$36 31 
56 40 
20 00 
120 00 
120 00 


100.00 


$41 74 



$&2,740 

60,970 

2,000 

156 

120 



2,554,000 

1,081,000 

100,000 

1,300 

1,000 



3,737,300 



REDWOOD 

(Sequoia sempervirens). 
This tree is closely related to the famous "Big Trees," which attain the 
largest size of any known tree. Practically all of the redwood lumber 
produced in this country comes from California. Redwood, and the sugar 
pine, the other California wood described above, are the highest priced 
softwoods that the Pennsylvania manufacturers report. Owing to its fine 
texture, great durability, stability in place, and excellent quality, redwood 
is more and more entering the eastern markets in spite of its cost. Its name 
is due to the red color of its wood, which fades when long exposed to the 
weather. 



33 



Table 19. — Consumption of Redwood, year ending June, 1912. 









-M 


t^. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 












vania. 


sylvania. 
















» 






3 


■=' 






luflustry. 






o>> 










a 


a 


.¥> 


g 


a 


3 




£i 


<D 


o<2 




.Q 


j=- 






S 


^^ 




$ 


CD 




fa 


(u 


< 


H 


^ 


fa 



Planing mill products, 

Patterns and flasks 

Car construction, 

Caskets and coftlns, 

Printing material 

Ship and boat building 

Instruments, musical, 

Pollers and poles, 

Fixtures 

Manual training practice 
(sloyd) 

Total, 



197,132 
136,000 
100,000 
20,000 
20,000 

20,000 

10,000 

2,000 

50O 

50 



38.98 


$49 19 


26. S9 


60 74 


19.77 


36 00 


3.96 


54 00 


3.96 


63 00 


3.96 


52 30 


1.98 


40 0(t 


.39 


i^ 00 


.10 


55 00 


.01 


60 00 


lOO.OO 


$50 36 



$9,697 
8,260 
3,600 
1,080 
1,260 

1,046 
400 
90 
28 



$25,464 



197,132 

136,000 

100,000 

20,000 

20,000 

20,000 

10,000 

2,000 

500 

50 



505,682 



TAMARACK. 

(Larix laricina). 

Pennsylvania marks the southern limit of the eastern species of tamarack. 
Of the limited quantity of lumber used by the factories, a small per cent, was 
from timbers cut in the extreme northwestern part of the State. It is dis- 
tinctly a swamp tree, but the wood in its physical properties is similar to 
southern pine, although it is claimed to be more durable. In quality it is 
hard, dense, moderately heavy, strong, very stiff, moderately tough, elastic, 
hard to split, difficult to work, non-resino«6, and with an intermittent grain. 
Only two industries in Pennsylvania reported the use of tamarack. It went 
for parts in boat building and to the planing mills for finished material used 
in house construction. 

BALSAM FIR. 
(AMes balsamea.) 

Balsam fir is found growing in Pennsylvania, but being near the southern 
limit of its range the trees are of small size and of little commercial value. . 
In the Lake states and in New England, as well as throughout the whole 
of Canada, this tree grows in swamps, usually associated with tamarack, 
black spruce, white cedar, etc. It appears also on the uplands, but it is 
much less common. The wood is soft, weak, and perishable, but has long, 
tough, colorless fibers, which make it valuable in paper manufacture. Like 
black spruce, its principal use is for pulp. 

In Canada ninety-five per cent, of this wood is said to be cut for this pur- 
pose. The lumber serves many of the purposes for which spruce is de- 
manded, but in Pennsylvania the planing mills were the only class of manu- 
facturers reporting it. 

THE HARDWOODS. 

In the use of wood for making articles of final form a larger quantity of 

softwood is demanded than of hardwood; but the hardwoods meet a greater 

number of uses than softwoods and are more important as to distribution 

among the various industries. The hardwoods form about forty-five per 

3 



34 



cent, of the total lumber cut in the State, and of the thirty-five kinds reported 
for manufacture, exclusive of the imported foreign woods, all but five were 
cut wholly or in part within the State, while of the twenty-three conifers 
or softwoods a portion of the supply of only thirteen were returned as State- 
grown. 

OAKS. 
The oaks are the leading hardwoods consumed by the Pennsylvania wood 
users. In trade the wood of the oaks is separated into two general classes, 
white oaks and red oaks, but the botanist's classification, which is based on 
difference in flower, fruit, and leaf, divides the oaks into more than fifty 
species. The manufacturer bases his distinction upon the qualities of the 
wood. The white oaks possess an even grain and fine texture, and are 
usually strong, hard, heavy, tough, dense, and durable but difficult to 
season; the red oaks are less strong and durable, and not so dense, 
but more easily worked because softer, more easily kiln-dried and, on ac- 
count of being more porous they take stains and "varnish more readily. Oak 
is brought into Pennsylvania in greater quantities than any other wood ex- 
cept shortleaf pine notwithstanding the fact that the cut of State-grown oak 
exceeds the quantity used by the manufacturers by over ninety million feet. 
There are many instances in which oak is demanded because it is the best 
suited and often the only practical material for the purpose. This accounts 
for the wood being first in importance for meeting a greater number of uses 
in Pennsylvania than any other American wood. Thirty-five industries de- 
mand some one or more of the white oak group and thirty-two industries 
one or more of the red oaks. The number of uses reported, as shown in 
the summary in the following pages, for the white oak is 738 and for the 
red oak 310. The car builders consume over one-half of the former and con- 
siderably more than one-third of all the latter that goes into further manu- 
facture in the State. The furniture makers, including the chair industry, 
use over six and one-half million feet more red than white oak, but on the 
other hand, for vehicles, ship building, machine construction and agricul- 
tural implements white oak is largely preferred to red oak. For a comparison 
of the qualities of the two classes, the white oaks may be said generally to 
have intermediate straight grain, and are very hard, porous, very heavy, 
very strong, moderately stiff and elastic, and tough. They also split easily, 
are durable, rather difficult to season and to work. The red group generally 
are relatively coarse, straight grained, very hard, very porous, heavy, strong, 
stiff, non-elastic, and lough. This wood splits rather easily, is moderately 
durable, and rather difficult to season. 

Table 20. — Consumption of Oak, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


;^_ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 


s 

o 


o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








s 


vaniji. 


sylvania. 








,-r 
















A 












(D 














Si 








Industry. 






1 fj. 


^ 












o 












S 


mS 


9 


" 




















■M 


^ 


?^ 


C3 


4J 


v 






0) 
















< 


^ 


fc( 


b 



Car construction 

Planing mill products, . 

Furniture 

Vcliicles and vehicle parts, 
Boxes and crates, packing 



81,393,363 


44.72 


$26 14 


29,806,771 


16.38 


44 05 


26,224,750 


14.41 


40 20 


7,873,861 


4.33 


35 48 


7,604,877 


4. IS 


16 OS 



$2,127,483 

2,313,133 

1,054,280 

279,372 

122,249 



30,089,792 
10,809,400 
5,214.650 
4, 968, IOC 
1,949,877 



51,303,571 
18,997,371 
21,010.100 
2,905,767 
5,655,000 



35 

Table 20 — Concluded. 









*^ 


[^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






c 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 










'- 


vania. 


sylvania. 










■■^ 
































































Industry- 








'it 


- 














o 










" 










s 


" 




^ 




o 


Ms 




.D 


^ 




+j 






r* J, 


C3 


^_j 


.M 








3 


i^d 


"t! 


0) 






b 




-' 


<) 


^ 


fc( 


h4 



Sbip and boat building-, . 
Chairs and chair stock, 

Fixtures 

Agricultural implements, 
Machine construction, 



Mine equipment 

Caskets and coffins, 

Equipment, playground, 

Refrigerators and kitchen 

cabinets, 

Toys, 



Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

InstrumMits, musical 

Baskets and veneer packages 
for fruit and vegetables, 

Machinery and. apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Frames and moulding, picture. 
Insulator pins and brackets, .. 

Saddles and harness, 

Handles, 

Laundry appliances, 



Elevators, ; 

Tanks and silos, 

Sporting and athletic goods, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Shuttles, spools and bobbins, .. 

Woodenware and novelties 

Manual training practice 

(sloyd) 

Pulleys and conveyors, 

Rollers and curtain poles 

Clocks 



Instruments, 

scientific. 
Brushes, 



professional and 



6,305,400 
5,226,000 
4,228,060 
3,295,700 
2,923,600 

2,827,772 

1,1SS,500 

607,300 

565,900 
277,300 



241,000 
219,500 
190,000 



123,500 

119,000 
115,000 
7S.00O 
74,000 
60,000 

53,200 
50,000 
42.000 
36,000 
35,000 

27,101' 

23,57(' 
20,500 
19,000 
16,500 



10,000 
600 



182,037,630 



3.46 
■ 2.87 
2.32 
l.Sl 
1.61 


34 92 
37 43 
50 63 
34 12 
26 59 


1.55 
.65 
.33 


17 22 
50 02 
33 65 


.31 
.15 


32 82 
2S 32 


.13 

.12 
.10 


20 26 

41 90 

42 28 


.07 


23 OC 


.07 


33 08 


.07 
.06 
.04 
.04 
.03 


54 30 
12 61 
68 21 
25 42 
23 50 


.03 
.03 
.02 
.02 
.02 


48 03 
43 00 
38 21 
34 67 
50 00 


.02 


31 88 


.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


77 64 
28 05 
16 63 
68 97 


.oa 


55 00 
37 00 


100.00 


132 59 



220,206 
195,632 
214,086 
112,448 
77,749 

48,697 
59,452 
20,437 

18,. 571 
7,852 



4,883 
9,197 
8,033 

2,875 

4,085 

6,462 
1,450 
5,320 
1,881 
1,410 

2,555 
2,150 
1,605 
1,248 
1,750 

864 

1,830 
575 
316 

1,138 



$5,931,841 



3,410,900 
1,348,300 
813,100 
1,334,700 
2,558,600 

2,827,772 
132,500 
.314,800 

250,000 
232,800 



200,000 
70,000 
33,000 

125,000 

10,000 

29,000 
115,000 
60,000 
74,000 
20,000 

23,200 
50,000 
31,. 500 
36,000 
5,000 

26,600 

14,020 

20,500 
19,000 



67,217,711 



2,894,500 
3,877.700 
3.414,960 
1,961,000 
365,000 



1,056,000 
292,500 



315,900 
44,500 



41,000 
149,500 
157,000 



113,500 
90,000 

"is.m 
"16, 000 

30,000 



10,500 

'3Q,m 

50O 
9,550 



16,500 
10,000 



*Less than 1-100 of one per cent. 

tTlie white and red oak groups have been combined in this table. 

In Part II of the Report tlie information is given separately. 



36.93% in. 63.07% out. 



YELLOW POPLAR. 

(Liriodendron tiilipifera) . 
Forty-one classes of factories demand yellow poplar, which next to sugar 
maple, shows the widest distribution among industries of any wood that 
Pennsylvania factories demand. In this particular it excels white oak. The 
number of particular uses (see table of uses) reported for yellow poplar, 
however, is nearly 50 per cent, less than for white oak, while the total poplar 
used in the State was less by forty million feet. Yellow poplar is of 
fine texture, more easily worked, takes paint readily, and holds its shape 
after drying better than any other domestic wood. In texture it is similar to 
basswood. Because it is frequently called whitewood it is often confused 
with basswood, but is softer. There is a great difference between the heart- 
wood and the sapwood of yellow poplar; the former in a number of in- 



}6 



stances being sold on the market as yellow poplar because of its yellow 
color, and the latter as white poplar or whitewood, and therefore 
number of instances being sold on the market as yellow poplar because of its 
yellow color, and the latter as white poplar or whitewood, and therefore 
often regarded by users as separate species. The tree is frequently called 
tulip tree and the wood tulip poplar. There is but one species of this genus 
in this country. It is interesting to note that of the total amount of yellow 
poplar going into manufacture, over thirteen million feet were cut from State- 
grown timber. This amount was about two million feet less than the reported 
cut of this species in the State. 

Table 21. — Consumption of Yellow Poplar, year ending June, 1912. 









«M 


k, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 


s 


o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 










vania. 


sylvania. 






















^ 




































o* 








Industry. 








^' 








a 


0) 




c 


3 


S 




H 


t4 






-4-* 

0) 





Boxes and crates, packing, 

Planing mill products, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Car construction, 

Furniture, 



Fixtures, 

Boards, 

Boxes, cigar, 

Agricultural implements. 
Caskets and coffins 



Toys 

Excelsior 

Machine construction, — 

Laundry appliances, 

Refrigerators and kitchen 
inets 



Woodenware and novelties, 

Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, ... 
Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Brushes, 

Instruments, musical, 



Plumbers' woodwork, 

Pumps 

Frames and moulding, pictures. 

Ship and boat building, 

Elevators, 



Pulleys and conveyors. 
Patterns and flasks, ... 

Clocks, 

Boot and shoe findings, 
Equipment, playground, 



Chairs and chair stocks, 

Instruments, professional and 
scientific, 

Manual training practical 
(sloyd), 

Mine equipment, 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
tric, 



Weighing apparatus, 

Gates and fencing 

Printing material, 

Sporting and athletic goods. 
Ladders 



18,576,293 
17,123,372 
3,764,3.35 
3,172,113 
2,892,000 

2,2.37,000 

1,070,000 

1,040,928 

757,500 

748,000 

702,000 
688,000 
640,800 
610,000 

566,200 

482,500 
321, GOO 

220,000 
157,500 
135,100 

134,000 

100,000 

87,000 

84,000 

82,600 

80,000 
46,500. 
35,000 
30,000 
25,000 

24,600 

16,400 

16,250 
14,000 

10,000 

10,000 
5,000 



Rollers and poles, 
Total 



5,000 
4,000 



1,000 



56,720,991 



32.75 
SO. 19 
6.64 
5.59 
5.10 


$17 44 
37 38 
50 49 
57 43 
36 86 


3.94 
1.S9 
1.84 
1.33 
1.32 


37 21 
29 38 
75 31 
34 59 
32 10 


1.24 
1.21 
1.13 
1.07 


25 48 
15 OO 
42 86 
IS 44 


1.00 


28 27 


.85 
.5i 


29 11 
36 50 


.39 
.28 
.24 


29 82 
40 68 
70 54 


.24 
.18 
.15 
.15 
.14 


40 00 
45 00 
38 51 
58 07 

41 88 


.14 

.08 
.06 
.05 
.04 


28 75 
38 82 
33 57 
56 67 
36 00 


.04 


38 05 


.03 


73 78 


.03 
.02 


66 95 

22 50 


.02 


55 60 


.02 
.01 
.01 
.01 
.01 


25 00 

26 00 
IS 00 
28 00 
21 00 


* 


65 00 


100.00 


$32 62 



$323,871 
640.042 
190,055 
182,175 
106,593 

83,229 
31,440 
78,465 
26,205 
24,008 

17,888 
10,030 
27,463 
10,030 

16,009 

14,045 
11,715 

6,560 
6,407 
9,530 

5,360 
4,500 
3,350 
4,878 
3,459 

2,300 
1,805 
1,175 
1,700 
900 

936 

1,210 

1,0S8 
315 

556 

250 
130 
90 
140 



65 



$1,850,151 



4,330,100 

4,127,990 

755,285 

310,611 

346,700 

167,500 



24,500 

33,000 

432,000 

659,500 
688,000 
29,800 
500,000 

363,000 

27,500 
25,000 



32,500 
24,000 



2,500 
30,600 



10,000 
37,500 



12,500 



9,550 
14,000 



10,000 
5,000 



13,013,636 



14,246,193 
12,995,382 
3,009,050 
2,861,502 
2,545,300 

2,069,500 

1,070,000 

1,017,428 

724,500 

316,000 

42, 500 

""6ii,'6o6 

110,000 

203,200 

455,000 
296,000 

220,000 
125,000 
111,100 

134,000 
100,000 
87,000 
81,500 
52,000 

70.000 
9,000 
35,000 
30,000 
12,500 

24,600 

16,400 

6,700 



10,000 



5,000 
'4,' 000 
1,000 



43,707,355 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 



37 

MAPLES. 
Three maples are cut for lumber in Pennsylvania, sugar maple, sometimes 
called hard maple (Acer saccharum) , the red or soft maple (Acer ruhrum) , 
and the white or silvery maple {Acer saccharinum). Of these the sugar 
maple is commercially the most important and it is probably the most 
valuable wood produced in Pennsylvania. This is because of the abundanco of 
maple sugar it produces, the choice figured woods known as bird's eye and 
curly maple, etc., and the many uses for which this wood alone is the most 
adaptable, owing to its combined qualities or strength, hardness, stiffness, 
and its ability to hold its shape after being properly seasoned. Forty-two 
. industries report its use, which is a greater number than for any other wood 
named in this report. It is abundant on well-drained land, particularly' in the 
northern, western, and middle portions of the State. Next to white oak, 
sugar maple was reported as meeting the greatest number of uses, and was the 
fourth important hardwood in the total Quantity used. It also bears the 
distinction, among the woods that are used in quantities exceeding 5,000,000 
feet, of furnishing the largest proportion of State-grown wood. 

Table 22. — Consumption of Sugar Maple, year ending June, 1912. 









^J 


ti 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 


8 


o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 
























.d 




































P. 








Industry. 
















a 




o 


8 


a 


s 




.Q 


<v 


^-2 




.Q 


^ 




o 


'3 


3+j 

> 03 


o 




1 




fe 


^ 


< 




fe 


fe 



Boxes and crates, packing 

Planing mill products, 

Laundry appliances, 

Chairs and chair stock 

Furniture 

Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. 

Handles, 

Car construction, 

Brushes, 

Woodenware and novelties 

Agricultural implements, 

Mine equipment 

Toys, 

Boards, 

Instruments, musical 

Vehicles and vehicle parts 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 

Pumps 

Fixtures 

Machine construction 

Butchers' blocks and skewers, .. 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 
sticks 

Weighing apparatus, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Elevators, 

Boot and shoe findings, 

Sporting and athletic goods,.. 
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Pulleys and conveyors 



11,647,000 
9,6S1,S90 
6,340,500 
5.348,100 
4,743,900 

2,528,000 
2,307,850 
1,976,110 
1,066,800 
1,040,500 

1,032,690 
790,200 
762,500 
705,000 
647,800 

625,800 

558,500 
549.000 
400,000 
366,000 

288,700 
270,000 

241,100 
171,000 

152,950 

141,200 
100,500 
97,500 

80,750 
68,000 



21.19 

17.62 

11.54 

9.73 

8.63 


$16 43 
23 75 
23 75 
18 54 
26 72 


4.60 
4.20 
3.60 
1.94 
1.89 


24 85 
19 02 
18 14 
23 22 
23 34 


1.88 
1.44 
1.39 
1.28 
1.18 


28 04 
IS 67 
25 31 
46 45 
32 20 


1.14 


2? 67 


1.02 
1.00 

.72 
.67 


34 85 

• 18 15 

17 00 

23 17 


.53 
.49 


29 69 
20 37 


.44 
.31 


17 57 
33 13 


.28 


27 96 


.26 
.18 
.17 


49 74 
55 86 
36 14 


.15 
.12 


28 71 
43 68 



$191,340 
229,963 
150,613 
99,180 
126,632 

62,816 
43,897 
35,858 
24,772 
24,280 

28,952 
14.751 
19,300 
32,750 
20,857 

17,940 

19,465 
9,963 
6,800 



8,572 
5.500 



4,237 
5,665 



7.023 
5,614 
3,524 

2,318 
2,970 



3,282,500 
8,673,090 
3,385,500 
4,746,500 
3,640,100 

1,870,000 
1,727,700 
1,344,660 
1,066,800 
737,500 

365,500 
790,200 
712,500 
50,000 
225,300 

314,200 

150,000 
549,000 
400,000 
317,500 

145,700 
270,000 

241,100 
21,000 

23,500 

81,200 



47,500 



80,750 
66,000 



8,364,500 
1,008,800 
2,955,000 
601,600 
1,103,800 

658,000 
580,150 
631,450 

"'m,m 

667,100 

""50^066 
655,000 
422,500 

■ 311,600 

408,500 

""481500 
143,000 



150,000 

129,450 

60,000 
100,500 
50,000 



38 



Table 22 — Concluded. 









=(-* 


^^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 




=. 




a 


vania. 


sylvania. 








s 


















Industry. 








^ 


'^ 








=■ 




1 


1 t^- 

" S 

1-2 


^. 


s 


2 




"£ 




'i 


a>-M 


f 




% 




fR 




'- 




^ 


fc 


^ 



Patterns and flasks 

Ladders, ~. 

Caskets and coffins, 

Rollers and poles, 

Equipment, playground, 

Frames and moulding, picture. 
Ship and boat building, ....■ — 
Manual training practice 

(Sloyd) 

Instruments, protessional and 

scientific, 

Printing material, 

Plumbers' woodwork 

Miscellaneous 

Total, 



50,550 
50,000 
35,000 
27,425 
23,000 

20,000 
3,500 

3,350 

930 

500 

300 
11,500 



54,955,805 



.09 
.09 
.06 
.05 
.04 


47 46 
27 00 

25 00 
16 59 

26 96 


.04 
.01 


22 50 
29 14 


.01 


50 45 




40 00 
SO 00 


"".02 


30 00 
20 00 


100.00 


$22 29 



2,399 
1,350 

S75 
455 
620 

450 
102 



$1,225,049 



38,850 
50,000 



27,000 
3,000 



20,000 
2,500 



3,050 



11,500 



35,482,200 



11,700 

35,o66 

425 

20,000 



1,000 
300 
430 



300 



19,473,605 



Red and Silver Maple. 
Red and silver maple both go in commerce under the name of soft maple. 
The former is cut from the hills and mountains of the State, where it 
grows abundantly and is associated with beech, birch, and hemlock, while 
the latter thrives best in bottomlands and along streams, in company with 
the willows; black ash, and river birch. The wood of these soft maples is 
similar to that of sugar maple except that it is lighter, softer, and slightly 
tougher. Relatively, they meet only a few uses and ^ are distributed among 
only nineteen industries. Maple lumber, including all species, ranks next 
to oak in the hardwood cut of Pennsylvania. 

Table 23. — Consumption of Red and Silver Maple, year ending June, 1912. 







. 








Grown iu 


Grown Out 






Quantity. 






3 


Penn.syl- 


of Penn- 










a 


vania. 


sylvania. 










r-T 


































r* 


-^ 
















a 










Industry. 








i& 


-■ 










g 




J.; 


o 


i 


S 








.a 






M/^ 


^ 


j£ 


.d 






t; 








ci 


ij 


■i 






-^ 








^ 


f^ 


fe 



Furniture, 

Boxes and crates, packing, 

Chairs and chair stock, 

Toys, 

Shuttles, spools, and bobbins,.. 

Fixtures, .' 

Woodenware and noveltie.s 

Brushes, 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 

sticks 



1,478,500 

1,267,000 

918,500 

450,000 

375,000 


25.89 

22.18 

16.08 

7.88 

6.57 


$25 49 
12 38 
28 17 
24 00 
26 43 


260,000 
210.525 
156,000 
145,000 


4.55 
3.68 
2.73 
2.54 


15 00 
14 43 
18 96 
20 00 


107,000 


1.87 


26 45 



$37,682 
15,685 
26,876 
10,800 
9,910 

3,900 
3,038 
2.957 
2,900 

2,830 



730,500 
872, 000 
155,000 
450,000 
40, 000 

260,000 
210,525 
136,000 



2,000 



748,000 
395.000 
763,500 



20,000 
145,000 



105,000 



39 



Table 23 — Concluded. 











« 


^^ 


Grown in 






Quantity. 




1 


o 


Penn.syl- 
yania. 






















0- 
















'- 








Industry. 








Ih 










s 




^ 


a>-2 


g 


a 






^ 




£ 












0/ 




■- 




= 








&( 




-' 


^ 


fe 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



Laundry appliances 

Planing mill products 

Vetiicles and veliicle parts, 

Instruments, musical, 

Printing material, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Pulleys and conveyors 

Patterns and flasks 

Miscellaneous, 

Total 



80,000 
71,750 
47,000 
44,000 
25,000 



15,000 
10,000 
1,000 
50,000 



5,711,275 



1.40 


25 00 


1.26 


26 19 


.82 


26 13 


.77 


26 82 


.44 


31 60 


.26 


10 00 


.18 


14 00 


.02 


55 00 


.88 
100.00 


14 00 


$21 66 



1,990 
1,879 
1.228 
i;i80 
790 



$123,690 



42,500 
31,750 
47,000 



20,000 



15,000 
10.000 
1,000 
50,000 



37,500 
40,000 



44,000 
5,000 



2,638,000 



CHESTNUT. 

(Castanea dentata). 
Over 1,000 sawmills in Pennsylvania report the cut of chestnut, and the 
production of this lumber exceeds that of any other hardwood cut in the 
State. Manufacturers, classified among twenty-seven industries, report chest- 
nut for nearly 200 separate and distinct uses. Though Pennsylvania is second 
in importance in the production of chestnut lumber and annually cuts nearly 
twice as much as the manufacturers consume, only forty per cent, of the total 
quantity purchased was home-grown wood. The wood is coarse straight 
grained, light weight, moderately strong and hard, very stiff and brittle, dur- 
able when exposed, easily seasoned, and holds nails well. The wood is also 
rich in tannin and is therefore largely used in making tannin extracts. Its 
other valuable Qualities are ease in working, great porosity, stiffness, non- 
elasticity, light weight, and brittleness. It has an attractive grain and a beau- 
tiful figure, and therefore has lately grown in popularity for inside finish of 
houses and buildings. Nearly two-thirds of the reported usage by manufactur- 
ers in Pennsylvania is for these and other planing mill products. The largest, 
demand for chestnut is for rough forest products, as posts, telegraph poles, 
cross ties, mine props and tanning extract. The growing tree is subject to at- 
tacks by boring insects, which make the wood usually defective. Large 
quantities of the chestnut lumber used in Pennsylvania, therefore, are of the 
low grade known as "sound wormy" which shows the galleries of insect larvae, 
but is otherwise sound. It is this grade which the box makers use in amounts 
equal to more than twenty-three per cent, of the total , and it is this grade that 
the furniture manufacturers and piano builders demand for veneer backing, 
being light, holding its shape M^ell, and with a special affinity for glue, and is 
especially adapted for this purpose. The casket makers use chestnut ahead 
of any other wood as experience has proved that this wood is one of the most 
durable underground. The sound wormy grade is most frequently employed 
as the injury by the borers does not seem to affect particularly its lasting 
qualities. 

In recent years, the chestnut bark disease that has killed chestnut trees in 
New York and southern New England has made' great inroads on the stand 



40 

in Pennsylvania. Tlie rapid spread of tlie infection and its devastation in the 
infected areas of the State has produced such an alarming situation that the 
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania adopted measures looking to the possible con- 
trol of the disease. A chestnut tree killed by the blight is killed by the gird- 
ling of the trunk. The disease does not injure the wood although it pene- 
trates a few annual rings. The problem of utilizing the blight killed wood, 
the Federal Government has ascertained, is merely a question of using dead 
timber. The wood generally answers for all purposes for which healthy 
chestnut is demanded, and recent official strength tests have proved that 
sound killed chestnut is fully as strong as live healthy wood. To owners of 
blight killed timber, the Forest Service has pointed out the necessity of its use 
within two years after death as subsequent to that period, deterioration, due 
to checking, insect injury and decay, is quite rapid. 



Table 24. — Consumption of Chestnut, year ending June, 1912. 





Quantity. 


Industry. 








E 


a 




ji 


a 
















CD 






fe 


'"^ 



(H 


f^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 


O 


c; 


vania. 


sylvania. 


T-H 


^ 




















a 


c 






■w 








9 >, 


<M 














o 


O 


a 


a 


bcS 












.o 


.Q 


























< 




fe 


fe 



Planing mill products, 

Boxes and crates, 

Furniture, 

Caskets and coffins 

Fixtures 

Mine equipment, 

Instruments, musical 

Toys, 

Chairs and cbair stock 

Agricultural implements 

Patterns, and flasks, 

Car construction 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable, .. 
Frames and moulding, picture. 
Machine construction, 

Trunks and valises, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Tanks and silos, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Gates and fencing, 

Sporting and athletic goods, .. 
Manual training practice 

(sloyd) 

Excelsior, 

Clocks, 

Elevators, 

Ship and boat building 

Laundry appliances 

Total 



17,409,350 
11,977,692 
11,556,850 
5.387,000 
1,803,350 

749,405 
671,900 
500,000 
480,000 
140,000 

128,200 
113,250 
100,000 
93.000 
73,000 

37,500 
30,200 
15,000 

11,800 
11,500 

10,000 

7,000 
5,000 
5,000 
4,000 

3,100 
3,000 



51,326,097 



33.92 


$37 65 


23.34 


16 04 


22.52 


19 52 


10.50 


20 57 


3.51 


25 16 


1.46 


15 42 


1.31 


24 81 


.97 


21 00 


.94 


17 71 


.27 


19 07 


.25 


19 24 


.22 


21 04 


.19 


19 00 


.18 


22 41 


.14 


35 67 


.07 


25 00 


.06 


19 77 


.03 


20 00 


.02 


28 05 


.02 


25 39 


.02 


33 00 


.01 


64 14 


.01 


14 00 


.01 


30 00 


.01 


70 00 


.01 


27 10 


.01 


24 00 


100.00 


?2o 22 



$655 450 

192,165 

225,599 

110,807 

45,364 

•11,557 
16,669 
10,500 
8,499 
2,670 

2,466 
2,383 
1,900 
2,084 
2,604 

938 
597 
300 

331 
292 



$1,294,609 



5,815,700 
6,275,328 
5,586.300 
1,573,500 
1,114,250 

749,405 
327,000 
500,000 
95,000 
40,000 

47,500 
113,250 
100,000 
25,000 
23,000 

17,500 
18,200 
15,000 

11,800 
6,500 



5,00fl 
5,000 
5,000 



3,100 
2,000 



22,479,333 



11,593,650 

5,702,364 

5, 970', 550 

3,813,500 

689,100 



344,900 



385,000 
100,000 



80,700 



68,000 
50,000 



20,000 
12,000 



5,000 
5,000 
2,000 



4,000 



1,000 



43.80% in. 56.20% out. 

BEECH. 

(Fagus atropunicea)~(F. granclifoUa). 
Considering that thirty-three industries demand beech for more than 230 
distinct uses, it can properly be termed one of Pennsylvania's important hard- 
woods, though not many years ago it was considered by manufacturers of 
little value. There is but one species in Pennsylvania and its stand is abund- 



41 

ant, especially in the northeastern, northern, and western portions of the 
State, where are located most of the 80R) or more mills that report cutting it. 
Pennsylvania produces more beech lumber than any other state east of the 
Ohio river, and in this respect stands third in importance in the United 
States. It is quite surprising that so large a quantity of low grade beech 
lumber, such as is used by the box makers, was shipped in, if one considers 
that the cut of this wood in Pennsylvania exceeds the consumption of home- 
grown wood by over 22,000,000 feet. The wood of the beech tree is not first 
class lumber like its associates, the maples and birches. It is usually cross- 
grained, not durable, difficult to season, and frequently warps and checks 
when in place, even after it has been thoroughly dried. It is, however, 
strong, hard, and moderately stiff, and these qualities combined, together 
with the fact that it is cheap, make it desirable for a great number of uses. 
It is especially adapted for turning stock and for that reason it is one of the 
leading woods appearing in the chair industry and in the making of brooms and 
mop handles. The planing mills use it largely for flooring, but for this 
purpose it is not in so great demand in this State as in the New England 
states, where a large quantity of beech shipped from Pennsylvania is used, 
being preferred to the New England wood owing to its better quality. The 
brush makers want large quantities of beech for scrubbing and other cheap 
brush blocks, while the woodenware and toy makers demand it in large 
quantities for many special uses. It is the most important wood for 
laundry appliances, especially for clothes pins, for which it is used probably 
in larger quantities in the country at large than any other wood. 

Table 25. — Consumption of Beech, year ending June, 1912. 









ft. 


f, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 


^ 


o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








3 


^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 


















a 








Industry. 






g^ 


<w 








a 


jj 


2 


d 


B 


a 




.o 


0) 


C3t„ 


^ 


^ 


.2 




Feet 


£ 


01 +J 
< 


Tota 


0) 





Boxes and crates, packing, .. 

Chairs and chair stocks 

Woodenware and novelties, 

Planing mill products, 

Brushes, 

Handles, 

Furniture, 

Laundry appliances, 

Car construction, 

Frames and moulding, picture, 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 

Mine equipment 

Toys 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 
sticks 

Equipment, playground, 

Excelsior 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Fixtures, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 



12,505,839 
8,420,000 
3,639,000 
2,461,750 
1,931,000 


31.08 

20.92 

9.04 

6.12 

4.80 


$16 17 

17 21 
20 46 
16 35 

18 87 


1.752,300 
1,453,000 
1.432,000 
1,377,500 
1,200,000 


4.35 
3.61 
3.56 
3.42 
2. 98 


17 31 

16 23 
15 95 

17 12 
20 08 


1,079,000 
656,525 
627,400 

587,883 


2. 68 
1.63 
1.56 
1.46 


18 62 
17 94 
IS 41 
21 97 


266,500 


.66 


21 91 


130,000 
116,500 


.32 
.29 


29 46 
15 00 


100,000 
71,000 


.25 
.18 


16 00 
21 85 


55,000 


.14 


17 36 



$202,272 

144,945 

74,446 

40,250 

36,430 

30,412 
23,584 
22,842 
23,583 
24,100 

20,093 
11,781 
11,553 
12,916 



3,830 

1,748 



1,600 
1,551 



3,735,339 

7,295,000 
3,356,000 
1,972,250 
1,931,000 

1,302,800 

1,397,000 

1,352,000 

847,500 

600,000 

949,000 
656,525 
585,000 
537,883 

252,000 

130,000 
116,500 

100,000 
60,000 



8,770,500 

1,125,000 

283,000 

489,500 



449,500 
56,000 
80,000 
530,000 
600,000 

130,000 

"42^400 
50,000 



11,000 
25,000 



42- 



Table 25— Concluded. 



Industry. 







=H 


^^ 


Grown iu 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 







Penus.vl- 


of Penn- 








^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 


















^ 


















































-t 














^_, 


■ 


























g >:, 
























c 


-J 








g 


a 




.0 


^ 


'^i 




A 


^ 




-M 


:. 


9tL 


s 


f 


Oi 




fcl 


- 


< 


^ 


^ 


fc 



Pumps, 

Agricultural implements, 

Tjadders, 

Instruments, musical, 

Sporting and athletic goods 

Pulleys and conve.vors, 

Rollers and poles, 

Machine construction 

Patterns and flasks, 

Ships and boat building 

Printing material 

Manual training practict 

, (sloyd), 

Miscellaneous, 

Total, 



50,003 
42,000' 
22,000 
20,000 
20, 000 

15,000 
12,000 
11,000 
10, 000 
2,500 

2,000 

600 
175,003 

40,244,300 



.12 


15 00 


.10 


22 86 


.05 


'18 27 


.05 


22 00 


.05 


17 25 


.04 


20 00 


.03 


14 00 


.03 


14 55 


.03 


25 00 


.01 


26 00 


.01 


30 00 




28 33 


.43 


14 86 


100.00 


$17 42 



750 
960 
402 
440 
345 

300 

168 
160 



$701,244 



50,000 
32,000 
22,000 



20,000 

15,000 
12,000 
11.000 
10,000 
1,.500 

2,000 

600 
175,003 



10,000 
20,000 



12,687,400 



RED GUM. 

( Liqiiiclamhar styraciflua) . 
Red gum in late years has grown in commercial importance more than any 
other domestic wood. It was formerly considered of little value, owing to 
difficulty in seasoning; but with the coming of improved methods of kiln-dry- 
ing, both for veneer and lumber, these obstacles have been overcome and the 
wood has become available for a great number of uses. It was reported In 
Pennsylvania by twenty-three industries. The red gum tree grows in Pennsyl- 
vania, especially in the southeastern and middle portions of the State, where 
its cut was reported by 130 mills. It is not related, as its common name indi- 
cates, to the other gums, the water gum, and black gum, the cotton or tupelo 
gum, though often growing with them in the southern extension of its range. 
The red gum has a starlike leaf and bears its numerous seeds in spiny, round 
balls. The black gum has an oval leaf, and bears a small bluish black drupe 
containing a single seed. The wood of the red gum is fairly strong, soft and 
tough. It has a slightly interlocked grain, a fine, uniform texture, and takes 
a good polish. The color of the wood is not uniform. The sapwood is almost 
white and on the market is sold separately as sap gum. The heartwood is 
generally a reddish light brown. In some trees it is uniformly dark, while 
in others the dark wood runs in irregular streaks mottling the wood and giv- 
ing it a figure resembling Circassian walnut. Pennsylvania furniture makers 
use this wood in the largest quantities, finishing it often to imitate more ex- 
pensive hardwoods, mahogany, walnut, quarter-sawed oak, and cherry. 



43 



Table 26. — Consumption of Red Gum, year ending June, 1912. 











>. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 


^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 








^ 


£! 
















■ 


























p^ 








Industry. 








8^ 


tt-' 








= 




-M 


o^ 


O 


S 


E 




a 




■D 


TO -+.4 




.Q 


.o 




fe 




3 


< 


o 


0; 





Boxes and crates, packing, ... 

Cliairs and etiair stock 

Furniture, 

Planing mill products, 

Boxes, cigar, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Woodenware and novelties, .... 

Handles, 

Mine equipment 

Fixtures, 

Instruments, musical 

Frames and moulding, picture. 

Brushes, 

Car construction, 

Caskets and coffins 

Agricultural implements, 

Trunks and valises 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 

sticks 

Pipes, tobacco, 

Clocks 

Toys, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Manual training practice 
(sloyd) 

Total, 



12.8C'6,0S4 
4,326,000 
2,297,000 
1,610,300 
549,750 

315,500 
225,000 
195,000 
150,000 
94,000 

50,000 
50, 000 
37,000 
35,140 
30,000 

24,000 
20,000 

20,000 
12,000 
10,000 

5,000 

2,900 

470 



22,865,144 



56.01 


16 68 


18.92 


25 97 


10.05 


34 25 


7.04 


31 31 


2.41 


49 79 


1.3S 


32 37 


.98 


23 50 


.85 


29 38 


.66 


12 00 


.41 


44 00 


.22 


51 20 


.22 


30 00 


.16 


27 00 


.15 


27 02 


.13 


40 00 


.11 


36 00 


.09 


35 00 


.09 


50 CO 


.05 


50 OO 


.04 


60 00 


.02 


25 00 


.01 


50 00 


100.00 


72 34 


$22 78 



12,806,084 
4,326,000 
2,297,000 
1,610,300 
549,750 

315,000 
225,000 
195,000 
150,000 
94,000 

50,000 
50,000 
37,000 
35.140 
30,000 

24,000 
20,000 

20,000 
12,000 
10,000 



,900 
370 



BASSWOOD. 

(Tilia americana) . 

Probably a larger per cent, of the cut of basswood in Pennsylvania goes to 
the manufacturers than that of any other hardwood. Pour hundred and thirty 
mills in 1912 report cutting over 10,000,000 feet, while the wood-using fac- 
tories consumed almost 8,000,000 feet, making more than 200 distinct com- 
modities. There is one species of basswood of commercial importance growing 
in Pennsylvania, and it is found in all parts of the State, but more abund- 
antly on rich, well drained soils. It is a favorite shade tree and for that pur- 
pose is extensively planted. Lumbermen often refer to the tree as linden and 
call the lumber "linn," but throughout its range it is probably most commonly 
known as basswood. This is due to the "bast" or inner bark, which is of 
considerable commercial importance for making cords, ropes, and doormats. 
Especially in midsummer is the tree easily identified, when the fragrant yel- 
low flowers attract the attention of the passer-by. 

Basswood is the softest hardwood and in its qualities is similar to yellow 
poplar and aspen. This wood is stiff, light, weak, and non-durable, with an 
intermediate grain, wide sapwood scarcely distinguishable, and a lack 
of taste and odor. It is more easily worked than any of the other hardwoods,. 
with the probable exception of yellow poplar, does not warp or check, is 
tough, and takes paint well. It is used by thirty-one of the wood-using 
factories, besides being preferred by slack coopers over all other woods for 
heading, particularly flour and sugar barrels. 



44 



TaWe 27. — Consumption of Basswood, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Quantity. 



Grown In 
Pennsyl- 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



Furniture, 

Boxes and crates, packing 

Planing njill products, 

Toys, 

Trunks and valises 

Woodenware and novelties, 

Frames and moulding, picture,.. 

Excelsior, 

Boxes, cigar 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, — 

Laundry appliances, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Car construction, 

Ladders 

Instruments, musical, 

Fixtures, 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . 

Ship and boat building, 

Agricultural implements, 

Brushes, 

Handles, 

Pulleys and conveyors 

Rollers and poles 

Boot and shoe findings 

Chairs and chair stock 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Manual training practice 
(sloyd) 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 
sticks 

Machine construction, 

Clocks • 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical 

Total, 



3,945,400 
2,936,400 
2,738,576 
1,404,000 
1,374,500 

944,000 
902,000 
749.000 
495,000 
477,850 

437,000 

370.000 
366,010 
275,000 
271,500 

269,100 
220,000 
150,000 
80,000 
42,300 

41,200 
40,000 
37,500 
35,500 
33,000 



21,60ft 

14,400 

12,500 
8,500 
5,000 



1S,69S,S 



21.10 


$35 13 


15.70 


16 93 


14.65 


30 97 


7.51 


40 80 


7.35 


27 SO 



5.05 
4.82 
4.00 
2.65 
2.55 

2.34 

1.98 
1.96 
1.47 
1.45 

1.44 

1.18 

.80 

.43 

.22 

.22 
.21 
.20 
.19 
.18 



24 26 
23 09 
13 77 
64 95 
30 10 


32 52 


18 00 
40 74 
29 18 
42 36 


33 92 
20 IS 
16 00 
31 06 

34 96 


29 73 
20 00 
20 00 
50 73 
22 12 


31 11 


43 06 


32 48 
36 47 
60 00 


55 60 


$29 53 



$138,592 
49,708 
84,811 
57,286 
38,209 

22,905 
20,825 
10,315 
32,150 
14,384 

14,210 

6,660 
14,911 

8,025 
11,500 

9,128 
4,440 
2,400 
2,485 
1,479 

1,225 
800 
750 

1,801 
730 



$552,118 



1,105,400 

1,324,400 

1,396,900 

560,000 

754,500 

228,500 
352,000 
749,000 



258,500 
108,500 



140,214 
150,000 
11,000 

176,100 
220,000 
150,000 
30,000 
42,300 

41,200 
40,000 
37.. 500 
18,000 
25,000 



1,600 
7,650 



5,000 
500 



7,933,764 



2,840,000 

1,612,000 

1,341,676 

844,000 

620,000 

715,500 
550,000 

""m,'m 

219,350 

328,500 

370,000 
225,796 
125,000 
260,500 

93,000 



17.500 
8,000 



20,000 

6,750 

7,500 
8,000 
5,000 

2,000 



10,765,072 



BIRCHES. 

Three species of birch are of commercial importance in Pennsylvania. They 
are sweet or cherry birch, in Pennsylvania often called black birch (Betula 
lenta) , well distributed throughout the State ; yellow birch (Betula lutea) , 
found mainly on altitudes associated with beech, maple, ash, and elm; and 
that called red or river birch (Betula nigra) , of little commercial impor- 
tance, inhabiting the banks of streams and rivers in all parts of the State. 
In 1912, the cut of birch in Pennsylvania exceeded by nearly 8,000,000 feet the 
quantity of State-grown lumber reported by the manufacturers, these fac- 
tories drawing forty-three per cent, of their requirements from the producing 
regions of other States, principally New York and Vermont. Sweet birch 
lumber can be identified by the fact that its sapwood is nearly white and its 
heartwood red or nearly black. It is a fine wood, hard and strong, easily 
worked, takes a high polish, due, it is claimed, to the bright lining of the 
wood cells, and takes stains readily, which allows its use in imitation of more 



45 

expensive cabinet woods. It has an intermediate grain, is hard, dense, lieavy, 
moderately stiff, tougli and durable, rather difficult to season, hard to split, 
and rather easy to work. Curly birch is an accidental structure in the wood, 
due to cross grain corresponding to the similarly figured maples and is 
highly prized by cabinet makers and manufacturers of high class furniture. 
Yellow birch is also an excellent wood. Much of it is marketed with sweet 
birch without distinction. In Pennsylvania it was not possible to determine 
to what extent the two woods were desired for similar purposes, or for what 
uses the manufacturers preferred the one to the other; so accordingly they 
have been presented in this report under one name. 

In vehicle making birch bolts are used extensively in competition with elm 
for hubs, and it is in this industry that the red or river birch finds its chief 
market. Birch lumber cut from river birch is usually of low grade and most 
of that used in Pennsylvania was reported by the box makers, who used 
birch of all species in larger amounts than any other industry. The planing 
mills and fixture makers demanded birch for interior trim in imitation of 
mahogany, and the furniture makers called for it for the same reason be- 
cause it is the nearest approach to mahogany of any of the domestic woods. 

Table 28. — Consumption of Birch, year ending June, 1912. 





Quantity. 




s 


Grown in 
Pennsyl- 


Grown Out 
of Penn- 






o 


^ 


Tania. 


sylvania. 






0) 


















Industry. 
















a 


a 


Co 


4J 

o 


a 

J2 


a 








OJ-M 
> =3 

< 


1 







Boxes and crates, packing 

Planing mill products, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Furniture, 

Laundry appliances, 

Chairs and chair stock, 

Fixtures, 

Toys 

Woodenware and novelties, 

Mine equiptnent, 

Car construction 

Handles, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

Instruments, musical, 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable, . . 
Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Brushes 

Pumps 

Printing material, 

Agricultural implements, 

Rollers and poles 

Pulleys and conveyors 

Frames and moulding, picture. 
Clocks, 

Machine construction : 

Pipes, tobacco, 

Caskets and coffins, 

Miscellaneous, 

Total, 



5,999,000 
4,493,442 
1,514,500 
1,138,270 
1,090,000 

992,400 
S32,300 
617.000 
466,500 
336,075 

312.845 
207,750 

100,000 
95,000 
90,000 

70,000 

65,000 
51,000 
50,000 
30,000 

20,000 

12.000 

10,000 

7,500 

4,000 

3,000 
2,000 
1,000 
25,000 



18,635,582 



32.19 


$16 76 


24.11 


39 84 


8.13 


4S 11 


6.11 


29 10 


5.85 


12 72 


5.33 


30 05 


4.47 


36 60 


3.31 


23 84 


2.50 


25 95 


1.80 


24 23 


1.68 


28 86 


1.11 


18 13 


.54 


18 00 


.51 


30 95 


.48 


23 89 


.38 


22 43 


.35 


25 15 


.27 


14 02 


.27 


17 00 


.16 


50 00 


.11 


24 00 


.06 


14 00 


.05 


20 00 


- .04 


75 00 


.02 


45 00 


.02 


25 00 


.01 


50 00 


.01 


24 00 


.13 


14 00 


100.00 


?28 05 



$100,556 
179,033 
72,864 
33,126 
13,860 

29,824 
30,461 
14,708 
12,105 
8,143 

9,029 
3,766 

1,800 
2,940 
2,150 

1,570 

1,635 
715 
850 

1,500 

480 
168 
200 
562 
ISO 

75 
100 

24 
350 



$522,774 



2,488,500 

2,138,844 

455,000 

525,900 

1,070,000 

583,500 
438,500 
617,000 
230.000 
336,075 

231,045 
205,250 

100,000 
75,000 
50,000 

70,000 

30,000 
51,000 
50,000 
10,000 

20,000 
12,000 
10,000 



3,000 



1,000 
25,000 



9,826,614 



3,510,500 

2,354,598 

1,059,500 

612,370 

20,000 

408,900 
393,800 

""'236,'500 



81,800 
2,500 



20,000 
40,000 



35,000 
'20,066 



7,500 
4,000 



2,000 



46 

THE HICKORIES. 

Two industries in Pennsylvania, vehicle parts and handles, together use 
nearly five-sixths of the 18,000,000 feet of hickory going into products of final 
manufacture. The remainder is divided in varying small amounts among eigh- 
teen industries, of which car building, making of mine sprags, and machine 
construction are the principal ones. On account of the variety of special 
uses for which hickory is demanded, a large amount of waste is occasioned, 
both in the preparation of the raw material as well as in the finished commod- 
ity. This waste probably exceeds that of any other valuable hardwood. 

Six species of hickory grow in Pennsylvania and some of them are found 
more or less generally throughout the State. In the tree they can be readily 
identified by their botanical characteristics, but when cut into lumber the 
species are difficult to distinguish. The information available to guide in 
their separation was so meager that they are therefore presented in this re- 
port under the generic name hickory. The growing scarcity of hickory, to- 
gether with the fact that no suitable substitutes have been found for it in a 
number of its special uses, accounts for the high average price the manu- 
facturers paid for it. Apart from its scarcity, the wood is a most valuable 
one, owing to its combination of qualities of extraordinary hardness, 
strength, toughness, and fiexibility. No such combination exists in any other 
domestic hardwood. Further, it has a straight grain, is moderately elastic, 
hard to split, and very perishable; it is a difficult wood to season and to work 
and to be made to hold its shape. 

Table 29. — Consumption of Hickory, year ending June, 1912. 







+^ 


>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


5 


vania. 


sylvania. 






^ 




































s 








Industry. 






1^ 


o 








c 














" 


t^ 




^ 




a 




.^ 


i 


"^ 




^ 


J 




X 


■^ 


i^ 


$ 


t; 






^ 


- 


< 


'^ 


fe 





Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Handles, 

Car construction, 

Mine equipment, 

Machine construction, 

Agricultural implements, 

Planing mill products 

Shuttles, spools, and bobbins,.. 
P.utchers' hlocks and skewers, .. 
Ship and boat building 

Whips, canes, and umbrella 

sticks 

Ladders, 

Chairs and chair stock, 

Saddles and harness 

Pollers and poles, 

Woodenwaro and novelties 

Fixtures 

Manual training ])ractice 

(sloyd) 

Furniture 

Printing material, 

Total, 



10,819,552 

3,973,350 

1,115,306 

816,363 

69!), 000 

124, 400 
80,100 
63,000 
50,000 
28,000 



26.000 
25,000 
15,001) 
10', 000 
2,500 

2,500 
1,000 

934 
750 
500 



60. '60 


$48 51 


22.26 


31 97 


6.25 


24 50 


4.57 


13 51 


3.91 


27 27 


.70 


33 41 


.45 


27 03 


.35 


46 98 


.28 


18 00 


.16 


65 00 


.15 


55 85 


.14 


IS 00 


.08 


17 20 


.06 


60 00 


.01 


60 00 


.01 


60 00 


.01 


65 00 


.01 


70 66 




81 33 


100.00 


50 00 


$40 59 



$524,895 
127,045 
27,325 
11,031 
19,063 

4,156 
2,165 
2,960 
900 
1,820 



1,452 
450 
258 
600 
150 



,$724,635 



3,642,252 

2,599,300 

343,697 

816,363 

643,000 

99,400 
70,100 
30,000 
50,000 
26,500 



25.000 
15,000 



2,500 

2,500 
1,000 

234 
250 
500 



8,367,596 



7,177,300 

1,374,0.50 

771.609 



25,000 
10,000 
33,000 

"iisoo 



26,000 

io'ooo 



700 
500 



9,485,659 



47 

THE ASHES. 

Ash is one of the most widely distributed of tlie North American trees. 
It ranges from tlie Rocky Mountain states eastward tlirough every state but 
Maine, and the fact that 606 Pennsylvania sawmills in 1912 reported cutting 
this wood, indicates that the tree is also well distributed throughout this 
State. Manufacturers do not distinguish the species for particular uses but, 
like the oaks, they separate them into classes, white ash and black ash. 
In Pennsylvania the white ash (Fraximis americana) and black ash (Fraxinus 
nigra) are the most important commercial species of ash growing within the 
State and they make up the bulk of the material which the Pennsylvania 
manufacturers consume. The white ash is one of Pennsylvania's valuable 
hardwoods. It possesses a coarse, straight grain, fine texture, is moderately 
hard and strong, besides being rather resilient and tough. However, it lacks 
durability. The manufacture of vehicle parts, handles, agricultural imple- 
ments, boats, sporting goods, and framework of various kinds where the 
Qualities of strength and toughness are desired call principally for white ash, 
both in Pennsylvania and the country at large. 

The uses of black ash are quite different from those of the white ash be- 
cause of its different qualities. It is much softer, not as strong or as elastic, 
and is more durable. Black ash has a pronounced attractive figure and is 
more desirable for decorative work. It is, therefore, called on to meet 
large demands for interior finish of houses, railroad and trolley cars. The 
lack of taste and odor makes ash valuable for containers of foodstuffs, such 
as butter tubs, woodenware, flour barrels, and boxes of various kinds. Only 
forty-six per cent, of the ash going into further manufacture was State- 
grown, in spite of the fact that the lumber cut exceeded by over 4,000,000 
feet the amount of home-grown material used. 

Table 30. — Consumption of Ash, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Quantity. 





■■4H 


^_ 


Gi-o\vn in 


Grown Out 




g 


o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 





'"' 
















a> 


^ 










o 








4_, 




















9 >^ 


















m" 


=,? 


COS 


S 


s 




M« 




















a, -M 


(S 


^ 


_^ 












" 


< 


H 


fa 


fe 



Car construction, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts. 

Handles, 

Planing mill products, 

Woodenware and novelties, 

Ag-ricultural implements 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Ship and boat building, 

Toys, 

Furniture, 

Plumbers' woodwork 

Chairs and chair stock 

Saddles and harness, 

Elevators, ., 

Trunks and valises, 

Machine construction , 

Equipment, playground 

Boxes and crates, packing, ,. 

Fixtures, 

Mine equipment, .,..,,. 



4,396,915 


30.74 


$56 70 


3,590,472 


25.10 


44 16 


1,969,750 


13.77 


28 45 


791,315 


5.53 


51 89 


634,500 


4.43 


30 67 


599,100 


4.19 


38 73 


400', 000 


2.80 


15 00 


388,700 


2.72 


41 47 


320,000 


2.24 


42 03 


175,500 


1.23 


28 43 


110,000 


.77 


34 00 


104,300 


.73 


24 54 


100,000 


.70 


44 80 


93,000 


.65 


71 17 


87,500 


.61 


36 42 


83,000 


.58 


44 88 


75,000 


.52 


33 00 


54,200 


.38 


23 51 


49,900 


.35 


58 62 


43,425 


.30 


22,01 



$249,311 

1.58,564 

56,032 

41,062 

19,462 

23,202 

6,000 
16,118 
13,450 

4,989 

3,740 
2,5.59 
4,480 
6,619 
3,187 

3,725 
2,475 
1,274 
2,925 
956 



933,908 

2,096.204 

1,1.30,750 

533,165 

259,500 

103,100 

395,000 
262,700 
182,500 
82,500 



37,300 
76,000 
43,600 
87,500 

5,000 
37, .500 
53,500 
41,000 
43,425 



3,463,007 

1,494,268 

839,000 

258,150 

375,000 

496,000 

5.00O 
126,000 
137,500 
93,000 

110.000 
67,000 
24,000 
49, 400 



78,000 

37,500 

700 

8,900 



48 



Table 30 — Concluded. 







^■ 


f. 


Grown In 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 










vania. 


sylvania. 






























u 


j£ 






















a 








Industry. 






o h 


o 








a 


a 
o 


" p 


o 




































fa 


di 


■< 




fa 


fa 



Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable,.. 

Sporting and athletic goods, .. 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical 

Instruments, professional and 
scientific, 

Pulleys and conveyors, 

Brushes, 

Frames and moulding, picture. 

Rollers and poles, 

Instruments, musical, 

Ladders, 

Manual training practice (sloydj. 

Laundry appliances 

Weighing apparatus, 

Miscellaneous, 

Total, 



32,000 
30,000 
30,000 

25,000 

15,000 

15,000 

12,600 

10,000 

6,150 

5,300 

4,000 

I.IO'O 

1,000 

900 

50,000 



14,304,627 



.22 


38 19 


.21 


21 00 


.2.1 


66 83 


.17 


60 00 


.10 


58 67 


.10 


30 00 


.09 


34 29 


.07 


35 00 


.04 


32 68 


.04 


44 34 


.03 


70 00 


.01 


70 91 


.01 


2o 00 


.01 


93 08 


.85 


25 00 


100. OO 


$44 02 



1,222 

630 

2,005 

1,500 

880 

450 
432 
350 
201 
235 

280 
78 
25 
84 
1,250 



$629,752 



4,000 
30,000 
30,000 



5,000 

7,000 
12, 600 
10,000 
5,000 
5,000 

4,000 
300 

1,000 

900 

50,000 



6,568,952 



28,000 



25,000 
10,000 
8,000 



1,150 
300 



7,735,675 



45.92% in. 54.0 



THE ELMS. 
Only two species of elm were reported by the Pennsylvania wood users, white 
elm (XJlmus americana) and cork elm fUlmus racemosa) ; but it is possible 
that small quantities of slippery elm (JJlmus pubescens)^(U. fulva) were used, 
but because it is cut in this State in only small quantities it is usually mar- 
keted mixed with white elm and, therefore, was not identified and reported 
separately. Cork elm is the most valuable of the three elms because the 
wood is most durable, but white elm in Pennsylvania is the most abundant 
species and composes the largest proportion of the 3,000,000 feet of elm that 
the Pennsylvania sawmills cut in 1912. Elm, irrespective of species, is' one 
of the strongest and most elastic hardwoods growing in Pennsylvania. In 
addition to being heavy, tough, hard, and dense, it is hard to work and 
difficult to season. The two species reported are together demanded by 16 
industries. The largest amount of the cork elm went to the vehicle maker, 
while the chair industry was foremost in demanding the white elm. The 
trunk makers also bid for a large amount of this wood for slat material. 



49 



Table 31. — Consumption of Elm*, year ending June, 1912. 







-4J 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




t^ 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 











vania. 


sylvania. 


















OJ 


.a 
















Industry. 






oh 











a 


a 


^0 

a) V 





a 


a 

J3 


















fo 









a) 
fa 


^ 



Chairs and chair stock, 

Trunks and valises, 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Woodenware and novelties, 
Vehicles and vehicle parts, ... 

Boxes and crates, packing 

Baskets and veneer packages 

for fruit and vegetables, 

Car construction, 

Agricultural implements 

Elevators, 

Toys, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Mine equipment, 

Planing mill products, 

Machine construction, 

Total, 



6,213,500 
1,837,500 

600,000 
500,000 
484,400 

429,800 

115,000 
63,343 
50,000 
32,500 

25.000 
15,000 
8,800 
4,000 
2,000 

10,380,843 



59.85 
17.70 


$26 76 
30 82 


5.78 
4.83 
4.67 


25 00 
28 00 
35 92 


4.14 


24 20 


1.11 
.61 
.48 
.31 


21 87 
49 43 
25 00 
64 98 


.24 
.14 
.OS 
.04 
.02 


21 00 
33 00 
26 14 
23 00 
50 00 


100.00 


$27 95 



$166, 
56, 

15, 
14, 
17, 



$290,116 



62,000 
250,000 



250,000 



95,800 
132,300 
115,000 



50,000 
20,500 



12,500 



4,000 



1,000,900 



6,151,500 
1,587,500 

350,000 
500,000 
388,600 

297,500 



63,343 

ii'ooo 



12,500 
15,000 



2,000 



9,379,943 



9.64% in. 90.36% out. 



*The white and cork elm groups have been combined in this table. 
In Part II of this report the information is given separately. 



COTTONWOOD. 

(Populus deltoiclesj. 
Cottonwood belongs to a widely distributed tree family, which includes the 
willows, aspen, balm of gilead, and other poplars (not yellow poplar). The 
Cottonwood referred to in this report is the Popuhis cleltoides, the tree found 
in large sizes and most abundant in the lower Mississippi Valley. It grows 
in moist soil in almost all the states east of the Rocky Mountains. Owing 
to the difficulty in seasoning cottonwood, it is better adapted for veneer than 
lumber. Yellow and white cottonwood are often distinguished in trade. The 
former refers to the heartwood, the latter to the light colored sapwood of 
the tree. However, the amount consumed for veneer production in the United 
States is only about 10 per cent, of the lumber cut. The manufacturers of 
built up lumber used this wood in large amounts as veneer. On account of 
its qualities of toughness, flexibility, and its capacity for being easily worked, 
it is especially adapted for bent work as in vehicle bodies and auditorium 
chairs. It is also popular with trunk makers for trunk boxes and tops. The 
lumber serves many uses as a substitute for basswood and yellow poplar, and, 
like these woods, is light, weak, and non-durable; but of fine even texture and 
a lack of taste and odor. The last two named qualities commend it as a 
material for food containers, while for packing cases and crates its other excel- 
lent qualities, combined with its whitish color, make it especially desirable as 
a background for printing and stenciling. This tree is not commonly cut 
in Pennsylvania, which accounts for the fact that only about one and one- 
half per cent, of the total amount used was State-grown. Eleven industries 



50 

together demand over six and one-third million feet of cottonwood, of which 
74 per cent, is used by the box industry, nearly 8 per cent, for laundry ap- 
pliances, and 6 per cent, by the furniture makers. 



Table 32. — Consumption of Cottonwood, year ending June, 1912. 













Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 












vania. 


sylvania. 








^. 


^ 
































































ludustry. 








o >-• 


s 








g 




+: 


'^ 3 


o 


= 


g 




-■ 




^ 


tccj 


o 


^ 


.= 




































O 








o 








fe 




Ch 


< 


^ 


^ 


"^ 



Boxes and crates, packing, .... 

Laundry appliances, 

Furniture, : 

Planing mill products, 

Trunks and valises, 

Eefrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Vehi'cles and veliicle jjarts 

Fixtures 

Sporting and athletic goods, .. 

Dairymen's, poulterers' and api- 
arists' supplies, 

Pulleys and conveyors 

Total, , 



4,680,000 
500,000 
380,000 
330,000 
177,350 



150,000 
64,000 
40,000 
10,000 



2,500 
2,Cft0 



73.86 


•124 60 


7.89 


32 90 


6.00 


34 87 


5.21 


25 36 


2. SO 


37 95 


2.37 


32 00 


1.01 


34 ?S 


.63 


38 50 


.16 


32 00 


.04 


40 00 


,.03 


21 00 


100.00 


?26 6C 



$115,135 
W, 450 
13,250 
8,370 
6,731 



4,800 

2,200 

1,540 

320 



$168,938 



24, 000 
20,000 



2,500 
2,000 



4,640,000 
5CO.O0O 
380,000 
330,000 
177,350 



150,000 
40,000 
20,000 
10,000 



6,247,350 



THE GUMS. 
Black gum is the common name given in various states to three trees, 
black or sour gum (Nyssa sylvatica) , cotton gum or tupelo (Nyssa aquatica) , 
and water gum (Nyssa Mflora) , all belonging to the dogwood family. Red 
gum, though it bears the name of "gum" does not belong to the same family 
and, therefore, has been discussed under a separate heading. One of the 
above named species, the black or sour gum. grows within the State. It is 
found in wet lowlands and along the slopes of the foothills and mountains. 
It is not abundant and only a little over 5 per cent, of the total of nearly 
■5,000,000 feet used by 11 industries is State-grown wood. It attracts atten- 
tion by its bright green summer foliage, which in the autumn turns to brilliant 
yellow and red, and also by its clusters of two or three oblong berries of 
bluish black color and sour taste. The v/ood of this tree has an interlaced 
fiber and is difficult to split and work; hence it is valuable for certain special 
uses, such as vehicle hubs, pulleys, mine rollers, mauls, mallets, and cogs. 
In the South it is cut into veneer and goes into wooden dishes, berry cups, 
fruit baskets, and veneer boxes. 



51 



Table 33. — Consumption of Black Gum, year ending June, 1912. 







_^ 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 




vania. 


sylvania. 






° 












i. 














































ndustvy. 






o h 


6 








a 


+j 


^ o 


o 


a 


a 




- 


V 


bna 


^ 


s 


■^ 




^ 


£, 


< 


1 


o 


a. 



Poxes and crates, packing,.... 

Mine equipment, 

Vehicles and vebicle parts 

Baskets, fruit and vesetable, .. 
Pulleys and conveyors, 

Instruments, professional and 

scientific, 

Eollers and poles, 

Ship and boat building, 

Fixtures 

Car construction, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Total, 



3,aS9,80O 


62.33 


$15 36 


1,628,460 


.32.85 


24 37 


181,800 


3.67 


37 57 


20.000 


.41 


22 00 


14,000 


.28 


33 71 


12,000 


.24 


52 83 


6,000 


.12 


20 00 


3,000 


.06 


70 00 


1,000 


.02 


28 00 


600 


.01 


58 00 


500 


.01 


24 00 
$19 34 


4,957,160 


100.00 



$47,463 
39,678 
6,831 



634 
120 
210 
28 
35 



12 



$95,923 



219,216 
31,500 
20,000 



2,000 



272,716 



3,089,800 

1,409,244 

150, 300 

" "i4,'666 



10,000 
6,000 
3,000 
1,000 
600 

500 

,684,444 



Cotton Gum (Nyssa aquatica). 
Most of the cotton gum or tupelo lumber came from Virginia and the Caro- 
linas. It grows only on the swamps and lowlands and in lumber can be dis- 
tinguished from the black (sour) gum by its darker yellowish hue, its ten- 
dency to split straight, besides being soft and more easily worked. Nearly 
6,000,000 feet of this wood is demanded by eight industries. The box makers 
use most of it. Cigar box material also claims a fairly large amount. The 
two industries together consume 92 per cent, of the total. 

Table 34. — Consumption of Cotton Gum, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Quantity. 







— ' 




o 








'^ 




1-1 




J_l 




<v 








>-4 




^_, 






>) 


o 










o 


■OL 






-t-l 










> 


« 


< 





Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



P>oxes and crates 

Boxes, cigar, 

Furniture, 

Planing mill products, 
Agricultural implements, . 

Instruments, musical, 

Woodenware and novelties, 
Toys, 

Total 



3,458,722 

2,043,917 

236,500 

151,648 

35,000 

20,000 
6,900 
5,000 



58.05 


$14 13 


34.31 


63 37 


3.97 


33 54 


2.54 


26 55 


.59 


36 00 


.34 


25 00 


.12 


,20 00 


.08 


20 00 


100.00 


$32 29 



$48,873 

129,519 

7,933 

4,027 

1,260 

500 
138 
100 



$192,350 



3,458,722 

2,043,917 

236,500 

151,648 

35,000 

20,000 
6,900 
5,000 

5,957,687 



52 

CHERRY. 

(Prunus serotina). 
In the lumber cut of claerry, Pennsylvania is second only to "West Virginia. 
Notwithstanding the fact that the production of cherry in Pennsylvania is 
nearly 5,000,000 feet more than the consumption, one-third of the require- 
ments of the manufacturers was supplied by the forests of other states. 
Black cherry is the only cherry species used commercially. Its technical 
quality is high in that it combines strength and hardness, a fine straight 
grain, compact structure, and stability. It also takes a fine polish and excels 
most other hardwoods in its capacity to hold its shape. It is this quality 
which commends it for electrotype backing. In Pennsylvania this is its chief 
use. The car manufacturers give it preference over any other domestic wood 
for the best grade interior finish of passenger coaches. It is a favorite with 
the fixture and furniture manufacturers. The qualities, in addition to those 
mentioned above, are durability, stiffness, density, and ease in splitting. It 
is somewhat brittle, with a fine, straight grain. 



Table 35. — Consumption of Black Cherry, year ending June, 1912. 









^• 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 


s 


vania. 


sylvania. 








.. 
















«M 


























C, 








Industry. 








o h 


o 
tt-j 








a 

£3 




a 


0) o 
bccs 
a'" 


o 


a 


a - 
























a! 


> a 


o 




0) 




&( 




CM 




'' 


fe 


-^ 



Printing material, 

Brushes, 

Car coustructiou, 

Planing mill products, 

Fixtures 

Furniture, 

Patterns and flasts, 

Poxes and crates, packing. .... 

Caskets and coflBns, 

Instruments, professional and 
scientific, 

Handles 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 

inets, 

Weighing apparatus , 

Instruments, musical, 

Plumbers' woodwork 

Vehicles and vehicle parts 

Manual training practice 

(sloyd) 

Sporting and athletic goods, .. 

Total 



1,166,800 
482,900 
431,414 
177,385 
128,700 

113,900 

86,894 

■ 70,00'0 

20,000 

10,000 

7,500 

7,500 
7,500 
4,400 
4,400 

2,250 

1.850 

lOO 



42.84 

17.73 

15.84 

6.51 

4.73 


$29 14 
25 43 
60 50 
64 48 
66 14 


4.18 
3.19 

2.57 
.73 


34 74 
71 58 
19 OO 
60 OO 


.37 


100 00 


.28 


50 00 


.28 
.28 
.16 
.16 


62 50 
27 00 
75 68 
94 5.5 


.08 


91 56 


.07 


55 68 
46 00 


100.00 


$39 73 



$34,003 
12,282 
26,140 
11,438 
8,512 

3,957 
6,220 
1,330 
1,200 

1,000 

375 

469 
202 
333 
416 

206 

103 



$108,191 



634,000 
482,900 
216,951 
110,085 
83,250 

105,600 
54,644 
70,000 

• 20,000 



2,500 

7,500 

7,500 

3,600 

400 

2,000 

1,850 
100 



1,802,880 



214,463 
67,300 
45,450 

8,300 
32,250 



10,000 
5,000 



SOO 
4,000 



920,613 



BLACK WALNUT. 
(Juglans nigra). 
The cut of black walnut in Pennsylvania is equal to three times the total 
consumed by the factories and five times the quantity of the home grown wood 
that they report. Black walnut is the most expensive hardwood native to 
Pennsylvania and was demanded by 17 industries. It is very durable, easy 
to work, hard, porous, strong, stiff, heavy, stable in place, non-elastic, and 
with an intermediate straight grain. The makers of caskets and cofiins used 



53 

the most, followed by the manufacturers of organs and furniture, using 
nearly equal Quantities, and by 14 other industries demanding varying 
smaller amounts. 



Table 36. — Consumption of Black Walnut, year ending June, 1912. 









. 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






^ 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 




vania. 


svlvania. 




































<u 


.Q 


























o. 








Industry. 








o h 


O 








a 

£3 




d 
o 


"2 

^•2 


c 


a 


a _ 


























t> 03 










fa 




Ph 


'>1 


B 


fa 


&< 



Caskets and coffins, 

Instruments, musical 

Furniture, 

Planing mill products, 

Car construction, 

Chairs and ebair stock, 

Fixtures 

Clocks, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Frames and mouldings, picture. 

Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Handles 

Brushes 

Manual ti'aining practice (sloyd). 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

Miscellaneous, 

Total 



214,000 
131,200 
130,000 
77,265 
56,890 

50,000 
35,860 
21,000 
14,500 
10,500 



2,. 500 
1,400 
1,050 
1,000 
850 

300 
34,200 

782,615 



27.35 


$59 50 


16.77 


44 05 


16.61 


95 04 


9.87 


111 31 


7.27 


101 13 


6.39 


66 OS 


4.58 


82 91 


2.6S 


50 95 


1.85 


50 CO 


1.34 


80 67 


.32 


40 OO 


.18 


91 42 


.14 


81 90 


.13 


80 00 


.11 


87 06 


.04 


35 00 


4.37 


71 SI 


ICO. 00 


$72 94 



$12,732 

5,779 

12,365 

8,600 

5,753 

3,304 

2,973 

1,070 

725 

847 



100 
128 



10 
2,456 



182,000 
67,700 
21,000 
52,365 



44,000 
28,860 
21,000 
4,500 
4,500 



2,500 
1,100 
1,050 
1,000 
650 

3O0 
10,200 



443,705 



32,000 
63,500 
100,100 
24,900 
55,910 

6,000 
7,000 



10,000 
6,000 



24,000 



338,910 



SYCAMORE. 
(Platanus occidentalis). 
Not more than 4J per cent, of the requirements of the Pennsylvania wood- 
users was drawn from the State-grown sycamore. This is not surprising, as 
this species is not an important lumber tree in this State. Sycamore's fine 
grain revealed by rift sawing and its rich color commend its use for cabinet 
work. It has a coarse, distinct grain, somewhat contorted, and is hard,- 
heavy, stiff, hard to split, moderately strong and durable, difficult to season 
and to work, and unstable in holding its shape. Forty-two mills report it, 
but only in small quantities. Probably the most exacting use of this wood 
in the country at large is for butcher blocks, but in Pennsylvania none of 
the manufacturers report using it for that purpose. The chair makers de- 
manded the most that was used, almost 72 per cent, of the total, while 
the rest was about equally distributed among five other industries, the brush 
makers being the most important. 



54 

Table 37. — Consumption of Sycamore, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Quantity. 



+-j 




Grown in 


Grown Out 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 


o 




Tama. 


sylvania. 




C3 








.O 






a 


O 






"t^ • 


. 








4-> 


a 














o 






^« 


'"^ 


^ 


.a 


























< 


^ 


^ 


^ 



Chairs anrt oliair stocli, ... 

Brushes. 

Furniture 

Planing mill products 

Ship and boat building, . 
Boxe.s and crates, packing, 

Total 



500,00'0 
71,000 
66,170 
28,300 
20,000 
11,603 

697,073 



71.73 


$25 00 


10.19 


26 00 


9.49 


43 89 


4.05 


45 72 


2.S7 


65 0* 


1 66 


16 O'O 
$2S 73 


100.00 



12,500 
1,846 
2,904 
1,294 
1,300 
186 



$20,030 



3,000 
17,O'O0 



11,603 



31,608 



50O, 000 
71,000 
63,170' 
11,300 
20,000 



665,470 



HORNBEAM. 
(Ostrya virginiana). ' , 

Hornbeam is frequently called ironwood because of its great weight and 
strength. It has an intermediate grain, is somewhat contorted, is very 
hard and dense, tough, stiff, durable, and difficult to split, besides being 
heavy, difficult to season and hard to work, but capable of wearing smooth 
by use. The wood being heavy, tough, and resilient, is used extensively by 
the handle makers and the manufacturers of vehicle parts. Its other uses 
in this State are for mine sprags and for sides of cheese boxes. It is possible 
that the material reported for the last named use may have been blue beech 
(Carpinus caroliniana) , which is also called ironwood and closely resembles 
hornbeam. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of the material that is 
used was supplied by the State, while of that coming from a distance a part 
was supplied by Canadian forests. 

Table 38. — Consumption of Hornbeam, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Handles, 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 

Mine equipment (sprags), 

Dairymen's, poulterers', and 
apiarists' supplies, 

'I'otal, 



Quantity. 



415,500 

100,000 

21,684 

10, Ofl* 

547,184 



^■ 




Grown in 




o 


Pennsyl- 


o 
o 


o 


vania. 








i 


j£ 




~ 


6 










oh 


%j 




^3 


^_, 


a 






OJ V 










.Q 








a,' +-' 






> n 




5 


< 


^ 


fc 



75.93 
18.28 
3.96 

1.83 

100.00 


$49 53 
30 00 
13 14 

12 00 


.'i;43 S3 



.?20,5S0 

3,000 

285 



$23,985 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



315,500 
50, 000 

21,684 

10,000 



397,184 



100,000 
50,000 



55 

BLACK LOCUST. 
(Robinia pseuclacacia^=R. Pseudo-Acacia). 
All the black locust used by the Pennsylvania manufacturers was grown 
in the State, and in quantity was equal to more than one-tenth of the total 
lumber cut of locust in the United States. This was because the wood is 
demanded for uses which usually require raw material in the forms of billets 
and bolts, and it is an exception that it leaves the sawmills in the form of 
planks or boards. Only three industries use this wood in Pennsylvania and 
two of them cut it into billet form. They are the makers of insulator pins, 
brackets, and mine sprags. The third industry, vehicle part manufacture, 
purchases locust in bolt form and uses it for wagon hubs. This species has 
the distinction of being the most durable native hardwood both in the open 
when exposed and in contact with the ground, thus accounting for its exten- 
sive demand for fence posts. It has a coarse, straight grain, is hard, porous, 
heavy, and tough, splits easily, holds its shape well, and easily turned. 



Table 39. — Consumption of Black Locust, year ending June, 1912. 





\ 




^ 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








s 




vania. 


sylvania. 








'"' 




- 






















































Industry. 






o>- 


o 








a 


^ 


" 3 


o 


a 


a 




.d 


Z 


^'- 


o 


£5 


.Q 






















CS 




































fa 




< 


H 


^ 


fe 



Insulator pins and brackets, 

Mine equipment ( sprags ) , 

Vehicles and vehicle parts, 


463,508 
31,350 
11,000 


91.63 
6.20 
2.17 


$23 9(1 
10 IS 
IS 73 


$11,07G 
319 
20(1 


463,500 
31,350 
11,000 

505, 850 










Total, 


•505,850 


100.00 


$22 93 


$11,605 









CUCUMBER. 
(Magnolia actiminata). 
This tree frequents the mountain slopes and grows to large and symmetrical 
dimensions. It is a member of the magnolia family, which includes the yellow 
poplar. It derives its name from the similarity in form and appearance of 
its fruit cone to the cucumber. The appearance and technical quality of the 
wood so resemble yellow poplar and the uses of the two are so nearly identical 
that as a rule they are marketed together without distinction. Owing to this 
fact it is probable that the manufacturers use more cucuinber than the table 
shows, and it also accounts for Pennsylvania's not being included with West 
Virginia and Virginia in the production of this kind of lumber. The prin- 
cipal industries using this wood are planing mill products and boxes. 



56 



Table 40. — Consumption of Cucumber, year ending June, 1912. 







-m' 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






§ 




vania. 


sylvania. 






























^ 


.o 






















p. 








Industry. 






oh 


d 








a 


+J 


" o 


o 


a 


a 




.Q 




bu s 




£i 


^ 










































o 




b 


CM 


<1 


B 


fe 


fcl 



Planing mill products, ... 

Boxes and crates, 

Pulleys and conveyors, .. 
Vehicles and vehicle parts. 
Agricultural implements, 

Total 



267,3019 

70', OCO 

10,000 

3,800 

300 

351, 400 



76.07 


$27 00 


1&.92 


17 00 


2.85 


18 00 


1.08 


25 00 


.08 


30 00 


lOO.OO 


$24 73 



$7,217 

1,190 

180 

95 



$8,693 



255,300 

"iojooo 



300 



235,600 



42,000 
70,000 



BUCKEYE. 
Buckeye, like cucumber, often loses its identity and goes to market mixed 
with yellow poplar. It is called for separately by the manufacturers of arti- 
ficial limbs to meet what may probably be termed its most exacting use, but 
for this purpose was not reported in Pennsylvania. The wood is light, 
soft, cross grained, compact, and diflBcult to split. The color is creamy 
white and so uniform that the sapwood can hardly be distinguished from the 
heartwood. Two species of buckeye are native to Pennsylvania, the fetid 
buckeye (Aesculus glabra) and the yellow or sweet buckeye (Aesculus 
octandra). The western part of this State is the eastern limit of both species 
and it is impossible to ascertain the quantity of each that the manufacturers 
use. This wood is more evenly distributed among the various classes of manu- 
facture calling for it than any other shown in this report. 



Table 41. — ^Consumption of Buckeye, year ending June, 1912. 











Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


o 


vania. 


sylvania. 


















3 


.a 






















a 








Industry. 






oh 










a 


^ 


" s 


4.J 

o 


a 


a 




^ 




bjci 


^ 


JD 


J2 




% 


tH 


-^ a 


o 


+J 


0) 




&< 


CL| 


< 


in 


fc< 


fa 



Laundry appliances, 

Woodeuware and novelties, 
Bo.xes and crates, packing, 
Planing mill products, ... 

Total 



125,000 
83,700 
SO, 50'!) 
35,000 

324,200 



3S.56 
25.82 
24.83 
10.79 


$28 00 
25 OO 
22 99 
20 71 


100.00 


$25 19 



$3,500 

2,093 

1,851 

725 



$8,168 



125,000 



40,000 
19,000 



184,000 



83,700 
40,500 
16,000 



140,200 



57 

APPLEWOOD. 

(Pyrus species). 
This wood may be of many species and is consumed in larger quantities 
in Pennsylvania than in any other state in which reports similar to this 
have been made. It is demanded for a few special purposes, the manufac- 
ture of smoking pipes being the most important, while under the heading 
of printing material, it is used for wood type. As in other states, it is used 
for making carpenters' tools, particularly handsaw handles. 



Table 42. — Consumption of Applewood, year ending June, 1912. 







+J 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




t4 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






§ 




vania. 


sylvania. 


















u 

0) 


si 




















p. 








Industry. 






■w 


o 








a 


^ 


" o 


+J 


a" 


a 




a 




htlfi 




.Q 


ji 




-*-» 






Cli 


4-» 


































fe 


h 


< 


C^ 


fe 


fe 



Pipes, smol<ing, 

Handles, 

Handles 

Total 



121,435 

50,000 

1,(KK> 

172,435 



1 

1 70.42 

29.00 

.58 


$52 42 
40 00 
50 00 


100.09 

1 


$48 84 



?6,372 

2,000 

50 



$8,422 



61,435 
25,000 
1,000 



87,435 



60,000 
25,000 



85.000 



DOGWOOD. 

(Cornus florida). 
Nearly all of the dogwood going into final manufacture in Pennsylvania 
was grown in the State. It is exceedingly hard, strong, of compact structure, 
and tough, and these qualities together with its ability to wear smooth give 
it preference over any other wood in the manufacture of shuttles, and com- 
mend it for mine sprags. These two industries use 95 per cent, of the total 
amount reported. Three other industries use the remainder. 



Table 43. — Consumption of Dogwood, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 







«H 




Grown in 


Grown O-at 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 


4.^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 








OS 










<D 


J2 






















B. 


6 












4-> 














oh 


=H 








a 


a 

o 


0)0 


o 


a 


a 




4.J 




GJ +.» 


c! 


4-) 


+J 
































fe 


(u 


<! 




fe 


^ 



Mine equipment (sprags) 


139,088 

17,585 

7,200 
230 
34 


84.74 
10.71 

4.39 
.14 
.02 


$15 73 
69 60 

38 47 
67 57 
90 00 


$2,188 
1,224 

277 
16 
3 


139, CSS 




Shuttles, spools, and bobbins, .. 
Instruments, scientific and pro- 


17,585 

6,200 
230 


1,000 




Manual training practice (slovd). 


34 






Total, 


164,137 


100. 00 


$22 59 


$3,708 


140, 122 


24,015 





58 

PERSIMMON. 
(Diospyros virginiana) . 
The persimmon tree belongs to the ebony family which is confined largely 
to tropical regions. The wood has all the good qualities of ash, works more 
smoothly, and retains a friction polish. Besides it has a very fine, rather 
straight grain, and is hard, strong, tough, porous, very heavy, and 
splits easily. Persimmon has two important uses for which there is extensive 
demand, last-blocks for children's shoes, and shuttles used in textile mills. 
In the country at large, the greatest quantity probably goes to the latter in- 
dustry, but in Pennsylvania the makers of boot and shoe findings used all 
but 12^ per cent, of the quantity consumed! 



Table 44. — Consumption of Persimmon, year ending June, 1912. 



Industry. 



Quantity. 



-tJ 




Grown in 


Grown Out 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 


'd 


ci 


vania. 


sylvania. 




XJ 






z 








o 






+J 
























"^ s 


m 


a 


g" 










o-S 


: 


.o 


J2 










•;« 


o 


i 


9 


< 


'^ 


^ 


■^ 





99,000 
7,010 

7,oo;i 


87.60 
6.20 
6.20 

100'. CO 


$59 19 
60 0'6 
54 00' 


$5,860. 
421 
3-78 




99,000 


Shuttles, spools and bobbins, .. 




7,010 




7,00i0 








Total : . . 


113, oao' 


$5S 92 


$6,659 




113,010 









BUTTERNUT. 
(Juglans cinerea). 
Butternut is relatively common on good soil in Pennsylvania. It is used 
by a greater number of industries in this State than in any other. Nearly 92 
per cent, of the total quantity used in Pennsylvania is grown in the State. 
The most surprising fact in connection with the use of this wood is the con- 
sumption of butternut for excelsior at the low price of $15 per thousand feet. 
The excelsior makers used more than one-third of all reported, while the 
fixture manufacturers, the ship builders, and the manufacturers of pulleys 
were the next in importance, these four industries together consuming 74 per 
cent, of the total. The rest went to four other industries in varying small 
amounts. Butternut is often called white walnut. Its qualities include 
porousness, brittleness, stiffness, lack of resiliency, capacity ^o split, easy 
to work, and it is considerably lighter, weaker, and less durable than black 
walnut. , 



59 



Table 45. — Consumption of Butternut, year ending June, 1912. 







4J 


fi 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


03 


vania. 


sylvania. 








.3 






























• 














Industry. 






d h 


■+H 








3 


^j 




ost 


S 


a 


, 


.= 


t 


5r.« 




.o 


.= 




















aj 


> « 


o 


<D 


t 






Cy 


< 


^ 




'^ 



Excelsior, 

Fixtures 

Ship and boat building, . 
Pulleys and conveyors, ... 

Planing mill products, 

Patterns and flasks, 

Boxes and crates, packing 
Furniture, 

Total 



30',0CO 
13,500 

la, 000 

lO.O'OO 
9,600 
5,210 
5,00ft 
3,500 



86,810 



34.56 


$15 00 


15.55 


44 30 


11.52 


SO OO 


11.52 


20 00 


11.06 


30 21 


e.O'O 


79' 85 


5.76 


16 00 


4.03 
100.00 


26 61 


$33 72 



$450 
59S 
800 
200 
290 
416 
80 
93 



$2,927 



30, OOO 
13,500 
7,000 
10,000 
6,600 
3,900 
5,000 
3,500 



79,500 



3,000 
1,310 



MINOR SPECIES. 
Domestic woods used In only small amounts, and not of sufficient im- 
portance to discuss separately, are as follows: Holly (American), used by 
the novelty makers, brought in from the southern Mississippi Valley; State- 
grown aspen (popple), used for excelsior; willow for woodenware, likewise 
produced in the State; home-grown mountain laurel used by the furniture 
makers; and sassafras cut in Maryland and purchased by the ship builders. 



FOREIGN WOODS. 

This term is employed to cover all woods brought into Pennsylvania from 
foreign countries other than Canada. There are ten of them and Spanish 
cedar in quantity is the most important. 

Only two states have shown so large a consumption of Spanish cedar as 
Pennsylvania. Nearly 6,000,000 feet is consumed annually and comes prin- 
cipally from the West Indies and Mexico. This tree is not a softwood like the 
native cedars, nor is it related. It has broad leaves, confining its range to 
the tropical countries. Its aromatic odor, pleasing color, and lightness, to- 
gether with the fact that it holds its shape and is easily worked, make it 
the favorite cigar box wood. Boat builders and furniture makers in Pennsyl- 
vania also report this wood in small quantities. 

Over 3,500,000 feet of mahogany is brought into the State each year. The 
furniture makers use the largest amount, although 17 other classes of manu- 
facturers demand it for raw material, and seven of them in quantities ex- 
ceeding 100,000 feet. The supply of true mahogany comes from Mexico, 
the West Indies, Central America, and a few states in South America, but 
it was not possible in any way to ascertain which of these countries sup- 
plied the Pennsylvania factories, as mahogany lumber is purchased from 
American dealers who import the logs and cut them in this country. 

Ebony comes next as to quantity among the imported woods and surpasses 
the consumption of this wood in any other state. The most is used for um- 
brella handles although the demand for smoking pipe material is also con- 
siderable. There are many species of ebony and they are found in various 
countries. Probably the kind coming from Madagascar and India is used 
most commonly in this country. 



60 

Boxwood comes to this country from Turkey/ and the West Indies. From 
the high average price paid for that used in Pennsylvania, it is safe to con- 
clude that most of it was Turkish wood which is much more costly. Box- 
wood was imported into this State to make shuttles for silk weaving and to 
furnish material for wood engravings. 

Teakwood, strong and very hard, and with a smooth oily texture, is im- 
ported from Ceylon, Siam, and India, and in Pennsylvania the .entire supply 
v/ent to two industries, ship building and patterns. 

Circassian walnut grows in the mountains in southern Russia near the 
Black Sea. "While very expensive, it is held in high favor in this country for 
furniture, store, office, and bar fixtures, and cabinet work. It is nearly 
always used as veneer with a backing or core of an inexpensive native wood. 

The olive wood went to the smoking pipe manufacturers. It was brought 
from France in the form of billets. 

Rosewood was the highest priced wood that was purchased in the form of 
lumber by the Pennsylvania manufacturers. It is a native of Central America 
and the northern states of South America. 

Lignum-vitae was imported in log or in bolt form from practically the same 
region as rosewood. It is a wood of special value on account of its extra- 
ordinary weight and strength. Bowling balls are turned from this wood after 
long and careful seasoning. 

The eucalyptus used in Pennsylvania comes from Australia and goes to 
the furniture makers. The eucalyptus grov/n in the United States is not 
valued for so many uses as is the imported wood. 

Description of Qualities. 

Grain: Very coarse, coarse, intermediate, fine, very fine. 

Width of sapwood : Very narrow, narrow, medium, wide. 

Hardness: Very hard, hard, fairly* hard, soft, very soft. 

Density: Dense, fairly dense, slightly porous, porous, very porous. 

Weight: Very light, light, medium, moderately* heavy, heavy, very heavy. 

Strength: Very strong, strong, moderately strong, weak. 

Flexibility and stiffness: Very stiff, stiff, moderately stiff, fairly flexible, 
flexible, very flexible. 

Elasticity: Very elastic, elastic, moderately elastic, non-elastic. 

Toughness and Brittleness: Very tough, tough, moderately tough, slightly 
brittle, brittle, very brittle. 

Tendency to Split: Splits easily, splits rather easily, hard to split, very 
hard to split. 

Durability: Very durable, durable, moderately durable, perishable, very 
perishable. 

StaMlity in Holding Shape: Stable, moderately stable, unstable, very un- 
stable. 

Working Quality: Very easy to work, easy to work, fairly hard to work, 
hard to work. 

*F.'iirly and moderately have the same value in the scale of terms. 



61 



PART IT. 

INDUSTRIES. 
The kinds of wood the Pennsylvania manufacturers demand, tlieir botanical 
relations, their sources, and their qualities, have been discussed in Part I. 
In Part II are considered the factories using the different woods, and the 
processes of manufacture that they employ; the extent to which they call 
for them, and the uses to which they put them according to inherent qualities. 
For convenience the discussions are divided into classes called industries and 
tiinse making similar or closely related commodities are grouped together. 
In Pennsylvania there are 51, and Table 46 following shows how the more 
than 1,100,000,000 feet of lumber yearly manufactured in the State is ap- 
portioned among them. The largest industry requires nearly 280,000,000 feet 
of raw material, 14 others more than 10,000,000 each, and the smallest less 
than 100,000. A few other industries which could not be separated because 
the factories composing them numbered fewer than three, have been grouped 
in one industry under miscellaneous. To maintain uniformity the same order 
in classification as has been adopted to other states has been followed in 
Pennsylvania. Their order has been arranged according to the total quantity 
used and is as follows: 

Table 46. — ^Summary by Industries of Woods used in Pennsylvania, year 

ending June, 1912. 











t^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








s 




vania. 


sylvania. 








^ 


03 












r-i 
















,Q 












ft 








Industry. 






oh 


O 








a 


^j 


" o 


o 


a 


a 




;£ 


o 






.Q 


^ 


















2 


CD 


> C5 


o 


Ol 






Bi 


CLi 




H 


^ 


&, 



Planing mill products, 

Boxes and crates, packing, . . . 

Car construction 

Furniture, 

' Ctiairs and chair stock 

Veliicles and vehicle parts, .. 

Ship and boat building, 

Caskets and coffins 

Mine equipment, 

Fixtures 

Boards— cloth, hosiery, etc., .. 

Patterns and flasks, 

Handles, 

Laundry appliances 

Boxes, cigar, 

Woodenware and novelties, ... 

Tanks and silos, 

Machine construction, 

Agricultural implements, 

Toys 

Trunks and valises, 

Brushes, 

Shuttles, spools, and bobbins. 
Dairymen's, poulterers' and 

apiarists' supplies, 

Instruments, musical 



281,717,600 
273,804,094 
22S,3SO,90'0 
58,995,170 
33,117,000 


25.28 
24.58 
20.50 
5.29 
2.97 


?33 46 
18 00 
20 53 
35 24 
25 80 


31,S0a,509 
26,716,000 
13,982,500 
11,948,897 
11,888,220 


2.85 
2.40 
1.26 
1.07 
1.07 


42 63 

38 44 
29 77 
19 52 
42 25 


11,775,000 
11,495,011 
11,014,907 
10,795,700 
9,930,755 


1.06 

l.OS 

.99 

.97 

.89 


26 69 
51 39 
26 68 
22 17 
92 77 


8,574,780 
7,853,200 
7,040,350 
7,004,800 
6,421,50(1 


.77 
.71 
.63 
.63 

.58 


23 57 
36.07 
28 33 
32 89 
28 37 


4,122,850 
4,037,090 
3,347,985 


.37 

.36 
.30 


29 72 
22 34 
27 U 


3,240,450 
2,945,000 


.29 
.26 


23 82 
39 38 



$9,427,936 
4,928,991 
6,743,700 
2,078,971 
854,412 

1,355,655 

1,026,722 

416,278 

233,283 

508,323 

314,315 
590,708 
293,919 
239,336 
921,242 

202,141 
283,240 
206,508 
230,387 
182,193 

122,520 
90,189 
90, 888 

77,188 
115,982 



83,652,088 
51,353,325 
41,069,552 
19,045,400 
14,406,600 

13,482,774 
11,017,200 
4,044,500 
9,173,653 
3,685,310 

50,000 
2,887,092 
7,425,050 
6,631,500 

24,500 

5,328,62E 
150, 000 
3,858,20* 
2,134,000 
5,O04,30« 

1,238,000 

3,761,700 
1,970,000 

1,326,000 
748.200 



198,065,512 
222,550,769. 
187,311,348 
39,949,770 
18,710,400 

18,318,735 
15,698,800 
9,938,000 
2,775,244 
8,202,910 

11,725,000 
8,607,919 
3,589,857 
4,164,200 
9,906,255 

3,246,155 
7,703,200 
3,182,150 
4,870,800' 
1,417,200 

2,884,850 

275,390 

- 1,377,985 

1,914,450 
2,196,800 



62 



Table 46 — Concluded. 









ft. 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 








Pennsj'l- 


of Penn- 










o 


vania. 


sylvania. 






















T~t 




















































Industry. 








o ^- 


^ 








g 




^ 




cost 


g 


a 




.a 




o 


^ 


•= 


£! 


























> '^ 




















CJ 








t, 


< 


H 


^ 


^ 



Machinery and apparatus, elec- 
trical, 

Pumps, 

Baskets and veneer packages foi 
fruit and vegetables, 

Frames and moulding, picture, 

Refrigerators and kitchen cab- 
inets, 

Excelsior, 

Equipment, pla.vground, 

Printing material, 

Ladders 

Elevators 

■V\hips, canes, and umbrella 

sticks 

Plumbers' woodwork, 

Insulator pins and brackets, .. 
Butchers' blocks and skewers. 
Weighing apparatus, 

Instruments, professional and 

scientific 

Pulleys and conveyors, 

Boot and shoe findings 

Pipes, tobacco 

Sporting and athletic goods, . . 

Saddles and harness, 

Gates and fencing, 

Clocks, 

Rollers and curtain poles, .... 

M a n u al Training practico 

(sloyd), ■ 

Miscellaneous, 

Total 



2,715,200 
2,692,00'0 

2,683,000 
2, 619, 000 

2,463,SftO 

1,682,000 
l,50r?,300 
1,274,326 
1,108,500 

l,0'CS,90fl 



882, 880 
584,250 
.578,500 
520, 000 
393,40'0 



326,448 
294,500 
265, OOO 
227,515 
215,150 

188,000 
161,340 
139,500 
125,575 

95,945 

7,416,353 



1,114,219.650 



.24 


31 54 


.24 


23 90 


.24 


19 44 


.24 


25 00 


.22 


30 73 


.15 


14 28 


.14 


28 60 


.11 


31 27 


.10 


29 16 


.09 


42 OS 


.OS 


63 90 


.06 


39 43 


.05 


21 65 


.05 


20 77 


.04 


31 93 


.OS 


57 44 


.03 


29 30 


.02 


56 51 


.0'2 


165 49 


.02 


3S 76 


.02 


55 32 


.01 


22 58 


.01 


65 08 


.01 


19 77 


.01 


66 44 


.67 


26 m 


100.00 


$2& 15 



85,633 
64,335 

52,156 
65,480 

75,720 

24,016 
43,106 
39,853 
32,321 
42,459 



56,412 
23,055 
12,526 
10,800 
12,561 



18,750 
8,629 
14,975 
37,651 
8,339 

10', 400 
3,643 
9,078 
2,483 

6,375 

193,466 



$32,483,227 



456,100 
2,075,000 

2,408,000 
1,040,500 

1,002,250 

1,682,000 
497,800 
668,000 
251,000 

245,100 



500,100 
145,700 
578,500 
520', 000 
39,400 



8,500 
200, 500 
18,000 
61,435 
139,100 

136,000 
16, 500 
26,000 

115,000 

51,875 
7,333,703 



313,683,632 



,259,100 
617,000 



275,000 
1,578,500 



1,461,550 



1,009,500 
606,326 
857,500 
763,800 



382,780 
438,550 



354,000 



317,948 
94,000 
247,000 
166,080 
76,050 

52,000 
144,840 
113,500 

10,575 

44,070 
82,650 



,536,018 



In the consumption of wood four classes of factories in Pennsylvania lead 
all other states: brushes, patterns and flasks, toys, and mine equipment; 
in seven others the State stood second; car construction, printing material, 
caskets and coffins, laundry appliances, playground equipment, machine 
construction, and tobacco pipes. The State was third in box making and 
the manufacture of wooden clock cases. Excelsior factories, manufacturers 
of insulator pins and brackets, and the makers of butcher blocks and skewers 
were the only industries procuring all of their wood from the forests of 
the State. Nineteen others use a larger amount of State-grown than shipped- 
in material, leaving 29 that find the major portion of their wood supply out 
of the State, every industry reported the purchase of some Pennsylvania 
wood. It is surprising that the box makers, who use only low grades, used 
more shipped-in material than any other industry, while on the other hand, 
the handle makers, who usually seek their raw material over a wide extent 
of territory, procured considerably over two-thirds of their needs within 
the State. 

Nearly $32,500,000 are annually expended by the Pennsylvania wood users 
for raw material. Not over 20 per cent, of this is paid for home-grown woods, 



63 

leaving not less than $25,000,000, a large portion of which each year goes to 
other states. In a great many cases this purchase money could be expended 
at home, since it is quite evident that the State is not manufacturing as much 
of its annual cut as is possible. On the succeeding pages the several industries 
are considered separately in the order of the quantity of wood consumed. 

PLANING MILL PRODUCTS. 

The extent to which lumber is used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of 
building materials is shown statistically in Table 47. This does not, of course, 
include large quantities of rough lumber used for construction which needs 
no further change than the hatchet, chisel, and saw to fit it to place on 
the building. The factories grouped into this industry include four classes. , 
(1) Factories specializing in the manufacture of sash, doors, and blinds or 
any one of these commodities. Formerly these products were made by small 
mills operating in nearly every town and city in Pennsylvania doing a general 
planing mill business but within recent years specialty manufacturing in 
enormous quantities has demonstrated that these commodities can be manu- 
factured, distributed, and sold cheaper than they can be made at home in 
small quantities. (2) Factories producing only planing mill products or the 
more universal commodities kept in stock like flooring, ceiling, siding, stock 
finish, etc. Planing mills operated in connection with large sawmills are 
the principal source of these commodities but portable mills having planers 
and local sash and door factories also produce large quantities. In this class 
are included mills specializing in the manufacture of hardwood flooring which 
in Pennsylvania is an important industry, also parquetry flooring. (3) There 
are planing mills and builders' factories engaged in the general planing mill 
business. This class is the most numerous and widely distributed over the 
State. They manufacture chiefly according to special design and usually for 
local consumption. Included in their production are special size sash, doors, 
blinds, and in small quantities floorings, ceiling, etc., besides material for 
window and door frames, stair work, cupboards, mantels, panel work, colon- 
nades, grills, and all exterior and interior house finish. A number of fac- 
tories belonging to this class are formidable industries, especially those located 
in cities. (4) Industries other than wood-using that maintain a woodworking 
shop equipped to manufacture various commodities like those mentioned above 
for their own needs and mainly for the repair and upkeep of their own plant. 
Steel mills, collieries, railroad companies, textile mills, and various otlier 
large manufacturing enterprises are examples. 

Over 25 per cent, of the lumber cut of the United States is demanded for 
manufacturing products belonging to this industry and more wood and a 
greater number of kinds goes into this line of manufacture than into any other. 
It is not surprising, therefore, that these same facts apply to Pennsylvania 
and that in this report the planing mill industry as to quantity leads all 
others. The table following lists the kinds and amounts of woods used but in 
no manner does it represent all the lumber required in the State in this line. 

Forty-four kinds of wood were reported by the factories grouped under this 
industry which is the largest number making up any of the forty-eight indus- 
tries comprising this report. This can probably be explained by the many 
and varied uses of lumber for building purposes in which operations range 
as in Pennsylvania from the construction of a rude shanty to expensive 
palatial residences. 

An examination of the list of woods in the table shows that a number of 
the species used in large amounts do not grow plentifully in the State. The 
Pacific coast states furnished a considerable quantity, including western white 



64 

pine, western yellow pine, redwood, Douglas fir, western red cedar, Sitka 
spruce, and sugar pine. The region of the southern states contributed large 
amounts, equivalent to 34 per cent, of all, including more particularly the 
several species of southern yellow pine lumber and cypress. The Ohio valley, 
the Lake states, and New England, sent in varying amounts, which explains 
the comparatively small quantity of home-grown woods used by the planing 
mills. It must be remembered, however, a large number of these species are 
not common lumber trees in Pennsylvania. 

Only 28 per cent, of the total amount of lumber used was produced in the 
State. But of the species consumed that are plentifully cut in Pennsylvania, 
the reports show the demand for a high per cent, of home-grown woods. For 
instance, over 45 per cent, of the white pine, 67 per cent, of the hemlock, one- 
third of the chestnut, 80 per cent, of the sugar maple and beech, 60 per cent, 
of the birch, and half of the basswood reported by the planing mills, were 
cut from State timber, indicating the importance the forests bear to the de- 
velopment of the State. The planing mill industry is not only the most promi- 
nent wood consuming industry in the State but it appeals more widely to the 
interest of every class of citizens than any other. In order that the supply of 
lumber the State contributes for building material may be maintained and 
probably increased in the future, it is necessary to protect and improve the 
forests as far as possible. With this in view the Commonwealth has put into 
effect and has in operation a progressive forest policy which if given popular 
support will help to solve the problem of future lumber supply. 

Table 47. — Wood for Planing Mill Products, year ending June, 1912. 









-^J 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 


- 






1 




vania. 


sylvania. 






















a 








Kind of Wood. 








o?^ 


«H 








a 




a 


^5 

Q) O 


o 


a 


a 












oj 








































fa 




ti 


< 


H 


fe, 


fc, 



Wbite pine, 

Shortleaf pine, 

Hemlock 

Longleaf pine 

Cypress (bald), 

Chestnut, 

Yellow poplar, 

Red oak, 

White oak, 

Sugar maple 

Loblolly pine, 

Birch, 

Western white pine. 

Pitch pine, 

Basswood, 

Beech 

Spruce, 

Red gum 

Sugar pine, 

Ash 

Mahogany 

Norway pine 

Cottonwood 

Western yellow pine, 
Cucumber, 



62,556,492 


22.21 


$36 53 


51,870,590 


18.41 


26 68 


23,077,000 


8.19 


21 24 


19,612,698 


6.96 


28 39 


18,790,200 


6.67 


39 68 


17,400,350 


6.18 


37 65 


17,123,372 


6.08 


37 38 


16,092,048 


5.71 


41 73 


13,714,723 


4.87 


46 78 


9,681,890 


3.44 


23 75 


7,307,090 


2.59 


27 53 


4,493,442 


1.60 


39 84 


2,914,500 


l.OS 


39 55 


2,826,000 


1.00 


22 37 


2,738,576 


.97 


30 97 


2,461,750 


.87 


16 35 


1,999,734 


.71 


29 96 


1,610.300 


.57 


31 31 


1,122,000 


.40 


48 20 


791,315 


.28 


51 89 


716,050 


.25 


159 92 


526,000 


.19 


29 20 


330,000 


.12 


25 30 


320.000 


.11 


34 94 


267,300 


.10 


27 00 



$2,285,337 

1,383,733 

490,263 

576,370 

745,612 

655,450 
640, 042 
671,551 
641,582 
229,963 

201,076 
179,033 
115,281 
63,206 
84,811 

40,250 
59,904 
50,422 
54,078 
41,062 

114,512 
15,357 

8.370 
11,180 

7,217 



29,261,299 
15^349,' 900 



5,815,700 
4,127,990 
6,483,450 
4,325,950 
8,673,090 



2,138,844 



2,826,000 
1,396,900 



1,972,250 
176,350 



533,165 



225,300 



33,295,193 
51,870,590 
7,727,100 
19,612,698 
18,790,200 

11,593,650 
12,993,382 
9,608,598 
9,388,773 
1,008,800 

7,307,0i9O 
2,354,598 
2,914,500 

"i,'34i,'676 

489,500 
1,823.384 
-1,610.300 
1,122,000 

258,150 

716,050 
526,000 
330,000 
320,000 
42,000 








a^ 



65 



Table 47 — Concluded. 



" " 






<M 




Grown in 


Grown On; 




Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§ 


o 
c3 


vania. 


sylvania. 








h 


























a 








Kind of Wood. 








= & 


d 








a 






<D O 


o 


s 


a 




J5 




o 


be 03 




J3 


.a 




a> 




=H 


> CS 


o 


OJ 


o 




^ 




CLi 


->J 


H 


fc 


fe 



Red cedar, 

Redwood 

Clierry (black), , 

Cotton gum, 

Douglas fir 

Hicliory, 

Blaclc walnut 

Red and silver maple. 

Scrub pine 

Western red cedar, 

Balsam fir, 

Yellow buckeye, 

Tamarack 

Sycamore 

Sitka spruce, 

Butternut 

White elm, 

Southern white cedar, 
Circassian walnut, . . . 

Total 



213,000 


.08 


49 27 


197,132 


.07 


49 19 


177,385 


.06 


64 48 


151,648 


.05 


26 55 


108,500 


.04 


43 33 


80,100 


.03 


27 03 


77,265 


.03 


111 31 


71,750 


.03 


26 19 


70,000 


.03 


20 50 


55,000 


.02 


39 09 


40,000 


.01 


45 50 


35,000 


.01 


20 71 


SO.OOO 


.01 


23 GO 


28,300 


.01 


45 72 


15,000 


M 


35 40 


9,600 


• 


30 21 


4,000 


* 


23 00 


1,000 


* 


120 00 


50O 


* 


250 00 


281,717,600 


lOO.OO 


?33 46 



10,495 
9,697 

11,438 
4,027 
4,701 

2,165 
8,600 
1,879 
1,435 
2,150 

1,820 
725 
690 

1,294 
531 

290 
92 
120 
125 



$9,427,936 



10,000 

'iio!ci85 



70,100 
52,365 
31,750 
25,000 



19,000 

'i7,'666 



6,600 
4,000 



83,652,088 



203,000 
197,132 
67,300 
151,648 
108,500 

10,000 
24,900 
40,000 
45,000 
55,000 

40,000 
16,000 
30,000 
11,300 
15,000 

3,000 

i,'666 

500 
198,065,512 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 



BOXES. 
Next to building material, more wood goes for making boxes and crates 
in Pennsylvania than for any other use. Over six hundred factories reported 
the information collated in Table 48. Not more than half of these were regular 
box manufacturers, as is shown by the list of names in the appendix. There 
are included glass factories, steel mills, refractories, machinery manufactur- 
ers, makers of electrical apparatus, foundries, furniture makers, silk and 
textile mills, paper factories, large jobbing and department stores, etc., 
which maintain box departments for making packages and shipping contain- 
ers to meet their own requirements. The uses of boxes are so numerous in 
Pennsylvania that it is not practical to attempt to mention or list them. 
Generally it can be said they are of two kinds, set-up boxes and box shocks. 
The former includes the nailed, the reinforced, the veneer, the locked corner, 
and dovetailed, or boxes that are sold ready to use. The nailed box is 
usually sold in the locality in which it is made. It is rarely shipped put 
together. The large number of this kind accounted for in Pennsylvania was 
principally in the large cities where there is an extensive demand or else near 
to factories and mills using the wooden packages. The reinforced box is a 
nailed box, the nailed joints and often the body of the box being reinforced 
with cleats, wire, or steel bands. These are used for shipping ponderous ma- 
terials where the package is subjected to great strain. Of late this method has 
also become popular for containers for light materials, including large boxes 
for millinery, etc., ^vhen only very thin resawed material about three-eighths 
to one-fourth inch is used and the necessary strength supplied by the cleats. Re- 
shippers belong to this class, most frequently reinforced with steel bands. 



66 

They are box crates for carrying back and forth bottled goods and are made 
of strong material. All that are used in Pennsylvania are not made in the 
State. Many are shipped in from Maryland , Delaware and Virginia. 

The veneer box has recently made remarkable progress. The question of 
saving in weight and the revenue from the sale of second hand boxes, which 
lately is being given considerable attention by shippers, has helped the veneer 
package. The single ply box, wire bound, competes actively with the fiber 
shipping box but the progress these have made is not so surprising as that 
of the three ply veneer box. In these the sides, top, and bottom are panels 
built of three sheets of veneer with the grain transversing and well supported 
with cleats of thick material. The panels are not only strong and light in 
weight but the appearance of the single piece sides makes an attractive pack- 
age. The glue pot enters as an important factor in their manufacture as a 
good glue joint is the most essential requirement, and, if assured, panel 
making is simple and makes both for economy and efficiency. Many more 
of these boxes are shipped into Pennsylvania knocked down than are made in 
the State. The panel makers are largely in the south where the stands of 
cheap veneer woods, principally the gums, are easily accessible. 

"White pine and basswood are the woods for dovetailed and locked corner 
boxes and large quantities are annually demanded for their making. These 
are small size containers but probably present the most attractive appearance 
of any form of wooden packages. They are used for articles of food, pow- 
dered substances, jewelry, etc., as the close joints make them more dust 
and moisture proof. The dovetailed box requires no gluing but the locked 
corner does. Both kinds are made in Pennsylvania, the latter in the largest 
quantities. Boxes with the bevel joint corner are not made any more in large 
quantities. Only a few manufacturers in Pennsylvania reported them. 

Shooks are knocked down boxes sold conveniently bundled to facilitate their 
being assembled and nailed. Different from nailed boxes made and sold in the 
same region, shooks are manufactured close to the source of the raw material 
and sent over long distances to consuming centers. A lafge part of the boxes 
used in Pennsylvania, but not made there, are brought in in shook form. 
Shook making includes both shooks for boxes and knock-down crates. Rough 
lumber of any thickness or kind used to do for crating, and the lumber yard 
rather than the box factory was the source of the supply. Today the manu- 
facturer shipping his wares in crates desires to express as much character in 
his package as do those using box containers. In consequence, the shook 
makers are called on for neat and attractively designed crates and like shooks 
they are sold with the several parts bundled together, due attention having 
been given to the size, kind, and thickness of the material in accordance 
with the weight and character of the goods to be shipped in them. 

Another increasing use for crating is the growing tendency to crate articles 
of steel, iron, and other infrangible metals which heretofore were shipped un- 
boxed. This more especially applies to Pennsylvania than any other state 
because of the number of industries manufacturing steel and iron products. 
Massive parts of machinery and electrical apparatus, sheet steel, engines 
and motors, parts of steel bridges, farm machinery, steam and hot water 
radiators, stoves and ranges, galvanized iron goods, steel frames for street 
cars, etc., are examples, and crating is intended more to prevent scarring 
the finish than to protect from breakage. 

As Table 48 shows, the Pennsylvania box makers do not demand a few 
kinds of wood greatly in excess of others. Nor do they use State-grr.wn woods 
in preference to lumber thaf comes from other timbered regions. There were 
34 kinds of wood and the total of 11 Avere shipped in from other states. Of 



67 

these the principal were several species of southern pine, and the gums that 
come chiefly from Virginia and the Carolinas. The total quantity is equiva- 
lent to 65 per cent, of the total box material used. White pine, chestnut, hem- 
lock, yellow poplar, and beech were in quantity the principal Pennsylvania 
woods reported, and cherry, sycamore, and butternut the only kinds re- 
ported as entirely home grown. Considering the cut of hemlock in the State, 
the amount used for boxes and crates was disappointing. But in this par- 
ticular, this report should prove most useful as with the names and addresses 
of the box makers and of those using lumber for crating the opportunity is 
given for increasing the home market for the low grades of lumber cut in 
the State. 

Woods are listed in the table that are rarely used for packing boxes. Their 
appearance can be accounted for by the fact that they are for novelties which 
are more or less fancy boxes like sewing cases, for toilet articles, utility 
boxes, shoe polishing outfits, and those more or less ornamental used in stores 
for keeping cutlery, jewelry, drugs, etc. 



Table 48. — Wood for Packing Boxes and Crates, year ending June, 1912. 









ft. 




Grown In 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§ 




vania. 


sylvania. 








1-1 


.Q 




, 






























Kind of Wood. 








s& 


O 








a 




-i-j 


'^ o 


6 


S 


H 




•= 




C,' 


y--2 


" 


xi 


.o 










S ^-^ 


a 


-M 


+J 












o 








fc. 




e:^ 


< 


^ 


fci 


fe 



Shortleaf pine, 

White pine 

Loblolly pine, 

Yellow poplar 

Spruce, 

Red gum 

Beecli, 

Chestnut 

Sugar maple, 

Hemlock, 

Red oalv, 

Pitch pine, 

Birch, 

Cottonwood, 

Cotton gum 

Black gum, 

Basswood 

Scrub pine 

Cypress (bald) , 

Silver and red maple 

Western hemlock 

Western yellow pine, 

White oak 

Longleaf pine 

White elm, 

Cork elm, 

Norway pine, 

Yellow buckeye 

Cherry (black), 

Cucumber, 

Ash, 

Sycamore, 

Butternut, 

Red cedar 

Total, 



52,719,727 


19.25 


$18 00 


.->1, 583,373 


18. S3 


21 OS 


36,173.429 


13.21 


17 51 


18,576,293 


6.7S 


17 44 


14,648,870 


0.35 


17 42 


12,806,084 


4.68 


16 6S 


12,505,839 


4.57 


16 17 


11,977,692 


4.37 


16 04 


11,647,000 


4.25 


16 43 


9,269,635 


3.39 


16 85 


7,224,377 


2.64 


15 67 


6,931,800 


2.53 


16 32 


5,999,000 


2 19 


16 76 


4,680.000 


1.71 


24 60 


3,458,722 


1.26 


14 13 


3,089,800 


1.13 


15 36 


2,936,400 


1.07 


16 93 


2,251,400 


.82 


18 93 


1,719,250 


.63 


16 62 


1,267,000 


.46 


12 38 


50O, OC'O 


.IS 


20 00 


500', OOO 


.18 


20 00 


380,500 


.14 


23 84 


241,800 


.09 


22 04 


229,800 


.OS 


23 50 


200,000 


.07 


25 OO 


90,000 


.03 


20 00 


SO, 5O0 


.03 


22 99 


70,000 


.03 


19 00 


70,000 


.03 


17 OO 


54,200 


.02 


23 51 


11,603 


* 


16 00 


5,000 


* 


16 00 


5,000 




35 00 


273,904,094 


lOO'.OO 


$18 OO 



$949,003 
1,084,714 

633,493 
■ 323,971 

255,211 

213,611 
202,272 
192,165 
191,340 
156,224 

113,179 
112,519 
100,556 
115,135 
4S,S73 

47,463 
49,708 
42,613 
28,570 
15,685 

10.000 
10,000 
9,070 
5,330 
5,400 

5,000 
1,800 
1,S51 
1,330 
1,190 

1,274 



$4,928,991 



19,390,373 



4,330,100 
975,350 



3,735,339 
6,275,328 
3,282,500 
o,36o,055 

1,801,877 

979,600 

2,488,500 

40', 000 



1,324,400 
30,000 



148,000 

"82^300 

50,000 



40,000 
70,000 



53,500 
11,603 
5,000 

2, SCO 



52,719,727 
32,193,000 
36,173,429 
14,246,193 
13,673,520 

12,80'6,OS4 
8,770',50O 
5,702,364 
8,364,500 

3,904,580 

5, 422, 500 
5,952,200 
3,510,500 
4,640,000 
3,458,722 

3,089,800 
1,612,000 
2,221,400 
1,719,250 
• 395,000 

50O'.CO0 
500,000 
232,500 
241,800 
147,500 

150,000 
90,0ri0 
40, 500 

7oi6o6 

70i0 



222,550,769 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 



68 

CAR CONSTRUCTION. 

Formerly all rolling stock except locomotive engines were built of wood 
but in recent years cars made entirely of metal or of wood with steel under- 
frame equipment have begun to be substituted both for freight and passenger 
cars; and in the increasing extent in which they are meeting the demand 
each year, it is safe to predict that the amount of wood used in this industry 
will show a rapid decline. In this connection it is interesting to note that the 
last session of Congress in the interest of public safety had four bills pend- 
ing requiring replacement of wooden passenger cars with steel equipment on 
all railroads. This movement is largely in accord with the present policy of 
the railroads as recent statistics show that approximately 90 per cent, of the 
passenger cars ordered for future delivery were specified to be of steel con- 
struction. 

Notwithstanding the increasing substitution of metal for wood in car build- 
ing, lumber in large amounts is still in demand. In Pennsylvania 228,000,000 
feet or more reported for building or repair of cars for 1911 made that in- 
dustry as to consumption third in the State. The building of cars of all kinds 
is represented by Table 49. Electric cars for city and interurban transporta- 
tion is a division of the industry which requires special mention as more wood 
is used for passenger vehicle equipment in this line than in any other. Vast 
amounts of lumber are required each year for building mine cars. The num- 
ber of mining establishments appearing in the directory appended to this 
report indicates to what extent work of this kind is done by wood-using de- 
partments maintained in connection with mining operations. Only one other 
state exceeds Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood used for car construction. 
The order of the principal states and the amount consumed is as follows: 

Illinois, 407,000,000 feet 

Pen nsylvania , 228,000,000 feet 

New York, 77,000,000 feet 

Indiana, 59,000,000 feet 

Ohio , 56 , 000 , 000 feet 

Missouri , 51 , 000 , 000 feet 

Virginia, 51,000,000 feet 

Twenty-nine woods were used by the car builders in Pennsylvania and long- 
leaf pine heads the list, contributing a little over one-third of the total. The 
superior tensile strength of this wood, its durable properties, and being 
easy to fit brings it first in demand by the car builder. If all the species of 
southern yellow pine were combined the amount would represent over one- 
half the car material reported and taking into consideration the needs of this 
industry in other states this wood is pre-eminently the principal wood for 
car construction. Lumber brought from the western states is not used so ex- 
tensively in Pennsylvania as in other eastern states. Douglas fir and west- 
ern white pine appear in the table but they were demanded in very limited 
quantities. The progress made of late in the use of steel underframes for cars 
of all kinds and especially gondolas and box cars has perhaps affected the 
use of oak more than any other wood as when these basal parts are made of 
wood, oak, preferably white and chestnut oak, are the kinds most extensively 
called for. The great strength of oak and its shock resisting capacity still 
brings it into wide use for car framing and such purposes, like draft timbers, 
tie beams, engine beams, platforms, truck parts, etc., and on account of its 
conspicuous figure, for interior finish of passenger and trolley cars. In this 
latter capacity it served with ash, birch, yellow poplar, cherry, mahogany, 
walnut, and red gum. Ash, poplar, and Douglas fir are the woods used in 



69 



building the principal parts of locomotive cabs. The floors of the cabs are 
of sugar maple, the bumpers, pilots, and other parts of the engines are 
made of white oak. 

The annual drain on the forests of the State by the car builders amounts to 
over 41,000,000 feet. This is less than one-fourth of the total but compared 
with requirements of other states where the industry is important the quantity 
of home-grown car material used in Pennsylvania is the largest. Some part 
of the supply of 20 of the 29 woods were cut in the State. Oak, white pine, 
hemlock, maple, ash, and beech in the order named as to quantity being the 
most prominent while the statistics for other woods are as follows: 

Table 49. — Wood for Car Construction, year ending June, 1912. 









tw 


>. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




t- 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 










c« 


vania. 


sylvania. 






















a 


XJ 












P. 








Kind of Wood. 






°& 


o 








S 


a 


^ o 

0)0 


o 


a 


a 




,Q 


<p 


cd"" 


^ 


£1 


/= 




Feet 


iS 


< 


a 
o 


fa 


0) 
El, 



pine. 



Longleaf pine, 
White oak, . . . 
SLortleaf pine. 

Red oak, 

White pine, . . 



Loblolly 
Ash, . . . 
Yellow poplar. 

Hemlock, 

Sugar maple, 

Norway pine, 

Beech, 

Spruce, 

Hickory, 

Pitch pine, . . . 



76,932,160 
50,333,833 
32,724,334 
31,059,530 
12,829,420 

4,827,625 
4,396,915 
3,172,113 
2,006,075 
1,976,110 

1,518,300 
1,377,500 
1,367,636 
1,115,306 
458,600 

431,414 

366,010 
352,800 
312,845 
230,718 

113,250 
100,000 
87,500 
70,238 
64,695 

63,343 

56,890 

35,140 

600 



Total 228,380,900 



Cherry (black), 

Basswood, 

Cypress (bald), 

Birch, 

Maliogany, 



Chestnut 

Redwood, 

Western white pine, 

Douglas fir 

Scrub pine 

White elm 

Black walnut, 

Red gum, 

Black gum 



33.69 


$32 21 


22.04 


26 63 


14.33 


26 10 


13.60 


25 35 


5.62 


31 38 


2.11 


25 98 


1.92 


56 70 


1.39 


57 43 


.88 


15 53 


.87 


18 14 


.66 


28 97 


.60 


17 12 


.60 


26 35 


.49 


24 50 


.20 


16 10 


.19 


60 59 


.16 


40 74 


.15 


37 93 


.14 


28 86 


.10 


131 88 


.05 


21 04 


.04 


36 CO 


.04 


54 99 


.03 


45 55 


.03 


23 32 


.03 


49 43 


.02 


101 13 


.02 


27 02 


* 


58 00 


100.00 


$29 53 1 



$2,477,985 

1,340,166 

854,105 

787,322 

402,637 

125,422 
249,311 
182,175 
31,153 
35,856 

43,985 
23,583 
36,032 
27,325 
7,383 

26,140 
14,911 
13,380 
9,029 
30,428 

2,383 
3,600 
4,812 
3,199 
1,509 

3,131 

5,753 
950 
35 



20,627,572 



9,462,220 
4,041,869 



933,908 

310,611 

1,975,075 

1,344,660 

25,000 
847,500 
189,700 
343,697 
214,800 

216,951 

140,214 

"*23ii045 



113,250 



50,500 



41,069,552 



76,932,160 
29,706,261 
32,724,334 
21,597,310 
8,787,551 

4,827,625 

3,463,007 

2,861,502 

31,000 

631,450 

1,493,300 
530,000 

1,177,936 
771,609 
243,800 

214,463 

225,796 
352,800 
81,800 
230,718 



100,000 
87,500 
70,238 
14,195 

63,343 

55,910 

35,140 

60O 



187,311,348 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 

FURNITURE. 
Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood consumed does not compare with a 
number of other states in the manufacture of furniture, but this industry is 
one of the oldest in the State and includes in its production the highest 
grades of furniture and therefore is of considerable economic importance. 
Furntiure can be divided into two general classes: (1) Articles of utility like 
refrigerators, kitchen cabinets, provision safes, cupboards, etc. These are 
not a part of the industry here considered, but like chairs have been pre- 
sented under a separate classification. (2) Commodities where the appear- 
ance is as important as durability. In a large number of instances a piece 



70 

of furniture is not only pleasing to the eye in its ornamental appointments 
but from a practical point of view is made of the most suitable material for 
the purpose. Wood, on account of its natural, attractive grain will be the 
regular furniture material as long as hardwood timber lasts, and at present 
there is almost as wide a choice of material in this line as there is lumber 
available for more common uses. Of the 35 woods listed in Table 50 some 
part of 22 are wholly or in part decorative woods. Painted or enameled fur- 
niture is again coming into favor and in Pennsylvania a considerable quantity 
of the softer hardwoods was reported for this line of work. 

Among the products included in this industry are bedroom furniture, 
chiffoniers and bureaus, dining tables and buffets, parlor outfits including up- 
holstered furniture, hall appointments, desks, china closets, and book cases. 
Many of the woods reported went only into parts of furniture not visible, 
such as coring, frames, brackets, reinforcements, drawer slides, bottoms, and 
table slides. 

Of the exterior woods for the cheaper grades of furniture, solid woods with 
pronounced grain are most available like red and white oak, ash, chestnut, red 
gum, butternut, etc. The more expensive work is usually backed with a 
fairly strong wood adaptable to glue, stable when in place and finished with 
-veneer. This method produces the most pleasing and attractive effects and 
a permanence rarely to be achieved by the use of solid woods. Indeed it is a 
rare occasion when the expensive woods such as mahogany, Circassian wal- 
nut, rosewood, bird's eye maple, black walnut, etc., are used in solid pieces. 
Veneer is purchased from the veneer mills according to surface measure, the 
sheets ranging from 1/24 to ^ inch in thickness. The foreign woods are import- 
ed in the form of logs and flitches and are cut to veneer by mills in this coun- 
try. Cores or backing for veneer are made of solid and built-up lumber pur- 
chased ready-made with several layers of cheap domestic woods glued with 
grains transversing. This material has the advantage of being freer from warp- 
ing tendencies than lumber , besides being lighter , having exceptional strength , 
and not liable to split. A number of the most particular uses of the several 
woods shown in the table for furniture have been arranged in the following 
order: 

BEDROOM FURNITURE. 

Rails. Panels. 

White oak. White oak. 

Red oak. Sweet birch. 

Circassian walnut. Black walnut. 

Mahogany. Red oak. 

Sweet birch. Sycamore. 

Sugar maple. Circassian walnut. 

Black walnut. Sugar maple. 

Sycamore. Mahogany. 

Yellow poplar. Yellow poplar. 

Cherry. . Cherry. 

Red gum. Red gum. ' 

Posts. Drawer fronts. 

Black walnut. White oak. 

Red oak. Sweet birch. 

Sycamore. Black walnut. 

Mahogany. Sycamore. 

Sugar maple. Circassian walnut. 

Sweet birch. Sugar maple. 

Red gum. Red oak. 

White oak. Mahogany. 

Circassian walnut Yellow poplar. 

Cherry. Cherry. 

Red gum. 



71 



BED ROOM FURNITURE— Concluded. 



Draioer sides and ends. 
Tellow poplar. 
Chestnut. 
Beech. 
Cherry. 
White pine. 
Red gum. 
Sweet birch. 
Basswood. 



Draioer bottoms. 
Yellow poplar. 
Sycamore. 
Basswood. 
Cotton gum. 
Beech. 
Red gum. 
Cottonwood. 



Draioer slides. 
Sugar maple. 
Hickory. 



Mirror frames. 
Sycamore. 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 
Mahogany. 
Black walnut. 
Circassian walnut. 
Yellow poplar. 
Cherry. 
Red gum. 

Backing. 

Yellow poplar. 
Chestnut. 
White pine. 
Red gum. 
Soft maple. 

Bed slats. 

Loblolly pine. 
Sweet birch. 
Sugar maple. 
White ash. 
Shortleaf pine. 



Frames (hidden work). 
Basswood. 
Soft maple. 
Longleaf pine. 
White oak. 
Chestnut. 
Shortleaf pine. 

Frames (exterior). 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 



UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Black walnut. 
Red gum. 

Special furniture. 
Eucalyptus. 
Rosewood. 
Red cedar. 
Spanish cedar. 



BUFFETS, CHINA CLOSETS, CRYSTAL CABINETS, AND SIDEBOARDS. 



Tops. 

Black walnut. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 

Rails. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Black walnut. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 

Backing. 

Chestnut. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 
Red gum. 
Soft maple. 
White pine. 

Posts. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 



Sweet birch. 
Black walnut. 

Doors and door frames. 
Black walnut. 
Mahogany. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Sweet birch. 

Bottoms. 

Basswood. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Sugar maple. 

Inlaid work. 

Mountain laurel. 
Sumach. 

Shelves. 

Sweet birch. 
White pine. 
Yellow poplar. 



72 



Tops. 



BOOKCASES, DESKS AND MAGAZINE RACKS. 



Black walnut. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 
Red gum. 
Circassian walnut. 
Yellow poplar. 

Panels. 

Red gum. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Circassian walnut. 
Sweet birch. 
White oak. 
Black walnut. 

Posts. 

Mahogany. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 
Black walnut. 
Red gum. 
Sweet birch. 
Circassian walnut. 



Doors and drop lids. 
Sweet birch. 
Circassian walnut. 
Mahogany. 
Black walnut. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 

Backing. 

Chestnut. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 
Red gum. 
Soft maple. 
White -pine. 

Bottoms. 

Basswood. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Sugar maple. 
Yellow poplar. 

Shelves. 

Sweet birch. 
White pine. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 



Tops. 

White oak. 
Chestnut. 
Sweet birch. 
Red gum. 
Butternut. 

Legs. 

White oak. 
Sweet birch. 
Red gum. 

Mexican mahogany. 
Sugar maple. 

Pedestals. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 
Yellow poplar. 



LIBRARY AND DINING ROOM TABLES. 

Slides. 

Sugar maple. 
Beech. 



Tahle leaves. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 
Butternut. 

Rails. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Mahogany. 
Sweet birch. 
Red gum. 
Butternut. 



73 



Table 50.- 


-Wood 


for Furniture, 


year ending 


June, 1912. 
















Grown in 


Grown Out 






Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 


o 




vania. 


sylvania. 








0) 


5 


























» 










Klnd of Wood. 








■M 


vJ 












a 


13 




o 




a 


a 






.a 


i) 


^- 






ji 


£1 






■M 


^ 


*>*^ 


bS 




M 


» 
























&< 


Oh 


< 


b 




fc 


Ea 



Red oak 

Chestnut 

White oak, . . 
Sugar maple, 
Bass wood, ... 



Yellow poplar, 

Bed gum 

Red and silver maple, 

Beech 

Mahogany, 



Birch 

Cottonwood, 
White pine. 
Cotton gum. 
Red cedar, 



Ash 

Shortleaf pine, . 
Longleaf pine, . 
Black walnut, .. 
Cherry (black), 



Circassian walnut, . . 

Cypress (bald) 

Sycamore, 

I/ObloUy pine 

Western yellow pine. 



Rosewood, 

Eucalyptus, 

Butternut 

Spanish cedar 

Southern white cedar, 



Mountain laurel, 

Hickory, 

Sumach 

Teak 

Satinwood 



Total, 



16, Wl, 
11,556, 
10,133, 
4,743, 
3,945, 

2,892, 
2,297, 
1,478, 
1,453, 
1,145, 



1,138,270 
380,000 
298,700 
236,500 
178,100 

175,500 
141,000 
138,500 
130,100 
113,900 

92,840 
80,500 
66,170 
58,000 
10,000 

5,180 
5,000 
3,500 
2,500 
1,3C0 

1,000 
750 
500 
190 
120 



27.28 


$35 73 


19.59 


19 52 


17.18 


47 30 


8.04 


26 72 1 


6. 69 


35 13 1 


4.90 


36 86 


3.89 


34 25 


2.51 


25 49 1 


2.46 


16 23 ' 


1.94 


116 42 j 


1.93 


29 10 i 


.64 


34 87 


.51 


44 32 


.40 


33 54 : 


.30 


60 81 


.30 


28 43 


.24 


23 92 


.23 


31 83 


.22 


95 04 1 


.19 


34 74 i 


.16 


364 08 


.14 


43 19 


.11 


43 89 


1 .10 


22 79 


1 .02 


45 00 


i .01 


500 00 


i .01 


260 00 


1 .01 


26 61 


* 


80 00 


1 * 


120 OO 


* 


40 00 


, * 


81 33 


* 


80 00 


1 * 


200 00 


« 


200 00 


100.00 


135 24 



$574,997 
225,599 
479,283 
126,632 
138,592 

106,593 
78,666 1 
37,682 1 
23,582 ! 

133,378 j 

33,126 I 
13,250 ' 
13,239 
7,933 ; 
10,830 

4,9S9 
3,374 

4,408 
12,365 
3,957 

33,801 

3,477 

2,904 

1,322 

450 

2,590 

1,300 

93 

200 

156 

40 
61 
40 
38 
24 



2,443,600 

5,586,300 
2,771,050 
3,640,100 
1,105,400 

346,700 



730,500 
1,397,000 



525,900 
'2sii500 



82,500 



21,000 

105,600 



3,000 



3,500 



$2,078,971 



1,000 
250 
500 



19,045,400 



13,648,100 
5,970,550 
7,362,000 
1,103,800 
2,840,000 

2,545,300 

2,297,000 

748,000 

56,000 

1,145,650 

612,370 
380,000 
17,200 
236,500 
178,100 

93,000 
141,000 
138,500 
109,100 
8,300 

92,840 
80,500 
63,170 
58,000 
10,000 

5,180 
5,000 

2^500 

1,300 



190 
120 



39,949,770 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 



CHAIRS. 

Pennsylvania is one of the three leading states in the manufacture of chairs. 
Over 30,000,000 feet of wood is annually required for their manufacture and 
of this amount considerably over half is furnished by the forests of the State. 
The order of the first six states in quantity of wood consumed for chairs is 
as follows: Wisconsin, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, New 
l:ork, and Vermont. It may occur to some that chairs should be grouped with 
furniture but in Pennsylvania as in other states their manufacture is essen- 
tially a distinct industry, generally the form of the raw material is different, 
the processes of manufacture are in nowise similar, and the products are 
marketed separately. 

Dimension stock is the form of raw material that is utilized in the chair 
industry perhaps to a greater extent than any other. Sawmills cutting hard- 
woods and factories using them, principally beech, birch, and maple, often 
operate as a side line the bolting of low grades and waste into these squares. 



74 

Many go as far as to turn the dimensions on lathes after bolting and sell them 
in that form to chair factories ready to assemble. In the case of the lumber- 
men, frequently small crooked logs, tops, wind shakes, cut offs, which can be 
worked for sale in no other way, are thus disposed of. The chair makers, 
therefore, play an important part not only in lending to the industrial de- 
velopment of the State but also to the movement of conservation in their ef- 
forts to encouriige utilization or waste. One manufacturer purchases hardwood 
slabs and edgings from a nearby sawmill and transports this material to his 
factory for turning handles and chair stock. Another purchases part of the 
refuse of hardwood stave manufacturers, selects the core and other large 
pieces, and converts them into chair dowels and rungs. 

Chair dimensions include stock of various sizes and kinds for the large 
number of different designs the chair manufacturers turn out. Table 51 shows 
the number and kinds of woods that were used in Pennsylvania. Not all 
chair material is in dimensions by any means. Because seats and backs are 
altogether cut out of plank ranging from 1^ inches to 2i inches thick and be- 
cause the factories are not able to secure enough dimension and turned ma- 
terial to meet their requirements, they are compelled to buy large quanti- 
ties of plank and rip them up into squares for posts, pillars, spindles, 
rounds, dowels, etc. The chair stock is always seasoned before used, but 
those producing squares and turned stock often use unseasoned wood allow- 
ing it to air-dry under cover after being manufactured. To prevent loss 
caution is taken to make allowance for shrinkage and the producer is particu- 
lar to see to it that the chair stock is straight grained, practically free from 
defects, and accurately manufactured to conform to specifications. 

Perhaps the largest part of the wood used in Pennsylvania is required for 
turned chairs but quantities are also demanded for straight line designs where 
the parts are cut considerably wider than they are thick. The demand for 
these in late years has been on the increase and has led up to the mission 
patterns in which the stock is still wider and heavier. 

Unlike the parts of turned chairs, the manufacturers do not buy their 
material for the square designs to any extent in the form of dimensions 
but usually cut them from plank. This is unfortunate because the sawmills 
have a considerable amount of waste which it is practical to cut into dimen- 
sion stuff suitable for this line of manufacture. Millmen should note this 
opportunity and consider negotiations for furnishing this material from 
waste; and, on the other hand, the economy to jthe manufacturers should 
induce the latter to consider the advisability of making overtures to the mill- 
men. Oak, both red and white, ash, and chestnut are the principal woods 
for chairs of square and mission designs. Other woods like red gum, birch, 
and elm are used and a figure is stamped on them resembling oak, mahogany, 
and other woods. That the better grades of chairs are made in Pennsylvania 
as well as cheaper ones, is evident by the quantity of mahogany brought into 
the State each year to meet the demand. Birch is most used for imitating 
mahogany. Woods used for various parts of chairs are as follows: 

CHAIRS. 

Arms. WBacks. 

Mahogany. |f| Birch. 

Red gum. i;^ Elm. 

Soft maple. • '. Mahogany. 

White oak. Red gum. 

Red oak. 
Soft maple. 
Bent arms. White oak. 

Elm, Yellow poplar. 



75 



Camp chairs and stools. 
Beech. 
Birch. 
Sugar maple. 

Chair -frames, upholstered. 
Chestnut. 
Red oak. 
Soft maple 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 

Doioels. 
Beech. 
Birch. 
Soft maple. 
Sugar maple. 

Fancy chairs. 
Mahogany. 
Sycamore. 
Walnut, black. 

Pillars. 
Beech. 
Birch. 

Sugar maple. 
White oak. 

Posts. 

Beech. 
Birch. 
Mahogany. 
Sugar maple. 
Red oak. 
White ash. 
White oak. 

Rockers. 
Elm. 

Sugar maple. 
White ash. 
White oak. 

Rolling chair parts. 
Hickory. 
Red oak. 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 

Rounds. 
Beech. 
Birch. 
Hickory. 
White oak. 
White ash. 

Seat frames. 
Red oak. 



CHAIRS— Continued. 

Seats. 



Elm. 

Mahogany. 
Red gum. 
Red oak. 
Soft maple. 
White oak. 
Yellow poplar. 

Split seats. 
Hickory. 

Split hacks. 
Hickory. 

Legs. 

Beech. 
Birch. 
Mahogany. 
Sugar maple. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 

Mission chairs. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 

Panels. 

Mahogany. 

Piano stools and benches. 

Birch. 
Mahogany. 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 

Spindles. 
Beech. 
Birch. 

Sugar maple. 
White ash. 

Stretchers. 
Beech. 
Birch. 

Sugar maple. 
White ash. 

Built-u'p chair stock, veneer. 
Basswood. 
Birch. 
Chestnut. 
Mahogany. 
Red gum. 
Red oak. 
Soft maple. 
Sugar maple. 
Walnut, Circassian. 
White ash. 
White oak. 



76 



Table 51. — Wood for Chairs, year ending June, 1912. 







>H 


>^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




t^ 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






§ 


oj 


vania. 


sylvania. 






01 


£: 






















Pi 








Kind of Wood. 






0& 


d 

•H 








a 


a 


""-2 


o 


B 


a 




J3 


0) 




'■' 


J3 


a 




+J 


^ 


''t; 


oj 


*J 












o 








fa 


fn 


<i 


H 


&I 





Beech, 

White elm, 

Sugar maple, 

Red gum, 

Red oak 

White oak 

Birch, 

Red and silver maple. 

Sycamore, 

Chestnut, 

Mahogany, 

Ash 

Black walnut, 

Basswood, 

Yellow poplar 

Hickory, 

Circassian walnut, . . 

Total 



8,420,000 
6,213,500 
5,348,100 
4,326,000 
2,997,200 

2,228,800 
992,400 
918,500 
500,000 



461,800 
104,300 
50,000 
33,000 
24,600 

15,000 
3,800 



33,117,000 



25.43 


$17 21 


18.76 


26 76 


16.15 


18 54 


13.06 


25 97 


9.05 


33 96 


6.73 


42 10 


3.00 


30 05 


2.77 


28 17 


1.51 


25 00 


1.45 


17 71 


1.39 


110 11 


.32 


24 54 


.15 


66 OS 


.01 


22 12 


.07 


38 05 


.05 


17 20 


.01 


200 00 


100.00 


$25 SO 



$144,945 
166,243 
99,180 
112, 328 
101,785 

93,837 
29,824 
25,876 
12,500 
8,499 

50,848 

2,559 

3,304 

730 

936 

258 
760 



$854,412 



7,295,000 

62,000 

4,746,500 



281,800 
583, 500 
155,000 

"95,"60O 



37,300 
44,00<t 
25,0OC' 



14,406,600 



1,125,000 
6,151,500 
601,600 
4,326,000 
1,930,700 

1,947,000 
408,900 
763,500 
500,000 
385,000 

461,800 
67,000 
6,000 
8,000 
24,600 



18,710,400 



VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 

The statistics presented in Table 52 represent the wood used both for motor 
and horse drawn vehicles. Though there is considerable material used in 
the manufacture of motor cars including both pleasure cars and commercial 
trucks, fully 90 per cent, of the material reported went into the latter. The 
rapid growth of the automobile industry has greatly increased the demand 
for the vehicle woods, but, according to reports, has not made a correspond- 
ing reduction in the demand for horse drawn vehicles. In fact a number of 
Pennsylvania manufacturers, especially wagon makers, remarked upon the 
increased production of horse drawn vehicles in the last five years; and 
those that formerly specialized in building buggies and wagons and now are 
engaged in making autos have in most cases not relinquished the manufacture 
of the horse vehicle but have increased their facilities and manufacture 
both kinds. 

Often carriage manufacturers are practically nothing more than assemblers 
of parts. They buy the wheels and other portions of the running gears and 
the bodies and tops already manufactured and enter into production only as 
iinishers. In the same way wheelwrights and repair shops that are dis- 
tributed in nearly every village and town throughout Pennsylvania purchase 
much of their material like spokes, rims, hubs, hounds, and felloes ready to 
use. Information was not solicited from these classes of establishments as 
the scope of the investigation excludes them. 

The number of manufacturers making vehicle parts is large in Pennsylvania 
and the quantity of wood they consumed represents the largest proportion of 
that shown in the table. Most of this class report making only one commodity 
as hubs, spokes, rims, poles or shafts. A few, however, specialize in manu- 
facturing two, but in no instance were there reported as many as three. 




Fig. 5. — Utilkation of mill waste. Rough squares are bolted from slabs and edgings, 
and turned into chair stock. 



* 'Ki 



'is 



^4 



'ulMlltiMt^ *" 



'^^■l 



% 



Tf ■^«m **S jw %^ f^ ' ^ " ' 'a 







A ^ 



r I ** . 



<s|M.: ,^.- i •{- ij 



Fig. 6. — Chair parts and the squares or dimension stock from which they are made. 




Fig. 7. Parts of a farm wagon, and the woods used. 



DBSCRIPTION OF FIGURE 7. 



FARM WAGON. 



Fig. 1. Wagon Body. 



1. Wagon bos: Longleaf Pine, Yellow roylar, 

Cottonwood, Red Gum, White Pine. 

2. Sills: Wliite Oak, Red Oak, Sugar Maple, 

White Ash. 

3. Braces: Red Oak, White Oak, Longleaf 

Pine, Shortleaf Pine, White Ash. 

4. Wagon bed: Longleaf Pine, Loblolly Pine, 

White Oak, Ked Oak, Pitch Pine, 
Spruce, Sugar Maple, White Ash. 

5. Cross sill: AVhite Oak, Red Oak, Sugar 

Maple, White Ash. 

6. Foot rest: Longleaf Pine, Shortleaf Pine 

Loblolly Pine, White Oak, Red Oak. 



4. Riser: White Oak, R'od Oak, AVhite Ash, 
Sugar Maple. 



0. 

. Reach: White Oak, Red Oak, White Ash, 

Hickory. 
. Tongue hounds: Hickory, White Oak, 
White Ash. 

f White Oak. 
White Ash. 
Hickory. 
Longleaf Pine. 
Neck Yoke: White Oak, White Ash, Red 
Oak, Hornbeam, Hickory. 



Drop tongue. 
Coach tongue. 



Fig. 2. Rear Gear. 

1. Stakes, f White Oak. 

2. Bolsters. I Red Oak. 

3. Axle bed or axle cap, I Sugar Maple. 

4. Brake block, -| Black Birch. 

5. Rear hounds. Hickory. 

6. Hound bar, Hornbeam. 

7. Brake bar, L White Ash. 



Front Gear. 



1. Yoke, 

2. Hound bar, 

3. Bolster, 

4. Axle, 

5. Front hounds. 



[White Oak. 
I Red Oak. 

Sugar Maple. 

Black Birch. 

Hickory. 

Hornbeam. 

White Ash. 



Fig. 4. Seat. 

1. Back board, 

2. Side boards, 

3. Bottom boards, 



[White Oak. 

Red Oak. 
1 White Pine. 

Yellow Pine. 
[Shortleaf Pine. 



[White Oak. 
Singletree, 1 Red Oak. 
Doubletree, -j White Ash. 

I Hornbeam. 

[Hickory. 



Axle and Hub. 



Skein. 

Spoke. 

Hub. 

Hub boxing. 

Axle. 



Fig. S. Wheel. 

1. Spoke: White Ash, White Oak, Red Oak, 
Hickory. 

2. Felloe or rim: White Oak, Red Oak, White 
Ash. 

3. Hub: White Oak, Red Oak, White Elm, 
Rock Elm, Locust, Black Gum, Sugar 
Maple, Osage Orange. 




Fig. 8. Showing- parts of delivery wagon, and woods used. 



PLATFORM DELIVERY WAGON. 



1. Top strips or slats: White Ash, Basswood, is 

-White Pine, Yellow Poplar, Sweet Birch. 19. 

2. Top rail: White Ash, White Oak. 20 

3. Upper panel: Yellow Poplar. 21 

4. Belt or belt panel: White Ash, White Oak. 

5. Drop gate: White Ash, White Oak, Red Oak. 22 

6. Lower panel or lower side board: White Oak, 

White Ash. 23, 

7. Stay bar or rear end crossbar: White Oak, 

Red Oak, White Ash. 21. 

S. Hind spring bar or rear spring crossbar: 

Hickory, White Ash. 25. 

9. Felloe or rim: Hickory, White Ash. 

10. Spoke: Hickory, White Ash. 26. 

11. Shackle bar or front spring crossbar: 

Hickory, White Ash. 27. 

12. Fifth wheel circles: Hickory, White Ash. 28. 

13. Spring yoke or spring head block: Hickory, 

White Ash. 29. 

14. Hub: Black Gum, Rock Elm, Black Locust. 

15. Lower head block: Hickory, White Ash. 30. 
IG. Side futchel: Hickory, White Ash. 31. 
17. Fifth wheel spools: Hickory, White Ash. 32. 



Singletree :Hickory, White Ash. 

Hounds or pole futchels: Hickory, White Ash. 

Splinter or drawbar: Hickory, White Ash. 

Upper head block or fifth wheel futchel; 
Hickory, White Ash. 

Fifth wheel bars or transom bars: Hickory, 
White Ash. 

Footboard or heel board: White Oak, White 
Ash. 

Wagon bed: White Pine. Longleaf Pine, 
White Ash, Y'ellow Poplar, AVhite Oak. 

Front panel or cross board: Yellow Poplar, 
White Oak, Red Oak, White Ash. 

Seat board: White Pine. White Ash, Long- 
leaf Pine, White Oak. 

Sill: White Oak, White Ash. 

Lining: Yellow Poplar, White Pine, Long- 
leaf Pine, Red Oak. 

Corner posts or pillars: White Oak, White 
Ash. 

Side pillars: White Oak, White Ash. 

Side slats or rails: White Oak, White Ash. 

Rear end posts: White Oak, White Ash. 




Fig. 



9. — Body of an old-time Conestoga wagon. This style of wagon is still beiu§ 
manufactured in Pennsylvania. 




Fig. 10. — Hickory, oak and pine waste of a large Pennsylvania wagon manufacturer 
being sold for fuel. Much of this is suitable for small commodities made from 
this wood. 



1^1.^ 



r. h 






it 'i 







vl- 



,f * 



; ^1 111' 



Hi--. 







A.^ 



77 

Thirty-two kinds of wood are used by the vehicle industry. That so many 
Ivinds are required is surprising, but this can probably be accounted for 
by the search being made for substitutes which has brought species heretofore 
little used into this industry for experimentation. For instance, elm was 
formerly the chief hub wood, but now birch has proved practical and large 
quantities are consumed by the hub makers. Yellow locust and black gum 
are also extensively used. Hickory was the principal spoke wood but now 
vast amounts of white and red oak are demanded; while yellow poplar does 
better than any other wood for bodies, large quantities of Cottonwood and red 
gum are taking its place and some manufacturers prefer these because they 
do not split so easily and are susceptible of taking a higher polish. White 
ash is chiefly used at the present time for vehicle bows but it is not so well 
adapted to this use as hickory, white oak, or cork elm. 

Hickory is the premier wood in vehicle making and white oak the next. The 
use of both of these is confined mainly to the production of gear parts. In 
the manufacture of heavy wagons , which is one of the most important divisions 
of this industry in Pennsylvania, white oak and red oak, the latter to a 
much less extent, are in the greatest demand. Yellow poplar, which comes 
third in the list, indicates the high grades of vehicle made in the State, as 
only the high priced carriages, delivery wagons, and automobiles can af- 
ford this wood on account of its cost. In the manufacture of automobile 
bodies and to a small extent for horse drawn vehicles metal has proved a 
formidable competitor of wood, but the fact that it is used for cheaper grades 
indicates that the use of wood gives better results. Next to yellow poplar, 
ash entered into body construction more than any other wood and in some 
states in which studies similar to this have been made the quantity used in 
this line exceeds that of yellow poplar. In Pennsylvania ash stands fourth. 
All of the rich cabinet woods reported were employed by the automobile 
body makers. 

Table 52. — Wood for Vehicles and Vehicle Parts, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


k. 


(Jrown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 








Pennsyl- 


of I'enn- 








§ 


o 


vania. 


sylvania. 










X! 


































Kind of Wood. 








of- 


O 








B 




4-J 


^° 


O 


a 


a 




£1 




0) 


bB.rt 




xi 


XI 








^ 




C3 


+j 


•«-> 




















Ea 




Pj 


< 


H 




fei 



Hickory 

White oak, ... 
■I'l'Uow poplar, 

A-U 

Bu i 

Eeo -ik 

Sugar maple, 

Beech, 

Longlepi iiiur , 
Bass wood, 

Shortleaf pine, 

Cork elm, 

Red gum, . . . . 
Black gum , ... 
White pine, . . . 



10,819,552 


34.02 


$48 51 


10,819,552 


34.0'2 


$48 51 


3,764,335 


11.84 


50.49 


3,590,472 


11.29 


44 16 


1,514,500 


4.76 


48 11 


994,900 


3.13 


28 43 


625,800 


1.97 


28 67 


587,883 


1.85 


21 97 


576,550 


1.81 


34 33 


477,850 


1.50 


30 10 


467,200 


1.47 


26 67 


390,900 


1.23 


36 30 


315,500 


.99 


32 37 


181,800 


.57 


37 57 


140,550 


.44 


34 62 



$524,895 
$524,895 
190,055 
158,564 
72,864 

28,285 
17,940 
12,916 
19,791 
14,384 

12,461 
14,190 
10,212 
6,S31 
4,866 



3,642,252 

4,378,300 
755,285 

2,096,204 
455,000 

589, 800^ 
314,200 
537,883 



25,300 

500 

31,500 

118,050 



7,177,300 

2,500,667- 
3,009,050 
1, 494, 268 
1,059,500 

405,100 
311,600 
50,000 
576,550 
219,350 

467, 20O 
365,600 
315,000 
150,300 
22,500 



78 



Table 52— Continued. 







^ 




Orown iu 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






o 


rt 


vania. 


sylvania. 




















t. 


£' 












a 








Kind of Wood. 






6 ?;> 


O 








a 


-• 


^ o 


6 


a 


= 




•= 


t 


^''=2 


^ 


.o 


■= 




-M 
0) 






o 


-w 


0) 




fa 


Cn 


<1 


^ 


^ 


&- 



Hornbeam , 

AVliite elm, 

Cottonwood 

Pitch pine 

Silver maple, 

Loblolly pine, 

Chestnut, 

Mahogany, 

Locust (black), 

Spruce, 

Cucumber, 

Cherry (black) 

Walnut (black), ..., 
Cypress (bald). 
Walnut (Circassian) 

Rosewood, 

Total, 



100,000 
93,500 
64,000 
55,200' 
47,0«0 

41,900 
30,200' 
14,900' 
11,000 
8,000 

3,800 
2,2.50 
1,400 
1,000 
500 

100 



31,S0'1,50S 



.32 


30 00 


.29 


34 31 


.20 


34 38 


.17 


22 77 


.15 


26 13 


.13 


28 07 


.10 


19 77 


.0'5 


159 13 


.04 


18-73 


.03 


48 88 


.01 


25 00 


.01 


91 oO 




91 42 




50 OO 




350 00 




260 OO 


100. OO 


$42 63 



3,000 
3,208 
2,200 
1,257 
1,228 

1,176 
597 

2,371 
206 
391 



$1,355,655 



50,000 
70,500 
24,000 
55,200 
47,000 



18,200 



11,000 
1,000 



2,000 
1,100 



13,482,774 



50,000 

23,000 
40, OOO 



41,900 
12, 000 
14,900 



7,000 

3,800 
250 
300 

1,000 
50O 

100 



18,318,735 



SHIPS AND BOATS. 
The Delaware River's close and direct connection with the Atlantic Ocean 
as far up as Philadelphia affords sufficient depth and natural advantages to 
make that city one of the principal harbors of the Atlantic coast. All kinds 
of seafaring vessels land at its ports, including men-of-war and oce*an liners, 
and railroads have located their terminal docks along its banks on the Pennsyl- 
vania side providing conveniences for the loading of coal, grain, and other 
commodities for export. In the western part of the State the Ohio River 
and its navigable tributaries afford excellent advantages for river navigation 
and accordingly the transportation of coal, sand, ore, lumber, steel, and 
other heavy freight for short hauls has become an important industry. Flat 
bottom boats are the kind used, such as packets, river tugs, barges, scows, 
flats, etc. A number of rivers in Pennsylvania, navigable only for small 
crafts, traverse parts widely known for their picturesque scenery. These 
are rarely used in commerce, but are inviting to the pleasure seekers for 
sailing, rowing, and canoeing. It is evident that in order to meet the local 
demand, the industry of ship and boat building in Pennsylvania must neces- 
sarily be varied. Crafts of all kinds are built in the State, from dreadnaughts 
and ocean steamers down to the shell used by the professional oarsmen. 

In building large vessels, steel construction has, to a large extent taken 
the place of wood. Probably in no other industry has substitution been carried 
so far as in shipbuilding. It has been less than a century when wood for 
this kind of boat was the most important and valuable material used, and 
though still required, its use is only incidental and answers principally for 
decking, interior finish, furniture, masts, spars and booms, armor backing, 
templates, joinery work, etc. Smaller boats like steamers for inland water 
transportation, ferry boats, tugs, etc., use wood more extensively. Their 
hulls are of metal but their superstructure is mainly of wood while river crafts, 



79 



scows, and barges are entirely of wood, and the same is true of small sail 
boats, canoes, launches, and other pleasure craft. 

This industry not only supplies a large part of the local demand but boats 
built in Pennsylvania are sold world wide. Other states have more extensive 
harbor facilities, water fronts, and inland waterways than Pennsylvania, 
but are not comparable in the size and importance of their shipbuilding in- 
dustry. In fact only one state surpasses Pennsylvania in the quantity of 
lumber consumed for boat building. New York in 1912 used 37,700,500 feet 
while other states in order for quantity are as follows: 

Pennsylvania , 27,635,000 

New Jersey, 13,341,000 

Virginia, 11,138,000 

Delaware, 7,679,000 

Connecticut , 7 , 084 , 354 

The uses of wood in boat building are multitudinous. In an ordinary 
schooner made of wood there are 500 different parts separately named. A large 
number of them require lumber wuth special qualities, which probably ac- 
counts for the long list of woods shown in Table 53. It is impossible to under- 
take to specify here the different woods for all parts of the many kinds of 
boats produced in the State but a few of the principal uses of lumber were 
mentioned by the boat builders and from their reports the following list has 
been arranged: 

SHIPS, YACHTS, AND RIVER CRAFT. 

Frames. Decking. 

White oak. Cypress. 

Red oak. White pine. 

Hemlock. Hemlock. 

Douglas fir. 
Keels. 

White pine. Rails. 

White oak. Teakwood. 

Cypress. Mahogany. 

Hemlock. White ash. 

Red oak. White oak. 

Longleaf pine. 
Knees. ' "^ '' Hickory. 

White oak. 

White ash. Masts. 

Sassafras. Spruce. 

Tamarack. Hemlock. 

Douglas fir. 
Paddle Wheels. 

White oak. Booms. 
Yellow poplar. Spruce. 

„ , Hemlock. 

Stern Posts. Douglas fir. 

White oak. Shortleaf pine. 

Tamarack. Longleaf pine. 

bidders. . II caUns (Interior). 

White oak. i^\ t- t- 

White pine. 2lT''''^- 

Cypress t 1°^ J' 

^ Teakwood. 

„, , . White ash. 

Planking. S^^e^t ^^.^^-^ 

Cypress. Sycamore. 

White pine. Cypress. 

Shortleaf pine. *Black walnut. 

Douglas fir. *Circassian walnut. 
Spruce. Butternut. 



80 



SHIPS, YACHTS, AND 



Cabins (Exterior). 
White pine. 
Yellow poplar. 
Hemlock. 
Douglas fir. 
Cypress. 
Longleaf pine. 



RIVER CRAFT- 

Spai-s. 

Spruce. 
Hemlock. 
Douglas fir. 



-Concluded. 



Cabins. 

White pine. 
Yellow poplar. 
Hemlock. 
Longleaf pine. 

Frames. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Hemlock. 

Decking. 

Longleaf pine. 
Hemlock. 

Stern Posts. 
White oak. 



CANAL BOATS. 

Keels. 



White pine. 
V/hite oak. 
Cypress. 
Douglas fir. 
Red oak. 

Knees. 

White oak. 
White ash. 
Red oak. 

Planking. 

Hemlock. 
Longleaf pine. 
Douglas fir. 



BARGES, SCOWS, 



Frames. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
Longleaf pine. 

Bottom Boards. 
White pine. 
Spruce. 



AND FLATS. 
Douglas fir. 
Red oak. 



Planking. 

White pine. 
Spruce. 
Douglas fir. 
Red oak. 



Stems. 

White oak. 
White ash. 

Keels. 

White oak. 
White ash. 

Stern Posts. 
White oak. 
White ash. 

Becking. 

Mahogany. 
White cedar. 
Spanish cedar. 
Cypress. 
White oak. 



MOTOR BOATS. 

Deck Beams. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 

Ribs. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 
White ash. 

CoaTtiing. 

White ash. 
White oak. 

Planking. 
Cypress. 
White cedar. 



/ 



"Not reported. 



81 



CANOES AND .SKIFFS. 



Gunwales. 
Spruce. 
Mahogany. 

Paddles. 
Spruce. 
Sugar maple. 

Planking. 

White cedar. 
Spruce. 
Spanish cedar. 



Ri^s. 

White cedar. 
Spanish cedar. 
White ash. 

DecTcs. 

White ash. 
Sweet birch. 
Sugar maple. 
Mahogany. 



Bottom, Boards. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Douglas fir. 
Spruce. 
White pine. 
Cypress. 

Sides. 

White pine. 
Douglas fir. 
Hemlock. 
Spruce. 



Oars. 



Spruce. 
White ash. 



ROW BOATS. 

Stern Posts. 



White oak. 
Red oak. 
Longleaf pine. 

Transoms . 

Shortleaf pine. 
Spruce. 
Hemlock. 
White pine. 

Seats. 

White pine. 
Longleaf pine. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Hemlock. 



Longleaf pine is the principal species for shipbuilding. It is listed ahead 
of all other woods, not only in Pennsylvania but in all the important boat 
building states. Douglas fir is brought from the Pacific coast states especially 
for parts, as is seen above, requiring timbers of large dimensions and long 
lengths. It is easily worked, holds its shape, and, similar to longleaf pine, 
possesses great tensile strength and elasticity. The Pennsylvania ship build- 
ers demand more of this wood than is shown by the same industry in any 
other state. The same is true of hemlock and this is quite significant in that 
it serves principally for bottoms, planking, and other parts of river crafts 
for which white pine heretofore has been most extensively used. White pine 
still meets a portion of the ship builders' demands, irrespective of its grow- 
ing price. Of the total amount used, 65 per cent, was reported as home 
grown. Mahogany, teak and Spanish cedar were the only foreign woods re- 
ported. 



82 



Table 53. — Wood for Ship and Boat Building, year ending June, 1912. 







+j 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






1 


a 
d 


vania. 


sylvania. 






T-l 


«w 












j; 


XJ 












P. 








Kind of Wood. 






oh 










a 


^ 


" o 


O 


a 


a 




.Q 




Ml« 


^ 


J2 


a 




+J 




S-t- 




■q! 


"S 


















Bi 


Cb 


<1 


H 


fe 


fa 



T.ongleaf pine 

White pine, 

Hemlock, 

Wliite oak, 

Douglas fir 

Red oak, 

Southern white cedar, 

Spruce 

Shortleaf pine 

Ash, 

Cypress (bald) 

Basswood, 

Yellow poplar 

Teak, 

Mahogany, 

Hickory, 

Sycamore, 

Redwood, 

Tamarack, 

Spanish cedar, 

Butternut, 

Sugar maple, , 

Chestnut 

Black gum, 

Beech 

Sassafras 

Total, 



5,286,000 
4,544,650 
4,343,0'0O 
3,871,409 
2.521,000 

2,434,0<lO 

l,OSl,CiOO 

1,013,000 

480; SOO 

388,700 

287,000 

150,000 

84, OOO 

64,000 

57,000 

28,000 
20,000 
20, OOO 
10,300 
10,000 

10,000 
3,500 
3,100 
3,000 
2,500 

50 



19.79 


$37 56 


17.01 


46 85 


16.26 


25 92 


14.49 


34 73 


9.44 


42 41 


S.ll 


35 24 


4.05 


56 40 


3.79 


31 0« 


l.SO 


28 74 


1.45 


41 47 


1.07 


55 64 


.56 


16 00 


.31 


58 <yi 


.24 


190' 66 


.21 


164 39 


.10 


65 00 


.0& 


65 OO 


.08 


52 30 


.04 


45 73 


.04 


350 00 


.04 


80 00 


.01 


29 14 


.01 


27 10 


.01 


70 00 


.01 


26 00 


* 


25 00 


lOO.OO 


$38 44 



$198,520 
212,928 
112,551 
134,436 
lO'0, 926 

85,770 
60,970 
31,464 
13,820 
16,118 

15,970 
2,400 
4,878 

12, 202 
9,370 

1,820 
1,300 
1,046 
471 
2,500 



$1,026,722 



2,733,150 
4,217,000 

2,230,900 



1,180,000 
""206! OOO 



262,700 



150,000 
2,500 



26,500 



7,000 

2,500 
3,100 



1,500 
50 



11,017,200 



5,286,000 
1,811,500 
126,000 
1,640,500 
2,521,000 

1,254,000 

1,081,000 

813,000 

480,800 

126,000 

287,000 



81,500 
64,000 

57,000 

1,500 
20,000 
20.000 
10,000 
10,000 

3,000 
1,000 



3,000 
1,000 



15,698,800 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 

CASKETS AND COFFINS. 
This industry includes, in addition to caskets and coffins, outer or rough 
boxes and shipping cases. Caskets are the burial cases more universally used. 
Coffins, at one time in greater demand, are now but relatively seldom em- 
ployed. They are irregular in form, widest at the part corresponding to the 
shoulders, narrowing slightly towards the head, and considerably at the feet. 
The statistics for Pennsylvania show not over 5 per cent, of the wood de- 
manded by the manufacturers was for coffins. More than this amount is used, 
however, since many coffins are handmade. They are manufactured by cabi- 
netmakers who cater for local trade in all small towns throughout the State. 
The quantity of wood used by one is small, but for a thickly populated state 
like Pennsylvania the aggregate consumption would amount to considerable,, 
although it was found impracticable to collect statistics so widely scattered. 
Black walnut for many years has been the principal coffin wood and it is 
still called on for the better grades. Cheap coffins are of woods that are soft, 
easily worked, and at the same time adaptable to stain and polish. Yellow pop- 
lar is more used than any other kind for both factory and hand made coffins, 
in the southern states cypress is the leading coffin material , on the Pacifiic 
coast western red cedar, and in the Lake states basswood. 



83 

Twelve woods were reported by casket makers. They range from high 
priced mahogany down to low grades of chestnut and white pine. These burial 
cases are varied in design, some have an octagonal appearance — the cor- 
ners instead of being rectangular are cut off and squared. Some have rounded 
corners, and others are uniformly rectangular. Nearly all are cloth covered 
and though this permits the use of the lower grades, the lumber selected is 
free from the defects which would likely affect the strength and durability 
of the casket. Chestnut is the most used casket wood in all states because it 
has proved especially durable under ground, and it possesses the combined 
qualities of lightness and strength, cheapness, and an affinity for glue that 
holds the cloth. Some of the chestnut used in casket manufacture is of the 
best, but the largest part is the "sound wormy" grade. As far as durability is 
concerned this grade is sufficient and the fact that it is perforated with the 
small worm holes averaging the size of a pin head is an advantage rather than 
a detriment, as in covering the casket these holes afford an additional hold 
for the glue. Other woods generally competing as casket material are yellow 
poplar, red oak, white cedar, cypress, red cedar, white pine, walnut, red 
gum, white oak, sugar maple, and mahogany. All of them go for cloth 
covered caskets and some answer for burial cases finished with natural ap- 
pearance where the wood selected has a handsome grain and is susceptible to 
the highest polish, similar to that on piano cases. High priced caskets are 
of this kind and in addition the most expensive are richly carved. The Penn- 
sylvania manufacturers use quartered red oak and white oak, mahogany, and 
walnut for making these and also to a limited extent red gum, which, from 
the price paid, must have been selected to imitate Circassian walnut. 

The lumber used for outer cases, sometimes called rough boxes, and for 
shipping cases to protect the coffiin or casket in transit, is made of similar 
woods, but the latter are more carefully manufactured, stronger and neater 
in appearance. At their destination they serve as rough boxes to receive the 
casket when put into the ground. White pine in Pennsylvania meets most 
of the demand and yellow poplar next. Other species reported were western 
white pine, red cedar, hemlock, chestnut, red oak, and mahogany. 

Table 54. — Wood for Caskets and Coffins, year ending June, 1912. 







tH 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 




vania. 


sylvania. 
































3 


X3 






Kind of Wood. 






or^ 


o 








a 


c 

0) 


" o 


o 


b. m. 


'.Q 




■4-) 




S-w 


03 


+^ 


4_) 




s 


£ 


> d 


O 




s 




^ 


Pk 


< 


ri 


&. 


fa 



Chestnut 

White pine, .. 

Hemlock 

Yellow poplar, 
Red oak, 

Wliite oak, . . . 

Mahogany, 

Black walnut, 

Red cedar, 

Sugar maple, . 



5.387,000 


38.53 


$20 57 


4,793,000 


34.28 


28 90 


1,000,00* 


7.15 


2S OO 


748,000 


5.3d 


S2 10 


665,000 


4.76 


40 44 


523,500 


3.74 


62 20 


331,000 


2.37 


76 30 


214,000 


1.53 


59 50 


169, OCO 


1.21 


66 72 


35,000 


.25 


25 00 



$110,807 

138,495 

28,000 

24,008 



32,562 
25,255 
12,732 
11,275 
875 



1,573,500 
703, ^W 

l,000,Ot>0 

432,000 

55,m 

77,.50« 

'182,' OOO 



3,813,500 
4,089,500 

"316,000 
610,000 

446,000 
331,000 

33,000 
169,000 

35,000 



84 



Table 54— Concluded. 



Kind of Wood. 



Quantity. 


a 






a 


.Q 




















fe 


en 



Red gum, 

"'esterii wliite pine. 

Redwood, 

Cherry (black) 

Cypress (bald), — 

Longleaf pine, 

Birch 

Total, 



30,(fOO 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 
20,000 

6,000 
1,000 



13,982,500 



.22 


40 00 


.14 


42 50 


.14 


54 00 


.14 


60 OO 


.14 


40 OO 


.04 


37 50 


.01 


24 00 


lOO.OO 


$29 77 



Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



1,200 

850 

1,080 

1,200 

800 

225 

24 



$416,278 



20,000 



1,000 



4,044,500 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



30,000 
20,000 
20,000 



20,000 
6,000 



9,938,000 



MINE EQUIPMENT. 
In conjunction with the operation of coal mining, there is usually main- 
tained a wood-working department for the manufacture and repair of all 
wooden equipment required in connection with the work. Table 55 includes 
all the kinds of material used for these various purposes except that used in 
the rough, as props, lagging, caps, segments, sills, etc. In the interior of 
the mines lumber goes for uses in connection with ventilation schemes; brat- 
tices, doors, airways, manways, and for pit railing, etc. On the breakers 
in collieries it is used for tipple parts, drum bands, chutes, screens, scraper 
lines, flights, etc., besides it answers for parts of haulage systems, slope 
rollers for example, and for sprags and various other less important com- 
modities. The lumber used for mine cars and their repair has been included 
as shown above, under car construction, while that going into manufactured 
parts for houses, buildings, and other building operations was listed with 
similar material under the planing mill industry. The available statistics 
reported by both anthracite and bituminous operations in Pennsylvania are 
as follows: 



Table 55. — "Wood for Mine Equipment, year ending June, 1912. 



Hemlock, . 
White oak. 
Black gura, 
Hickory, .. 
Bed oak. 



2,260,750 


18.92 


$20 82 


2,019,927 


16.91 


18 22 


1,628,460 


13.63 


24 37 


816,363 


6.83 


13 51 


807,845 


6.76 


14 73 



$47,066 
36,805 
39,678 
11,031 
11,892 



2,260,750 

2,019,927 

219,216 

816,363 

807,845 







tM 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 




vania. 


sylvania. 








<a 










T-t 














0) 

ft 


s 






Kind of Wood. 






oh 


»H 








a 


a 


^ a 


o 


a 

X2 


a 


















0) 




ti^ 


o 


ii 


0) 




b 


Hi 


< 


^ 


"^ 


fe 



1,409,244 



85 



Table 55 — ^Concluded. 







$i 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


o 


vania. 


sylvania. 








oj 


























£J 






Kind of Wood. 






°i 


d 













" o 


d 


b. m. 


b. m. 








>;"S 


03 








0) 


Ol 


O 


Ol 


o 




fe 


eu 


'^ 


H 


& 


fa 



Sugar maple, . 
Chestnut, ..... 

Beecli, 

Sliortleaf pine, 
Longleaf pine, 

Bircb 

Pitch pine, . . . 
White pine, . . . 

Red gum, . 

Dogwood 

Ash 

Locust 

Hornbeam, 
Yellow poplar, 
Cork elm, ; — 

Total, ... 



790,200 
749,405 
656,525 
567,000 
423,000 

336,0-75 
246,000 
239,000 
150, OOO 
139,088 

43,425 
31,350 
21,684 
14,000 
8,800 



11,948,897 



6.61 


18 67 


6.27 


15 42 


5.50 


17 49 


4.75 


21 14 


3.54 


26 39 


2.81 


24 23 


2.0'6 


23 VI 


2.0O 


23 70 


1.26 


12 00 


1.16 


15 73 


.36 


22 01 


.26 


10 IS 


1 .18 


13 14 


.12 


22 50 


.07 


26.14 


100. CO 


$19 52 



14,751 
11,557 
11,781 
11,983 
11,163 

8,143 
5,675 
5,665 
1,800 
2,188 

956 
319 
285 
315 
230 



790,200 
749,405 
656,525 



336,075 
246,000 
13.000 



139, 088 

43,425 
31,350 
21,684 
14,000 



567,000 
423,000 



226,000 
150,000 



$233,283 9,173,653 2,775,244 



Two commodities included in the above table deserve special mention and 
to show the kinds of wood used in making them, separate statistics have been 
arranged and are presented in the supplemental tables, 55a, mine rollers, 
and 55b, sprags. 

MINE ROLLERS. 

Table 55a shows seven woods going into slope rollers. They aggregate 
nearly 2,500,000 feet of material used annually, but this does not represent 
wood for rollers that are manufactured elsewhere and brought to the State 
ready for use. Slope mining in recent years is being superseded by the shaft 
method and with the change is a corresponding decline in the demand for 
rollers or pulleys used on the slope to prevent abrasion of the cable against 
the ground. Two-thirds of the roller material is black gum. That obtained 
from timber cut in the State is mostly the species, Nyssa sylvatica, but that 
coming from a distance, usually in the form of bolts, is a mixture of the 
above named species with water gum (Nyssa Mflora) , and a small amount 
probably of tupelo (Nyssa aguatica). Black gum is frequently the common 
name for all three. The first two species are the most desirable for rollers 
because of their interlaced fiber that will not splinter nor roughen but wears 
smooth to a polish by use. Further than this, the woods possess the superior 
qualities of hardness and toughness, and on account of their abundance, 
especially in the southern states, are the lowest priced hardwoods. Maple is 
especially adapted for slope rollers, but owing to its growing scarcity and 
high price black gum has largely superseded it. Formerly maple was the 
most used wood for the purpose, but the table shows that the demand for it 
at present is only one-sixth of that of black gum. 

Veneer cores, the symmetrically round pieces left after the veneer has been 
removed by the rotary cut process, are now being used for making mine 
rollers, when the species is one of the black gums. These cores are an off- 



86 

fall that represents to a large degree a complete waste and the fact that they 
are suitable for this line of manufacture should certainly be a means of utiliz- 
ing a large quantity of this discarded material. 



Table 55a. — Wood for Mine Rollers, year ending June, 1912. 







+J 




Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


t; 


vania. 


sylvania. 


















T-l 














^ 


XJ 












a 








Kind of Wood. 






°& 


^ 






> 1 


a 

si 


a 

0) 


/" o 


O 


a 


a 

J2 










Cit 




































& 


CLi 


< 


H 


fa 


fel 



Black gum, . 
Sugar maple, 
White oak, . 

Bircli, 

Beech 



YelloAV poplar, 
Cork elm, 



1,623,960 
277,200 
212,080' 
183,200 
123,200 

12, COO 



2,-140,440 



66.54 


$24 38 


11.36 


26 99 


S.69 


30 57 


7.51 


30 70 


5.05 


30 84 


.49 


18 75 


.36 


26 14 


100. OO 


$25 99 



7,482 
6,483 
5,624 
3,799 

225 
230 



$63,431 



219,216 
277,200 
212,080 
183,200 
123,2-00 

12,000 
8,800 



1,035,696 



1,404,744 



1,404,744 



SPRAGS. 

This is a second division of this industry which deserves special attention, 
not that it represents a commodity that is important in the amount of wood 
consumed nor economically prominent in the operation of large factories and 
the use of skilled labor, but because it serves to illustrate the tendency in 
Pennsylvania towards waste utilization. 

A sprag is a cylindrical wooden commodity pointed at each end, about 21 
inches long, ranging in thickness from 2^ to 3^ inches and is used in coal 
mining operations for checking and regulating the speed of a mine car as it 
runs in and out of the laterals leading to the shafts. The speed of the car 
is checked by locking one of its wheels. This occurs when the sprag, having 
been cast between the spokes of the rotating wheel, strikes againsit the car 
still. 

Mine cars are not equipped with brakes like freight cars and upon the 
sprag often depends the safety of the car and more often a train when run- 
ning downgrade. Sprags must therefore necessarily be very strong and many 
companies are particular in the specifications of their orders for manufactur- 
ing them. Small sprags of not proper thickness are a slight economy, if any, 
as the frequent breakages entail considerable waste. Also the species of 
wood used for making them, if not of the requisite strength, hardness, and 
durability, would in nowise pay in service the expenses of making the sprags. 

This industry excludes the softwoods and a number of soft hardwoods, like 
aspen, yellow poplar, basswood, etc. Chestnut is not suitable owing to lack of 
sufficient strength, though if easily available and very cheap, it is used to a 
limited extent. The most practical sprag woods, listed according to amounts, 
are given in Table 55b following: 



d#s'!,' 






Fig. 12. — River scows after being launched, and ready to be taken to market down 

the Allegheny River. 






, . 'ft- 






r."*-^ "'^^■4»*v 



t^ »r 









"•■i^^^ 









:^ 






•^k^ ^ 



fe^^'" 










^' 



Fig. 13. — Racing shell being built by a Pennsylvania manufacturer for the Univer- 
sity of Pennsj'lvania . 









f^ ' :-,i 









-' =i 













Fig. 14.— Manufacture of mine sprags in Xortbern Pennsylvania. 




Fig. 15. — Drawing sliowing standard dimensions of a mine sprag. 



87 



Table 55b. — Wood for Sprags, year ending June, 1912. 









<H 


>^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






O 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








O 


o 
d 


vania. 


sylvania. 








tH 


.a 


















Kind of Wood. 










d 








a 




d 




1 


a 


a ■ 




F^ 




o 


d'n 


^_, 




■° 




Feet 




0) 


> 03 


Tota 


0) 


w 

fe 



White oak, 

Hickory, 

Red oak 

Sugar maple, 

LTogwood, 

Beech, 

Ash 

Locust 

Chestnut, 

Hornbeam ( ironAvood ) 

Birch, 

Black gum 

Hemlock 

Total 



1,0&1,847 
816,363 
612,845 
304,200 
139,088 

92, 325 
37 425 
31,350 
23,205 
21,684 

10.875 

4,.50O 

750 



3,186,457 



34.27 


$14 OO 


25.62 


13 51 


19.23 


14 18 1 


9.55 


13 55 1 


4.37 


15 73 


2.90 


10 71 


1.17 


21 54 


.98 


10 18 


.73 


16 42 


.68 


13 14 


.34 


14 62 


.14 


20 OO 


.02 


13 33 


ICO. 00 


$13 92 



$15,286 
11,031 
8,701 
4,121 
2,188 



806 
319 
381 
285 



159 
90 
10 



$44,366 



1,091,847 
816,363 
612,845 
304,200 
139,088 

92,325 
37,425 
31,350 
23,205 
21,684 

10,875 

750 



3,181,957 



Over 3,000,000 feet of wood is required annually for making sprags in 
Pennsylvania. This is not representative of all the material that is used as 
many of these commodities are made by hand and concerning which it is im- 
possible to get information; others are made elsewhere and shipped in for 
use in Pennsylvania collieries. 

Sprags at present are almost entirely made from young timber, pole size; 
coppice oak and maple being cut for this purpose. This is often a sacrifice 
of valuable second growth timber since it is practicable to make this com- 
modity from material considered as waste. In that connection the present 
report may aid in bringing about the utilization of woods waste, like tops, 
limbs, cut offs, fire killed poles, etc., the most difficult to market of all the 
off-fall from lumber operations. 

In this connection the Department of Forestry of Pennsylvania recently 
made a valuable experiment, an outline of the results of which will prove of 
considerable importance not only to mining companies and others owning 
their own timber, but to all interested in forest conservation. 

During the winters of 1911-12 fire killed a stand of oak and chestnut cop- 
pice 14 years old on 75 acres in one of the State Forests in the northeastern 
part of Pennsylvania. This timber was not merchantable because of the 
size and distance from market. The Department of Forestry conceived the 
idea of its sale in the form of sprags and accordingly arrangements were made 
with an owner of a sprag machine to move onto the tract and use all suit- 
able timber for making this commodity. A contract was made for manu- 
facturing and delivering the finished product to the nearest shipping point 
:for $9.30 which included, owing to distance, a cost of $4 for wagon transporta- 
tion. . Eleven dollars was the price received for the finished sprags at the sid- 
ing,, leaving a balance of $1.70 a thousand pieces for stumpage. The De- 
partment of Forestry scored a success in the undertaking partly because of 
the revenue received from the fire killed timber, otherwise a waste; also by 



88 

this operation a vast amount of what would otherwise have been debris was 
removed from the woods, assuring less of a tangle when the trees fell and 
thus allowing a closer fall to the ground and quicker decomposition. 

Ten years ago sprags were made with ax and knife, 200 per day being the 
most one man could produce. Repeated efforts were made to eliminate the 
manual work by the invention of machinery, but it was not until four years 
ago that a manufacturer made a successful device which, with the work of 
two men, enables a possible daily output of from eight to nine thousand 
sprags. In ordinary commercial runs, however, the average production with 
this machine is probably not over half the capacity. 

FIXTURES. 

The fixture manufacturers make certain lines of commodities so closely 
related to similar ones grouped under the furniture and planing mill indus- 
tries, that it is difficult at times to determine under which classification they 
properly belong. 

Generally fixtures include furnishings for oflSces, stores, lodge rooms, sa- 
loons, banks, hotel lobbies, lunch rooms, courthouses, churches, dentists' 
and surgeons' cabinets, account registers, cash registers, index files, and 
other similar commodities. The materials for making these are distinguished 
from that going into high class inside house finish such as mantels, colon- 
nades, cabinetwork, and general mill work. The latter are stationary, while 
fixtures are readily portable. Prom furniture woods they are separated ac- 
cording to the uses of the finished products. OflSce desks, book cases, store 
tables, etc., belong to furnishings of business headquarters while commodi- 
ties of the same name for residences go in the furniture class. Large manu- 
facturers specialize in one or the other lines but in small cities and towns 
where the local demand does not justify specialization the fixture makers and 
the planing mills manufacture products belonging to both industries. 

Nearly the same woods are employed for fixtures as for furniture but a 
larger part of the fixture material is of the higher grades. In both indus- 
tries the woods can be put into two classes, for outside finish and for interior 
or hidden work. Veneers enter largely into the former class and are growing 
in favor, chestnut being the favorite backing or core material. For painted 
work or store counters, bar tops, display racks, show window platforms, and 
other fixture parts, it is necessary to use solid wood instead of cheaper woods 
overlaid with veneer. This accounts for the average prices of the woods listed 
in Table 56 being higher than in the furniture industry. 

Yellow poplar, white oak, red oak, and chestnut supply the largest portion 
of the fixture material in Pennsylvania. Seventy-five per cent, of the quantity 
used is of these four kinds. Yellow poplar serves both for exterior and in- 
terior work. Its adaptability to hold paint and stains, its soft texture and even 
straight grain make it an easy material to smooth and commend it probably 
above any other wood for both exterior enameled work and for drawer bot- 
toms, reinforcements, hidden parts of skow cases, shelving, interior of wall 
cases, partitions, etc. 

Oak with its ornamental figure is universally the premier fixture wood as 
it is the foremost furniture wood. Both classes of oaks, red and white, are 
in demand, and together the amount is greater than that of any other of 
the woods the Pennsylvania fixture makers purchase. A large part of oak is 
quartered stock which merely designates the method of sawing. It is the same 
as rift sawed and arises from first cutting the log into quarters and the 
quarters into boards, the saw crossing the circles of growth at or nearly at 
right angles. Oak shows more figure when the log is sliced ordinarily into 



89 

boards but the pleasing effect of rift sawing is more in favor and besides being 
desired by the fixture makers on account of minimum shrinkage and warp. 
Birch is ahead of any other domestic wood for imitating mahogany. The 
heartwood of the tree is used for this work. Tlie sapwood has a much lighter 
color but like the heartwood is specially adapted to take stain and receive 
and hold a soft brilliant polish. Besides mahogany, birch can readily be 
stained to imitate cherry, Circassian walnut, fumed oak, bog oak, black 
walnut, and other pleasing effects. The figure of curly birch is especially at- 
tractive and it brings high prices, going into the highest grades of fixtures. 
Other finishing woods are mahogany, sugar maple, including large quantities 
of bird's eye maple, cherry, red gum, black walnut, butternut, and Cirdas- 
sian walnut. The last named is the most expensive wood and goes only into the 
most expensive work. Red gum and butternut are frequently found richly 
mottled and in some respects resembling Circassian walnut. For that reason 
they are most frequently used of any domestic wood to be finished in imita- 
tion of this foreign wood. 

This industry calls on the State for only a limited portion of its raw ma- 
terial. Only a little more than one-third of the total was reported as home cut 
and of the entire amount of eleven of the woods shipped in from other states, 
two-thirds were oak and yellow poplar which being demanded in high grades 
made it necessary to obtain a large portion in regions where the virgin stands 
of these species are the most abundant. States in the southern Appalachians 
furnished most of this material. Of the woods listed in the fixture table that 
are abundantly cut in Pennsylvania the chestnut, birch, sugar maple, bass- 
wood, cherry, beech, ash, black walnut, and butternut, most of the supply 
used was State-grown. The fixture manufacturers, therefore, like the other 
class of manufacturers using home-grown material should be vitally inter- 
ested in conservation and the movement looking to the State's future timber 
supply. 

Table 56. — Wood for Fixtures, year ending June, 1912. 







■H 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




B 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






O 


cS 


vania. 


sylvania. 








.O 




































a 








Kind of Wood. 






>> 


«H 








a 


^ 


"b 


o 


a 


a 




^ 


a 

0) 


2 




.a 


^ 




4-3 








+j 


4_) 








< 




Fee 


CI 



Yellow poplar, 

■^hite oak 

Red oali, 

Chestnut, 

Birch 

White pine 

Sugar maple, 

Mahogany, 

Basswood 

Ked and silver maple, 

Shortleaf pine 

Loblolly pine 

Cherry (black), 

Cypress (bald), ... 

Red gum 

Beech, 

Ash 

Hemlock, , 

Cottonwood, 

Longleaf pine 



2,237 
2,127 
2, ICO, 

1,S03 
832 

452, 
366 
332, 
269, 
260, 



256,000 
153.000 
128,700 
111,800 
94,000 

71,000 
49,900 
44,300 
40,000 
39,500 



18.82 


$37 21 


17.89 


59 79 


17.67 


41 36 


15.17 


25 16 


1 7.00 


36 60 


! 3.81 


45 64 


1 3.08 


23 17 


1 2.80 


135 11 


2.27 


33 92 


2.19 


15 00 


2.15 


25 92 


1.29 


22 17 


1.08 


66 14 


.94 


37 38 


.79 


44 00 


.60 


21 85 


.42 


58 62 


.37 


26 64 


.34 


38 50 


.33 


32 41 



$83,229 
127,184 
86,902 
45,364 
30,461 

20,649 
8,482 

44,910 
9,12S 
3,900 

6,635 
3,392 

8.512 
4,179 
4,136 

1,551 
2,925 
1,180 
1,540 
1,280 



167,500 
303,600 
509, 500 
1,114,250 
438,500 

100, 450 
317,500 



176,100 
260,000 



83,250 



60,000 
41,000 
30, 300 
20,000 



2,.C'69,500 

1,823,510 

1,591,450 

689,100 

393,800 

352,000 
48,500 

332,400 
93,000 



256,000 
153, OOO 

45,450 

111,800 

94,000 

11,000 
8,900 
14,000 
20,000 
J9.50O 



90 



Table 56— Concluded. 









hJ 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








o 


03 


1 vania. 


1 sylvania. 








" 


.n 










































a 








Kind of Wood. 








o ^ 










a 




^ 


° 




a 


a 




^ 




a 

0) 


M^ 




,o 


si 








(S 


<1 


Tota 


« 

^ 


0) 



Black walnut, 

Sugar pine 

Western white pine. 

Pitch pine 

Butternut 



Spruce, 

Black gum 

Hickory, 

Kedwood, 

Circassian walnut. 



Total, 



35,860 


.30 


82 91 


•15,000 


.21 


65 OO 


20,500 


.17 


46 78 


20,000 


.17 


16 OO 


13,500 


.11 


44 30 


1,500 


.01 


42 CO 


1,000 


.01 


28 OO 


l.OflO 


.01 


65 OO 


5C0 


* 


55 00 


500 


* 


250 00 


11,888,220 


100'. 00 


$42 25 



2,&73 

1,625 

&59 

320 



$502,323 



2S,860 



20,000 

13,500 



1,000 



7,000 
25,000 
20,500 



1,500 
1,000 



50O 
500 



3,685,310 8,202,910 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

CLOTH, HOSIERY BOARDS, ETC. 

Cloth boards, commonly called wrapping boards, upon which to wind woolen 
and other textile goods, hosiery boards used in stocking factories and stores, 
hammer boards for beating brass and other sheet metals, and lap boards used 
by the seamstress, are the commodities which have been classed under Table 
57. The largest part of the total was for cloth boards and the species used 
were loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, yellow poplar, and white pine. The size 
of cloth boards varies from 6 to 8 inches wide and from 16 to 20 inches long 
and one-fourth to five-eights of an inch thick. 

Sugar maple supplies the entire demand for hosiery boards or driers. They 
are made of j inch material which is strong, dense and not liable to 
roughen up or splinter. Yellow poplar sufficed for sewing or lap boards and 
for stocking forms. Because maple does not split easily and is strong and 
hard, it is preferred of all woods for hammer boards. Considerable ma- 
terial is used in Pennsylvania for the manufacture of ironing and sleeve 
boards, meat, pastry, and steak boards or planks, but these have been listed 
and referred to under the industry entitled "Woodenware." 



Table 57 — ^Wood for Boards, Cloth, Hosiery, etc., year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 



Quantity. 





ii 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 




o 


oi 


vania. 


sylvania. 




,-H 


<M 










^ 








r^ 


'~ 








St 


6 








^_, 










l^ 


■w 






^ 


"S 


6 


a 


S 






^ 






y 


cS"" 


^ 


a - 


Xi 


iS 


< 


H 


Feet 


Feet 



Shortleaf pine, 
Yellow poplar, 
White pine, . . 
Loblolly pine, 
Sugar maple, 

Total, ... 



8,000,000 
1,070,000 
1,000>,000 
1,000,000 
705,000 



11,775,000 



67.94 


$25 OO 


9.09 


29 38 


S.49 


32 OO 


8.49 


18 13 


5.99 


46 45 


100.00 


• $26 69 



$200,000' 
31,440 
32,000 
18,125 
32,750 



$314,315 



50,000 



8,000,000 

1,070,000 

1,000,000 

1,000,000 

655,000 



50,000 I 11,725,000 



91 

PATTERNS AND FLASKS. 
Table 58 shows that nearly eleven and a half million feet of lumher are re- 
quired annually in Pennsylvania for making patterns, flasks, and for other 
needs of the moulders and foundrymen. Of this amount nearly 80 per cent, is 
v/hite pine. All of this did not go for patterns, since white pine was demanded 
for flasks in greater amounts than was any other wood. It is, however, the 
predominant pattern wood not alone in Pennsylvania, but throughout the 
country at large. Its suitability is due above all to its susceptibility to hold 
shape under atmospheric changes, to its grain being close, straight, and 
even, with obscure figure, to its being easily worked, and at the same time 
not so soft as to be injured by rough usage, and to its being light in weight 
and easily portable. Since the pattern must be designed in the exact shape 
and dimensions of the article to be moulded, the highest grades of lumber are 
required, and, in many cases, material of considerable width is required 
and is usually often quarter-sawed, which will not warp as easily as straight 
sawn lumber cut without regard to grain. These are the factors which have 
increased the cost of this species to the point of creating a demand for a sub- 
stitute wood. Thus far no kind of wood experimented upon has been equal 
to white pine. It will be noticed that the western white pine cut in the Rocky 
Mountains appears in the table and also the sugar pine of California. Neither 
of these woods can be distinguished at sight from the eastern white pine. The 
western white pine is heavier than the eastern, and the sugar pine more 
resinous. The kinds of wood used for patterns in Pennsylvania are as follows: 

White pine. Yellow poplar. 

Cherry. White oak. 

Mahogany. Black walnut. 

Sugar maple. Butternut. 

Sugar pine. Teak. 

Western white pine. Silver maple. 
Redwood. 

Standard patterns, or patterns used often and therefore submitted to con- 
siderable wear, are made as durable as possible. For these very hard dense 
wood is required and mahogany, cherry, butternut, sugar maple, black wal- 
nut, and teak wood — the latter a foreign wood — are the ones used in Penn- 
sylvania. Large patterns, like those for moulding massive machine parts 
can not with economy be used entirely of these woods. Only the parts that 
come in direct contact with the sand, where the greatest wear is, are made 
of hardwoods, the inside or filler being of a softer, cheaper wood, and one 
more easily worked, such as white pine, sugar pine, yellow poplar, or red- 
wood. Mahogany is the best of the hardwoods for patterns, though cherry is 
the favorite of the domestic woods. These are of even straight grain and less 
liable to shrink and swell when enclosed in the matrices of damp sand. In 
addition they stand well the ramming, knocking, and rough usage a standard 
pattern receives. Sugar maple would be more used than it is were it not for 
its tendency to warp. Being hard, of straight, compact structure, with a 
capacity to wear smooth , and easily worked , it otherwise possesses excellent 
qa.?J{iies for pattern material. 

For fiasks lower grades of lumber are required than for patterns. Flasks 
serve as the frame or box, holding the sand in which to make the mould. 
A two-part flask is used when the pattern is in two pieces, one resting upon 
the other, the upper part is the cope, the lower the nowel. Flask material 
does not last long, its destruction being due more to frequent burning than to 
the general rough wear. The firing results from intense heat of the sand after 
the molten metal is poured into the mould. Buckets of water are conveniently 



92 

at hand to extinguish a blaze as soon as it Is discovered. Wood slow to take 
fire is the best flask materia,!, though choice is usually limited to kinds near 
at hand or that are cheap. Redwood , when not too costly is preferred , because 
it is generally conceded to be more fireproof than any other domestic wood. 
Coating the inside of flasks with a fireproof chemical has been tried recently 
as an experiment. Flask woods in order of their importance in Pennsylva- 
nia are as follows: 



White pine. 
Loblolly pine. 
Hemlock. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Longleaf pine. 
Yellow poplar. 
Spruce. 
Chestnut. 



White oak. 
Pitch pine. 
Norway pine. 
Sugar maple. 
White elm. 
Red oak. 
Beech. 



The Pennsylvania forests furnished only one-fourth of the total pattern 
material used. This was probably due to the diminishing stand of white 
pine timber in the State of the size demanded by the high grade lumber 
pattern makers. Nearly seven-ninths of all that was used was shipped in from 
West Virginia, the Great Lakes region, and western states. 

Table 58. — Wood for Patterns and Flasks, year ending June, 1912. 









*H 


>, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




3 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 


ce 


I vania. 


1 syl vania. 








,-1 


^ 














Xi 


























a 








Kind of Wood. 






8& 


•^ 








a 


a 




o 


B 


a 




.Q 


o 


Oj=H 


,—1 


^ 


^ 




fa 


t^ 

iS 


< 


o 


Feet 


0) 

fa 



White pine, 

Loblolly pine, 

Hemlock, 

Shortleaf pine, 

Longleaf pine 

Spruce, 

Redwood 

Chestnut 

Cherry (black), 

Mahogany, 

Sugar maple 

Sugar pine, 

Yellow poplar, 

Pitch pine, 

Norway pine, 

Western white pine, . 

White oak, 

White elm, 

Black walnut, 

Bed oak, 

Beech, 

Butternut 

Teak 

Red and silver maple 
Black gum, 

Total 



9,141,449 
579, 000 
291,500 
242,012 
234,000 

223,988 
136,00'0 
128,200 
86,894 
86,268 

50, 550 
50, 0'OO 
46, SO'O 
44,000 
43,040 

28,000 
24,000 
15,000 

14,500 
12,000 

10,000 
5,210 
1,400 
1,000 



11,495,01] 



79.53 


$56 09 


5.04 


20 27 


2.54 


18 37 


2.11 


20 89 


2.04 


20 70 


1.95 


33 63 


1.18 


60.74 


1.11 


19 24 


.76 


71 58 


.75 


124 92 


.44 


47 46 


.43 


85 00 


.40 


38 82 


.38 


20 84 


.37 


28 00 


.24 


56 93 


.21 


39 50 


.13 


33 00 


.13 


50 00 


.10 


25 OO 


.09 


25 00 


.05 


79 85 


.01 


250 OO 


.01 


55 OO 


1 * 


. 24 OO 


lOO.OO 


?51 39 



$512,735 
11,738 
5,356 
5,066 
4,844 

7,533 
8,260 
2,466 
6,220 
10,777 

2,399 

4,250 

1,806 

917 

1,205 

1,594 
948 
495 
725 
300 

250 
416 
350 
55 
12 



$590,706 



2,276,198 


6,865,251 
579 OOO 


291, 500 






242,012 
234,000 

179,988 
136,000 




44,000 


47,500 
54,644 


80,700 
32,250 
86,268 


38,850 


11,700 
50,000 
9,000 
2,500 
43,040 


37,500 
41,500 




28,000 


24,000 






15 OOO 


4,500 
12,000' 


10,000 


10,000 




3,900 


1,310 
1,400 


l.OOO 




50O 






2,887,092 


8,607,919 



*Less than l-lOO of 1 per cent. 



93 

HANDLES. 

Other states take precedence over Pennsylvania in the quantity of wood 
annually consumed in the manufacture of handles, but it is probable that none 
surpasses it in the different kinds of handles made. The principal ones re- 
ported have been listed and the woods from which they are made arranged in 
order of quantity as follows: 

Axe Handles. Fork Handles. 

White ash. White ash. 

Hickory. Cherry. 

White oak. 

CJ-.ab Maul Handles. 

Brick Troioel Handles. Hornbeam. 

Dogwood. Hickory. 

Persimmon. 

Hammer Handles. 
Broom Handles. ^j^j^^ ^^^^ 

Basswood. Hickory. 

Beech. 

Bifc'h."'''^^^' Hatcnet Handles. 

Hickory. 
Butcher Knife Handles. White ash. 

Birch. 

Beech. Hay Knife Hayidles. 

Sugar maple. White ash. 

Cant Hook Handles. jjoe Handles. 

Sugar maple. White ash. 

Hornbeam. g,^,gar mapls. 

Hickory. Bggch. 

^ . „ , Birch. 

Carrying Poles. 

Hornbeam. Instrument Handles. 

Hickory. Rosewood. 

Chisel Handles. 

Jack Handles. 
Coal Pick Handles. Hickory. 

White oak. Sugar maple. 

Sugar maple. ^, „ , „ ,, 

White ash. Mallet Handles. 

Sweet birch. Dogwood. 

Hickory. Hornbeam. 

Hickory. 
Concrete Ra')nmer Handles 

Hickory. Maul Handles. 

Hornbeam. Hickory. 

Crosscut Saw Handles. Mop Handles. 

Beech. Beech. 

Sugar maple. ' Si'gar maple. 

Hickory. Birch. 

Basswood. 
Door Knohs. 

Sugar maple. Pcavey Handles. 

Hornbeam. 
D-Fork Handles. Hickory. 

White ash. 

Pick Handles. 
D-Shovel Handles. Hickory. 

White ash. White oak. 

Sugar maple. Hornbeam. 



94 



Pipe Wrench Handles. 
Basswood. 

Plastering Trowel Handles. 
Basswood. 

Pole Brush Handles. 
Basswood. 
White ash. 
Shortleaf pine. 

Rake Handles. 
Sugar maple. 
Beech. 
Bircli. 
Ash. 

Saddler's Tool Handles. 
Black walnut. 

Sad Iron Handles. 
Red gum. 

Sand Rammer Handles. 
Hickory. 
Hornbeam. 

Saio Frames. 
Red Oak. 
Birch. 
Sugar maple. 



Saw Handles. 
Red gum. 
Sweet birch. 
Applewood. 
Beech. 

Spade Handles. 
White ash. 
Black ash. 

S'pud Handles. 
Hickory. 
Hornbeam. 
Sugar maple. 
Beech. 

Stamper Handles. 
Hornbeam. 
Hickory. 

Street Brooms. 
Beech. 

Sugar maple. 
Hickory. 

Track Tool Handles. 
White oak. 
Hickory. 
Sugar maple. 
White ash. 



Hickory is unquestionably the best wood used for long-handle tools, includ- 
ing the maul, axe, striking hammer, sledge, and track tools used on rail- 
roads for construction work and for maintenance of way. Besides exceptional 
strength, this wood possesses other important qualities for handle material, — 
weight, stiffness, shock-resisting ability, and susceptibility to wear smooth 
by use. Manufacturers of this class of handles usually specialize in this line, 
since the processes of manufacture and the machinery required are distinct 
from those employed in making other classes. Hickory is becoming scarcer 
each year, and this fact has induced a number of northern handle makers 
to move southward nearer to the source of the largest supply. Not a few 
firms, however, continue to maintain factories in the north and to ship 
billets, bolts, and rough-turned handle stock from the south to the north as 
far as Connecticut and New Hampshire. 

It is interesting to note from the following table that the Pennsylvania 
hickory handle manufacturers procure 66 per cent, of their raw material from 
the State. It would be well for farmers and timber owners in Pennsylvania 
who own stands of hickory to understand the increasing demand for the wood 
for handles and that second-growth hickory- is preferred. This tree is not a 
rapid grower but it is not so slow as many other trees and it will soon prove 
a good investment to preserve stands of second-growth hickory to aid their 
development, and to cut the timber only as it becomes large enough for handle 
bolts. The list given below shows the kinds of wood which are being tried as 
substitutes for hickory in handle making, white oak, cow oak, swamp oak, 
sugar maple, hornbeam, and ash being the principal ones. For coal-pick 
handles these woods are suitable and most largely used, there being less 
strain as to strength and shock-resisting than if used for the more strenuous 
work of the pick, axe, and maul. 



95 

The manufacture of fork and garden tool handles is another distinct class 
of this industry. What hickory is for the axe, pick, and sledge, white ash 
is to this class, namely, the pitch-fork and hay-fork, the long handle and D- 
shovel, and the hoe, rake, etc. Stiffness, toughness, aijd strength without 
excessive weight are the properties which commend ash for this use. It is 
surprising that the handle manufacturers demanding this wood procure only 
58 per cent, of their requirements from State-grown woods. This condition 
offers another opportunity to timber owners to encourage the growing of ash 
for handle stock, to meet the demand of the increasing home market. In 
forest management ash is an important tree. It is a fairly rapid grower 
and is not particular as to situation, as are many other trees. 

Other woods serve with ash for meeting the demand for this class of handles, 
but they are used in considerably smaller quantities. In the order of their 
importance, they are sugar maple, beech, birch, and cherry. In other states 
elm, sycamore, and soft maple are included. 

More wood in Pennsylvania is reiiuired for broom and mop handles than 
for any other class, and like hickory handles, the manufacturer makes no 
other kinds. The maples, chiefly sugar maple, the birches and beech be- 
cause they turn well and wear smooth in use, and to a less extent, bass- 
wood, red gum, ash, and sycamore, are the broom and mop handle woods; 
and all of them are reported being used in Pennsylvania. Sugar maple is 
preferred and only a few years ago was most used. Its demand for other uses 
at higher prices is probably the chief cause for bringing birch into first place. 
High grade material is required for broom handles and squares are usually 
cut direct from the log, the less desirable being put into mop handles. Mop 
handle squares were found being bolted in Pennsylvania from slabs and 
edgings of sawmills cutting beech, birch, and maple. 

For handles where weight is not an objection and strength is the foremost 
consideration, hornbeam or ironwood has been found very satisfactory. Cant 
hook and peavey handles, stomper and rammer handles are examples. 

Applewood is very well adapted for handsaw handles, being hard, suf- 
ficiently strong, of uniform texture, and susceptible of high polish. The 
attractive uniform color has caused it to become the principal wood for bet- 
ter grades of handles. Red gum, cherry, and sweet birch have proved satis- 
factory for saw handles, but more because they can be finished to resemble 
applewood closely than because of any other special quality which they pos- 
sess. Beech furnishes the material for cheaper grades. Its color is against 
it and also the fact that it is not capable of high polish, but its toughness 
and greater strength and ability to wear smooth probably make it nearly equal 
to applewood. Other woods used for saw handles but not reported in Penn- 
sylvania are mahogany and black walnut. Saw frames for buck saws are of 
red oak, birch, and maple and handles of crosscut saws are of sugar maple, 
hickory, and beech. 

The bricklayers' trowels have handles of dogwood and persimmon. These 
woods are dense in structure and among the hardest domestic woods and 
therefore best stand the wear for use as a hammer for imbedding the brick 
into mortar after placing it. The plaster trowels are made of basswood. Be- 
ing porous this wood absorbs the moisture from the wet hand of the mechanic 
and it is claimed does not slime. In the New England states popple or aspen 
is used for the same reason. 



96 



Table 59. — Wood for Handles, year ending June, 1912, 









+J 


k. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






s 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








1 


C3 


1 Tanla. 


, sylvania. 








■^ 


XJ 










































Q* 








Kind of Wood. 


■ 






8& 


<w 








a 




_ij 






a 


a 




si 






SJ3 03 




^ 


x: 




% 




t-t 


> C3 


03 

o 


1 






fe 




Ck 


< 


H 


fa 


fe 



Hickory, 

Sugar maple, . 

Ash, 

Beech 

Hornbeam, 

Bireli 

Red gum, 

White oak, ... 
Applpwood, . . . 
Basswood, 

Red oak, . 

Shortleaf pine. 
Cherry (black 
Persimmon, ... 
Black walnut. 

Ebony 

Dogwood, 

Rosewood, 

Total, . . . 



3,973,350 
2,307,850 
1,969,750 
1,752,300 
415,500 

207,750 
195,000 
59,000 
50,000 
41,200 

15,000 
12,000 
7,500 
7,000 
1,050 

327 
230 
100 



11,014,907 



36.07 


$31 97 


20.95 


19 02 


17. 8S 


28 45 


15.91 


17 31 


3.77 


49 53 


1.89 


18 13 


1.77 


29 38 


.54 


27 42 


.45 


40 OO 


.38 


29 73 


.14 


17 50 


.11 


30 00 


.07 


50 OO 


.06 


54 00 


.01 


81 90 


* 


305 81 


» 


67 57 


t 


360 OO 


100. 00 


?26 68 



$127,045 
43,897 
56,032 
30,412 
20,580 

3,766 
5,730 
1,618 
2,000 
1,225 

263 
360 

375 
378 



$293,919 



2,599,300 
1,727,700 
1,130,750 
1,302,800 
315,500 

205,250 



59,000 
25,000 
41,200 

15,000 



2,500 

'i.'oso 



7,425,050 



1,374,050 
580,150 
839,000 
449,500 
100,000 

2,500 
195,000 

""25i666 



12,000 
5,000 
7,000 

327 
230 
100 



3,589,857 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

LAUNDRY APPLIANCES. 

The fourteen woods demanded by the Pennsylvania manufacturers for mak- 
ing laundry accessories are listed in Table 60 following and they aggregate 
a cut of over nine million feet. Four Woods, sugar maple, beech, birch, and 
yellow poplar, contributed nearly 70 per cent, of the total. Of these sugar 
maple is the most important, in quantity furnishing more than one-half of 
the entire demand. Four woods were cut entirely outside of the State but 
nearly three-fourths of the aggregate employed grew in Pennsylvania, show- 
ing to what extent this industry, is dependent upon the forest resources of 
the State and why manufacturers should be interested in the movement to 
protect and improve the forests. 

Clothespins are the smallest commodity grouped under this heading but 
they are not the least important as more wood is used for their manufacture 
than for any other laundry product. Over four million feet is the amount 
annually required. Fine grained beech and sugar maple in nearly equal quan- 
tities were the principal woods used. The other kinds include birch and 
yellow poplar. The last named and maple also are used for making clip 
pins, which are two wooden scales held together by a wire spring. The woods 
used in Pennsylvania as clothespin material are the same as those used in 
other states except in Virginia where the manufacturers report black gum, 
both the water gum and cotton gum varieties, which in those parts are in- 
discriminately called black gum. Three processes are necessary in the manu- 
facture of clothespins, (1) the rough billets are turned to proper form, (2) 
they are put through another machine which slits them, (3) they are finally 
consigned into revolving cylinders to be tumbled or smoothed by abrasion. 



97 

Ironing boards and stands are an important part of tliis industry and the 
woods used are selected according to their fitness for the several parts. The 
frames or the collapsible stand upon which the boards rest require a strong 
wood and one that turns readily. Sugar maple and beech are reported in 
Pennsylvania while in Michigan elm and yellow birch joined with these in 
furnishing this material. Ironing boards are preferably of a wood that is 
soft and easily smoothed and one that in the presence of high temperature 
holds its shape well. It should be made of light weight wood so as to be 
easily portable. Cottonwood answers well but buckeye, basswood, yellow 
poplar, and white pine are probably the favorites. Besides regular-size iron- 
ing boards, these woods were also reported for skirt and sleeve boards used for 
specialty work. 

Beech, birch, and maple, because they are strong, tough, and not easily 
split, were reported for making clothes racks, sometimes called horses, and 
for clothes driers. Light weight wood like basswood or aspen were used for 
the stringers. The racks are made of turned stock and fold together like a 
screen. The driers are revolving reels through the arms of which wire is 
strung for hanging clothes. These include the ones that are temporarily 
attachable to back porches of apartment buildings and also the kinds that 
are placed in back yards. Adjustable curtain stretchers used in laundering 
lace and other thin fabric window curtains are included in this industry. 
Basswood was the only wood used while a large amount of loblolly pine was 
called on for clothes props. 

Mangles are ironing machines used for domestic purposes in ironing flat 
work such as table and bed linen, towels, handkerchiefs, etc. In appear- 
ance they resemble clothes wringers, having their rolls operating at a tangent. 
Some of them are intended only for cold ironing or smoothing. In these the 
rolls are of wood and the pressure of the rolls alone does the work giving 
the clothes the same smooth appearance as if hot ironed. In Pennsylvania 
they are made alone of sugar maple but the Michigan report also shows 
beech and elm though in much smaller quantities. Machines are also made 
for hot ironing and in these the upper roll is hollow metal heated while 
the lower one is wood covered with padding and a top dress of muslin. Mangle 
rollers vary in size from 3* inches in diameter and 20 inches long to 6 inches 
diameter and 24 inches long. 

Washing machines are of various designs and shapes, some in box form, 
some conical shape similar to a wash tub, and others are cylindrical. The 
last named is the design used in steam laundries. Cypress is more suitable 
than any other wood for washing machine bodies because it is less liable to 
warp and more durable in situations of alternating moisture and dryness. 
Ash and to a small extent white pine were also reported. Of the Pacific coast 
woods, redwood seems to give the best result. On account of the strength 
of sugar maple it was called on for the legs of washing machines; and 
beaters or agitators which work inside of the machine to turn the clothes 
in washing are made of beech or maple. 

The reasons which commend cypress for washing machines make it the 
principal wood for wash tubs In Michigan spruce was the favorite wood 
while the Illinois manufacturers used cypress, cotton gum, and red gum in 
the order named. The increasing use of these woods, especially cotton gum, 
which is tupelo, is worthy of note. 

For washboards, the manufacturers require woods that are light in color, 
especially for the print board, which is stenciled. Yellow poplar alone is 
called on in this State but in Ohio, Illinois, and Michigan, basswood, Cot- 
tonwood, and cotton gum were demanded. Washboard sides or posts are 



98 

made from beech and sugar maple. Tlie former is more extensively used. 
The rubbing surface at one time was made of maple and beech, but now 
metal or glass rubs have been substituted. 



Table 



-Wood for Laundry Appliances, year ending June, 1912. 







-.j 


h 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




s - 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






1 


s 


vania. 


, sylvania. 








X! 

d 






Kind of Wood. 
















O >j 


<M 








a 


a 


-g 

11 


o 


a 


a 

J2 






0) 




1 


1 





Sugar maple, 

Beech, 

Birch 

Yellow poplar, 

Cottonwood, 

Basswood, 

Yellow buckeye, . . . 
Red and silver maple, 

hite pine 

Cypress (bald), 

White oak, 

Red oak, 

Chestnut, 

Ash 

Total 



6,340,500 

1,432,000 

1,090,000 

610,000 

500,000 

437,000 
125,000 
80, OOO 
78,200 
39,000 

3O,0'0O 

30,000 

3,000 

1,000 

10,795,700 



58.73 


$23 75 


13.26 


15 95 


10.10 


13 72 


5.65 


16 44 


4.63 


32 90 


4.05 


32 52 


1.16 


28 OO 


.74 


25 OO 


.72 


35 92 


.36 


39 10 


.28 


23 50 


.28 


23 50 


.03 


24 00' 


.01 


25 OO 


lOO.OO 


$22 17 



150,613 
22,842 
13,860 
10,030 
16,450 

14,210 
3,500 
1,990 
2,809 
1,525 

706 

705 

72 

25 



$239,336 



3,385.500 

1,352,000 

1,070,000 

500,000 



108,500 

125,000 

42,500 

25,000 



10,000 
10,000 
2,000 
1,000 



6,631,500 



2,955,000 
80,000 
20,000 
110,000 
500,000 

328,500 

""37 ,'506 
53,200 
39,000 

20,000 
20,000 

1,000 



4,164,200 



CIGAR BOXES. 

Cigar boxes are the only wooden tobacco containers made in Pennsylvania 
and the woods required solely for this purpose are listed in Table 61. In a 
number of southern states, plug and twist tobacco boxes were included with 
cigar box lumber and the factories known as the tobacco box Industry. 
Cigar box material is bought as thin lumber and veneer, the former usually 
5-32 of an inch in thickness. This material, as is customary in commerce, 
was reported in terms of superficial feet. To make it comparable with the 
other tables of this report, however, it was reduced to board measure and 
valued on that basis. For this reason the cost of the material may appear 
somewhat high, especially since the cost of manufacture has not been elimi- 
nated nor has any allowance been made for waste. The prices range from 
$20 to $30 per thousand feet surface measure for Spanish cedar, $12.50 to 
$16.50 for yellow poplar and basswood and $14 to $17.50 for cotton gum 
and red gum. 

Though the eastern part of Pennsylvania raises the best grades of leaf to- 
bacco, the center of the cigar box industry is not located there but in the 
Pittsburgh region where the manufacture of stogies and cigars has gained 
a reputation. 

Spanish cedar, it is claimed, gives a delicate odor to the cigars which is 
attributed to no other wood. This accounts for the fact that it is the principal 
cigar box wood not only in Pennsylvania but in the country at large. Spanish 
eedar is native to the West Indies and Central America and is brought to 
this country in log form to be manufactured. It is a broad leafed tree and 
not a relative of the domestic cedars or junipers which are conifers. 



99 

Not all of the Spanish cedar goes into cigar boxes as thin lumber. Much 
of it is veneer glued to a native wood that is thicker and this two-ply stock 
supplies a large part of the demand of the cigar box material and at a price 
considerably below that asked for Spanish cedar lumber. Yellow pop- 
lar, cotton gum, basswood, and red gum are the domestic woods which 
furnish most of the veneer backing. Yellow poplar is used in larger quan- 
tities in Pennsylvania than the combined amounts of the three other woods, 
probably because western Pennsylvania is near to the center of the yellow 
poplar lumber producing region. This region, together with a part of Penn- 
sylvania, includes mainly West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, Tennessee, and 
southern Ohio. Tupelo or cotton gum and red gum are equally well suited 
for built-up material. They work easily and with the recent improvement 
in kiln drying veneer the objection formerly made to their tendency to twist 
and warp has been largely overcome. The decreasing supply of yellow poplar 
and its large demand for many other uses are bringing cotton and red gum 
rapidly to the front for this line of manufacture. 

The domestic woods used are not all overlaid with Spanish cedar veneer. 
They are extensively cut to full thickness for boxes of solid lumber. To give 
these woods a cigar box appearance, which means to make it resemble Spanish 
cedar, the process of stamping is resorted to and improvements in this line 
give it an effect which makes it difficult without close inspection to dis- 
tinguish the imitations from the cedar. Where domestic woods are inde- 
pendently used, most often the inside of the box is covered with litho paper, 
advertising the name of the cigar and maker. Waste in cigar box manu- 
facture is largely utilized; the ends and sides can be made from what is 
left after cutting the tops and bottoms. 

Table 61. — Wood for Cigar Boxes, year ending June, 1912. 









«H 


tj 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




i 


o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Of Penn- 
sylvania . 






























Kind of Wood. 








o. 
o 1^ 


o 








a 




? 


o 

<D O 


i 


a 


a 












._, 


.Q 


X2 




s 
fe 




S 


< 


03 

o 
H 


0) 


Hi 



Spanish cedar. 
Cotton gum, . 
Yellow poplar, 

Red gum, 

Basswood, 

Total, ... 



5,800,160 
2,043,917 

1,041,928 
549,750 
495,000 

9,930,755 



5S.41 


$112 71 


20.58 


63 37 


10.49 


75 31 


5.54 


49 79 


4.98 


64.95 


lOO.OO 


$92 77 



?653,735 

129,519 

78,465 

27,373 

32,150 



$921,242 



24,500 



24,500 



5,800,160 

2,043,917 

1,017,428 

549,750 

495,000 

9,906,255 



WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 
The commodities produced by the factories grouped under this industry 
are many and varied. This accounts for the twenty different woods listed 
in Table 62, including small quantities of two foreign woods, rosewood and 
lignum-vitae. The total consumption of wood in this industry was over eight 
and one-half million feet annually and beech, mostly home-grown, was used 
in quantities greater than the total of any other five woods listed. Basswood 
represented the greatest amount of shipped-in material, a little over three- 
fourths of it coming from NeAV York and West Virginia. 



100 

Woodenware refers to useful household articles, such as pails, buckets, 
freezers, hose reels, snow shovels, rat and mouse traps, comb boxes, broom 
holders, and towel racks, and also to utensils important in the equipment of 
kitchens, such as pastry and pie boards, meat boards, rolling pins, slaw 
cutters, fish and steak planks, lemon squeezers, potato mashers, etc. A 
portion of the pails made by this industry in Pennsylvania is for candy 
packages. Though these may more properly belong to the box industry, 
they have been included here with other pails and buckets, the method of 
manufacture being identical and the same factories making both styles. 
While white pine is the favorite wood for pail staves in Pennsylvania, as 
it is in nearly all other states where this industry is important, a few of the 
softer hardwoods like basswood, yellow poplar, buckeye, and willow are also 
employed. Bales or handles of buckets are rarely made by the pail manu- 
facturer. The variety wood-workers or manufacturers specializing in all 
kinds of turnings furnish them. Beech, birch, and maple are used in the 
largest quantities. 

Mouse traps belong to this industry. They are made of beech, yellow 
poplar, red gum, sugar maple, and white elm in the order named, and over 
1,500,000 feet of these woods are annually required for their making. Sugar 
maple and holly were used for rolling pins, the latter being shipped from 
Arkansas and being desired because of its density, toughness, whitish color, 
and its capacity to turn well. Beech being strong and not imparting a taste 
went for lemon squeezers except for the bowls which required a harder, 
denser wood. Lignum-vitae, sent in from the West Indies, was found most 
suitable and is used for expensive squeezers while glass bowls answered for 
cheaper ones. 

Planks for cooking planked fish and steaks have been made for years from 
one wood , principally white oak. Originally a common surfaced oak board met 
the demand but now they are manufactured in various shapes and sizes to fit 
the holders into which they are placed for service. To keep the essences 
from running off the plank they are frequently grooved which adds also to their 
appearance when not in use. Rosewood was the only foreign wood reported 
for toddy sticks but sugar maple and beech are most commonly used. 

Novelties are of so many different kinds that space here will not allow an 
attempt to name them. Novelty makers themselves can hardly list all the 
different articles they make because they produce specialties of all kinds, 
mostly to order, and usually have no standard lines. Those marked with 
an * in the legend of the accompanying illustration will give an idea of the 
class of commodities included as novelties. 

Table 62. — ^Wood for Woodenware and Novelties, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 





. 


ty. 


«+-i 




-■ 










n 




+j 




o >^ 










a 








Oh 


< 



Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



Beech, 

Sugar maple, 
Basswood, .. 

Ash, 

White elm, . 



3,639,000 


42.44 


120 46 


1, (MO, 500 


12.13 


23 34 


944, O0« 


11.01 


24 26 


634,500 


7.40 


30 67 


500,000 


B.S3 


2S 00 



$74,446 
24,280 
22,905 
19,462 
14,000 



3,356,000 
737.500 
228,500 
259,500 



2S3,0OO 
303, OOO 
715,500 
375,000 
500,000 



. . " ',■"'' 



"«^, t'-'Y 






I i'- 






I 



I 



1.1 



I I 



>^ 



^ I 

,0 

o I 

N , 



IComp/efe r/as. 




n Cope 




J- AJOi. ) %- _^ 



/yp. - --T.Cope. 
2. A^oM/e/ 






3. Sof/v/n boarcf 

^. Cop>a 6a^ ^^9^^~ ^ Botf-or?7 doarc^ 




Fig. 19. — Sixty different kinds of novelties made by one 
manufacturer of Pennsylvania. 



dp:scription of figure 19. 

*1 . Plumber's turnpin — dogwood . 

2. File handle — black walnut. 

3. Candlestick — soft maple. 

4. Drift plug (plumber's) — dogwood. 
*5. Banner pole emblem — yellow poplar. 
*6. Banner pole emblem — yellow poplar. 

7. Turned handles, bench tools — sugar maple. 

8. Rolling pin — sugar maple. 

9. Bench rammer, foundry tool, made from 10. 

10. Rough square — sugar maple. 

11. Ten pin, made from 10. 
13. Duck pin, made from 12. 

15. Indian club made from 14 (rough square) — yellow poplar, 
*16 . Ga vel — rosewood . 

17. Tinner's mallet — lignum-vitae. 

18. Carpenter's mallet — dogwood, maple handle. 

19. Dental mallet — dogwood. 
*20. Flag pole top — sugar maple. 

21. Foundry mallet — dogwood, maple handle. 

22. Spoons — soft maple. 

*23. Baseboard, mounting used by taxidermist — red oak. 
*24. Watch case frame — yellow poplar. 

25. Plasterer's houck — sugar maple. 

28. Bung starter, made from rough square 27 — dogwood. 
*29. Candle pedestal — yellow poplar. 

*31. Policeman's club — rosjwood, made from rough square 30. 
*33. Watchman's billy — mahogany, made from rough square 32 

34. Spigots — red cedar. 

35. Spigot, oil barrels — red cedar, two unfinished parts. 
*36. Fid (rope slicer) — hickory. 

37. Air pump handle — hickory. 

38. Large and small plumber's dressers — lignum-vitae. 

39. Bottle corker — sugar maple. 

*40. Lemon squeezer — sugar maple with cup and filler— lignimi vitae. 

42. Bolt — lignum-vitae. 

45. Ten pin ball made from 42. 

*46. Bull's eye used as a rope tie on ship.s — lignum vitae. 

47. Electrical apparatus part, 9 layers glued — mahogany. 

*48. Gavel — ebony. 

*49. Alms plate — black walnut. 

50, 51 and 52. Coopersmith's mallet — dogwood and water gum, hickory handle. 

57. Bolt — water gum. 

60. Maul — hickory, handle made from 57. 

61. Maul — hickory, handle made from 62. 

62. Bolt — water gum. 

67. Maul — hickory, handle with bark made from 62. 

68. Kraut stamper — sugar maple, handle made from 70. 
70. Bolt— water gum. 

*71. Pedestal for loving cup — red gum. 
*98. Candlestick — mahogany. 






'^M^^^^^^^i^9s^[ 









tiit.'^ksL^.'^.' 



' i '^S- 













101 

Table 62 — Concluded. 









«(-i 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




O 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 


oj 


vania. 


sylvania. 








■;; 


;= 






















a 








Kind of Wood. 






I& 










B 


^ 




o 


a 


a 




^ 


0) 


03 "M 




.Q 


.Q 




-H 






o 


0) 


<u 




&^ 


Cm 




H 


fe 


fe 



Yellow poplar, 

Birch, 

Red gum 

White pine. 

Red and silver maple, 

Yellow buckeye, 

Holly (American), ... 

White oak, 

"•■"illow 

Cotton gum, 

Hickory, 

Spruce, 

Red oak 

Rosewood 

Lignum-vitae, 

Total 



4S2, 500 
466,500 
225,000 
225. OCO 
210, 525 

S3. 700 
60,000 
26,300 
25,000 
6,900 

2,500 

1,000 

80O 

555 

50O 



S, 574,780 



5.63 


29 11 


5.44 


25 95 


2.62 


23 50 


2.62 


11 78 


2.45 


14 43 


.98 


25 OO 


.70 


100 00 


.31 


31 64 


.29 


13 00 


.08 


20 00 


.03 


60 00 


.01 


43 00 


.01 


40 00 


.01 


245 05 


.01 


- 350 00 


lOO.OO 


$23 57 



14,045 
12,105 
5,287 
2,650 
3,088 

2,092 

6,000 

832 

325 

138 

150 
43 
32 

136 

175 



27,500 
230,000 



225,000 
210,525 



25,800 
25,000 



2,500 



5,328,825 



455,000 
236,500 
225,000 



83,700 

60,000 

50O 



6,900 



1,000 



555 
50O 



3,246,155 



TANKS, VATS, AND SILOS. 

The market for wooden tanks is broadening in spite of the fact that metal 
tanks are used to a considerable extent. In no other line is there a greater 
increase in demand for this commodity than by factories where tanks are 
needed to furnish water for manufacturing and engineering purposes. They 
are usually elevated to the top of the factory buildings, but most frequently 
on towers varying in height according to the pressure desired. Water tanks 
along railroads are in this class and southern white cedar, cypress, white 
pine, and longleaf pine, in the order of quantity, are the woods used for 
the staves. Shortleaf pine and hemlock went for tank covers. Tank staves 
are made of heavy material , ~the thickness varying according to the size and 
use of the tanks. Often the staves are as much as three inches thick and 
they must of necessity be made of the best grade of lumber since tanks are 
subject to strong pressure besides continued atmospheric changes, and the 
influence of water and other liquids has a deteriorating effect. 

In selecting material for tank and vat staves the manufacturer is guided 
mainly by the use to which the finished commodity is to be put, as there 
are qualities in the several woods which comrnend them for certain kinds. 
The distillers and vinegar makers prefer yellow poplar for keeping-vats, 
but yellow poplar in some localities is too costly and its place has been taken 
by cypress and white pine. Brewery vats are usually of cypress and white 
oak. These woods are durable and strong and have no effects upon the 
taste and odor of the contents. Where a tank is closed and fermentation 
active or where one of extra resisting power is needed, white oak is preferred 
because close grained, heavy, and strong. Southern white cedar is also 
a favorite and though not so strong as white oak, when used it is strongly 
reinforced. 

Vats for the manufacture of oleomargarine are of white pine, cypress, and 
Douglas fir, while those in pickle factories are generally cypress, Douglas 
fir, and longleaf pine. Individual oil tanks call for white pine, white oak, 



102 

and chestnut. The use of the last named wood Is interesting since Pennsyl- 
vania is the only state in which this wood has been reported for tank staves. 
It may be in the future that it will be called on more generally for this use 
owing to its being cheaper than most other tank woods and being sufficiently 
strong and durable. The tanners are not particular as to the kinds of woods 
used for their tanks, durability and strength being the principal considera- 
tions. Cypress and southern white cedar were the most prominent, the latter 
because of durability being the best qualified. 

The silo is given a place in this industry because generally it resembles a 
tank both when built and in its component parts and occasionally makers of 
tank stock also manufacture silos. The processes of manufacture of both, 
though not identical, are similar. The up-to-date farmer regards the silo 
as an almost indispensable part of his equipment as it furnishes a means of 
having succulent forage during the winter season. The demand for silos 
is growing rapidly and large quantities of high grade lumber go for their 
making. Longleaf pine, Douglas fir, cypress, red or Norway pine, and white 
pine are the silo woods the Pennsylvania manufacturers report. White pine 
is probably the best known, as it has been used longer than any other and is 
the only home grown pine reported. Its high price probably accounts for its 
use only in small quantities. Because cypress is durable in damp situations, 
it is regarded one of the best silo materials and in some localities is pre- 
ferred even above white pine. Next to southern white cedar it will outlast 
any other wood for silos. Longleaf pine from the South and Douglas fir 
from Idaho and Oregon are extensively used and are favored because staves 
can be made from them in sufficient lengths for one piece staves. Silos of 
this character are more easily erected than when the staves are in two or 
three pieces. These woods do not twist or warp; they are close-grained, 
strong, unaffected by acids or juices of the plants and are cheaper. Redwood 
is meeting a growing demand for staves according to silo makers in other 
states but none was used in Pennsylvania. It is claimed that redwood, next 
to cypress, is the most durable wood, can be gotten in long lengths, is free 
from sap and knots, is not given to check and warp, and will answer both 
for silos in exposed situations as well as for those built into barns. 



Table 63. — Wood for Tanks and Silos, year ending June, 1912. 







+j 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




_o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 




vania. 


sylvania. 




















J3 






























Kind of Wood. 






o, 


O 








. a 


a 


o 


o 


a 


B 




,Q 




a<H 




.Q 


x> 




jj 






03 








o 

fa 


(S 


> CJ 


o 


Fee 


b 



Loncrleaf pine, 

Southern wbite cedar, 

Cypress (bald) : 

White pine, 

uiglas fir 

hpruce 

Shortleaf pine 

' "hite oak, 

Norway pine, 

Hemlock 

Chestnut, 

Total 



2,565,000 

2,554,000 

1,138,000 

820,000 

450,000 

100,000 
86,200 
50,000 
50,000 
25,000 

15,000 



7,853,200 



32.66 


?26 57 


32.52 


36 31 


14.49 


56 32 


10.44 


34 84 


5.73 


43 33 


1.27 


30 00 


1.10 


29 47 


.64 


43 00 


.64 


3."^ OO 


.32 


18 00 


.19 


20 00 


100.00 


$36 07 



$68,150 
92,740 
64,0SO 
28,570 
19,500 

3,000 
2,540 
2,150 
1,750 
450 

300 



$283,240 



60,000 



50,000 
15,000 



2,565.000 

2,554,000 

1,138,000 

760,000 

450,000 

100,000 
86,200 



50,000 



150,000 1 7,703,200 



103 



MACHINE CONSTRUCTION. 

Most parts of the machinery equipment of paper mills, flour mills, ice 
factories, sawmills, cotton gins, etc., are made of iron and steel, but for 
others wood is required and it is the different kinds of lumber for making 
these parts that are listed in Table 64. Electrical machinery parts and other 
electrical apparatus are not included in this class. This information will be 
presented subsequently as a separate industry. It is natural to infer that 
wooden parts of machinery must, in a great number of cases, call for lumber 
of great strength. It is not surprising, therefore, to find that white oak is 
the preponderant wood, comprising over one-third of the total and that long- 
leaf pine and hickory follow it in quantity. The largest amount of hickory 
in the form of plank i's shown in this industry. The vehicle and handle 
makers report using more but their raw material is in billet form, in squares, 
and in bolts. Douglas fir is the only Pacific coast wood listed. Like long- 
leaf pine it possesses considerable strength and because the trees grow large 
and of great height, timber of large dimensions and length can readily be ob- 
tained. This probably accounts for its appearance in this industry, far from 
where it is cut. The average price is nearly twice that of longleaf pine. 

Machine parts must necessarily be made from high grade lumber and in 
this connection it is interesting to note that nearly 55 per cent, of all that 
was reported was grown in the State. The factories included in this indus- 
try are numerous, though compared with other industries they use small 
amounts of wood. The fact that the requirements of these manufacturers 
are met so largely by the forests of the State should elicit their interest in 
the movement to protect forests and thereby perpetuate the State's timber 
supply. Some parts of 14 of the 19 woods listed in the table were cut in 
Pennsylvania, and their principal uses have been arranged in the order of 
their importance as follows: 



Bins (Road Equipment). 
Shortleaf pine. 

Breaker. 

Yellow poplar. 

Cider Mills. 

Yellow poplar. 

Clay Working Machinery. 
Hemlock. 

C7'anes. 

Yellow poplar. 

Coal Mining Machinery. 
White oak. 
Hickory. 
White ash. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Maple. 
Birch. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 
Chestnut. 
Hemlock. 

Derricks. 

White oak. 
Cork elm. 
Sugar maple. 
Douglas fir. 



Elevators. 
Red oak. 
Chestnut. 
Longleaf pine. 

Yellow poplar, (feed mills). 
Basswood. 
White oak. 

Engine and Machinery Skids. 
Beech. 

Sugar maple. 
Hemlock. 
Hickory. 

Flour and Feed Mill Machinery. 
Red oak. 
Yellow poplar. 
Longleaf pine. 
Sugar maple. 
Hickory. 
Chestnut. 
White ash. 
White pine. 

General Still Machinery. 
White pine. 
Longleaf pine. 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 
Cypress, 



104 



Hoists. 

Yellow poplar. 
Sugar maple. 
Hickory. 

Horse Poioer Machinery. 
Sugar maple. 
Yellow poplar. 

Ice Machines. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
Longleaf pine. 
White ash. 

Oil Well Machinery. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 
White pine. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Hemlock. 
Sugar maple. 
Beech. 
Douglas fir. 
Longleaf pine. 

Ore Machinery. 
Red oak. 
Chestnut. 



Push Poles. 
Hickory. 
Ash. 

Road Scrapers. 
Longleaf pine. 
White pine. 

Road Engine Parts. 
Yellow poplar. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 
White pine. 

Rock and Stone Crushers. 
Red oak. 
Chestnut. 
White oak. 
White pine. 

Sawmill Parts. 
Longleaf pine. 
Hickory. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 
Shortleaf pine. 

Miniyig Screens. 
Red oak. 
Chestnut. 



Paper Mill Machinery. 
White oak. 
Yellow poplar. 
Longleaf pine. 
Sugar maple. 



Vi'ater Wheels. 
White oak. 
White pine. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Poplar. 



Table 64. — Wood for Machine Construction Parts, year ending June, 1912. 







^ 


>, 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






o 


ci 


vania. 


sylvania. 






'^ 


xi 






















o 








(1 








o 






OOQ. 






^^ 














O ^ 


«w 








a 


H 


q; U 
MC3 


o 


a 


a 




.Q 


S 




._ 










u 


0. +-» 


C3 

o 




a> 




^ 


Oh 


< 


H 


fe 


fe 



White oak, . . . 
Longleaf pine, 

Hicliory, 

Yellow poplar, 
Red oak, 

Hemlock, 

Sugar maple, . 
Douglas fir, .. . 
Shortleaf pine, 
White pine, . . . 

Ash 

Chestnut, 

Pitch pine, . . . 
Loblolly pine, 
Beech 



2,366,100 


33.61 


$26 31 


1,431,000 


20.33 


27 66 


699,000 


9.93 


27 27 


640,800 


9.10 


42 86 


557,500 


7.92 


27 79 


296,000' 


4.20 


18 22 


288,700 


4.10 


29 69 


200,000 


2.84 


51 25 


163,000 


2.31 


23 99 


143,500 


2.04 


41 34 


83,000 


1.18 


44 88 


73,000 


1.04 


35 67 


49,100 


.70 


16 44 


25,000 


.35 


32 00 


11,000 


.16 


14 55 



$62,258 
39,585 
19,063 
27,463 
15,491 

5,392 
8,572 
10i,25O 
3,910 
5,932 

3,725 

2,604 

807 

800 

160 



2,311,100 

""eisiooo 

29,800 
247,500 

296,000 
145,700 

"io.ooo 

83,500 

5,000 
23,000 
49,100 

'""ii.'ooo 



55,000 
1,431,000 

56,000 
611,000 
310, OOO 



143.000 
200,000 
153,0001 
60,000 

78,000 
50,000 



105 

Table 64 — Concluded. 













fj 


Grown in 


Grown Out 








Quantity. 


p. 


_o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 




Kind of Wood. 




as 

6 


, vania. 


sylvania . 


















a 


a 


|| 


6 




a 

J2 










^ 






-4-J 


0) 



Basswood 

Birch, 

Cork elm, 

Cypress (bald), 

Total 



8,500 

3,000 

2,000 

150 



7,040,350 



.12 


36 47 


.01 


•lo 00 


.03 


50 OO 


* 


75 00 


lOO.OO 


$29 33 



310 
75 

100 
11 



500 
3,000 



3,858,200 



2,000 
150 



3,182,150 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS. 
All commodities used by farmers in the preparation of the soil and in 
gathering and garnering crops are grouped under this industry. The prin- 
cipal uses of the eighteen woods called for are as follows: 



Cider Mill Presses. 
Sugar maple. 
White pine. 

Cultivator Parts. 

Ash (handles, pole). 
Shortleaf pine. 
White oak (handles). 

Gorji Planter Parts. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 

Corn Sheller Parts. 
Beech (frames). 
Birch (frames). 
Chestnut. 

Shortleaf pine (sides). 
Sugar maple (boxes, posts). 

Eveners. 

Hickory. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 

Feed and Ensilage Cutter Parts. 
Beech (frame work). 
Cypress (boxes). 
Shortleaf pine (box sides). 
Yellow poplar (sides). 

Fertilizer and Lime Distrihutors. 
Cotton gum (boxes). 
Longleaf pine (poles). 
Red gum. 

Hand Rakes. 

Hickory (teeth). 



Harroios, Spike Tooth. 
Red oak. " 
White oak. 

Hay Ladders. 
Ash. 
White oak. 

flay Presses. 

Sugar maple. 
White oak. 

Horse Pokes. 
White elm. 

Horse Rake Parts. 
White ash. 

Land- Roller Parts. 

Longleaf pine (poles, tops). 

Shortleaf pine (tops). 

Sugar maple (blocks, tongues, 

tops). 
White oak (frames). 

Tjatvn Moioer Handles. 
Black ash. 
White ash. 

Levers. Variotis Implements. 
White ash. 

Fertilizer Distributor Parts. 
Red gum. 



106 

Litter and S^raw Carrier Parts. NecJc Yokes. 
Sugar maple. Hickory, 

White oak. White oak. 

Yellow poplar. Beech. 

Threshing machines, including grain threshers and clover hullers, are 
the most important commodities of this industry, and in this particular line 
of manufacture Pennsylvania leads all other states. There are many interior 
parts of these machines that require woods of different qualities. The 
general tendency to substitute metal for wood has not proved practical and 
consequently a majority of these parts like grain registers, dust conveyors, 
and screen frames are still made largely of wood. Likely for the same rea- 
son, frames and siding or exterior panels of threshers call for wood and 
white pine and yellow poplar are the principal panel woods because these 
woods are light, easily worked, take paint readily, and are not given to 
twist and check. 

Straw-carriers, closely allied to threshers, are another product Important 
In this industry in Pennsylvania. Woods similar to those for threshers 
are demanded; white oak, yellow poplar, and sugar maple in the order named 
being most frequently called for. 

Corn shellers and land rollers demand a considerable amount of lumber 
each year. Beech for framing, shortleaf pine, and yellow poplar for panels 
play an important part in making the former, and sugar maple and oak 
for the latter. The rollers of land rollers were formerly made of wood. A 
cross-section from a sycamore or yellow poplar log was usually selected and 
the rollers were usually made on the farm or at nearby blacksmith shops. 
Today these implements are in universal use and have been found indis- 
pensable, as a labor saver. The factories sometime ago began making them 
and now use metal almost entirely, but a small amount of wood is still in 
use and hard maple meets the demand in the State. The bottoms of the roller 
platforms are of shortleaf pine but any strong wood will answer for this 
purpose. The roller blocks or bearing frames are of hard maple. The hay 
baler manufacturers also use sugar maple ahead of other woods; but oak, 
both white and red, is indispensable for certain parts. 



Table 65. — Wood for Agricultural Implements, year ending June, 1912. 









^j 




Grown in 


Grown Ou 




Quantity. 






s 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn 








g 


vania. 


sylvania 








• 














tj 


■a 


























p. 








Kind of Wood. 








o >> 


o 








a 




a 


0)0 


o 


a 


S 




.Q 




bccs 




^' 


^ 




Feet 




fe 


CD 4-. 

< 


o 


o 

fa 


Feet 



White oak, 

Red oak 

Sugar maple, . . 
Yellow poplar, 
Ash, 

Ix)ngleaf pine, 

Chestnut 

Hickory 

White pine, 
Shortleaf pine, 



1,678,700 


23.97 


$35 60 


1,617,000 


23. OS 


32 58 


1,032,600 


14.74 


2S 04 


757,500 


10. SI 


34 59 


599,100 


8.55 


38 73 


563.200 


8.04 


31 77 


140,000 


2.00 


19 07 


124,400 


1.78 


33 41 


116,000 


1.66 


31 71 


95,000 


1.36 


29 74 



$59,768 
52, 680 
28,952 
26, 205 
23,202 

17,893 
2,670 
4,156 
3,678 
2,825 



887,700 
447,000 
365,500 
33,000 
103,100 



40,000 
99,400 
26,000 



791,000 
1,170,000 
667,100 
724,500 
496,000 

563,200 
100,000 
25,000 
90,000 
9S,000 



107 

Table 65— Concluded. 









S-H 


£? 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




1 


o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








y 


vania. 


sylvania. 






















t-H 
















i-l 


X 














0) 
















p. 


o 






Kind of Wood. 








i>; 


^ 








a 




c 


o 


o 


a 


a 




X! 




a 


S'H 


^ 


^ 






















fa 






^^ 


o 


fci 


Fee 



Basswood, 

Cork elm 

Beecli, 

Cotton gum, .. 
Cypress (bald). 

Red gum 

Birch 

Cucumber 

Total, . . . . 



80,000 
50,000 
42,000 

35,000 
30,000 

24,000 

20,009 
300 



7,004,SOO 



1.14 


31 06 


.71 


2& 00 


.60 


23 86 


.50 


36 00 


.43 


35 00 


.34 


36 OO 


.29 


24 OO 


* 


30 00 


100. CO 


$32 89 



2,485 
1,250 
960 
1,260 
1,050 

864 

4S0 

9 



$230,387 



30,000 
50,000 
32,000 



20,000 
30O 



2,134,000 



10,000 
35,000 
30,000 



4,870,800 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

TOYS. 
The commodities included in this industry and the woods that supplied 
the material for making them are as follows: 



Animals. 

Basswood. 

Blocks (Toy Wagon). 
White pine. 

Boats. • 

Basswood. 
White pine. 

Cannon and Fort Sets. 
Basswood. 
Sweet birch. 
Beech. 

Chairs (Children's). 
Hard maple. 
Beech. 

Chairs. 
Birch. 

Circus Sets. 
Basswood. 
White pine. 
Yellow poplar. 
Sweet birch. 
Beech. 

Dolls. 

Basswood. 

Furniture. 

White pine. 
Beech. 
Yellow poplar, 



Chestnut. 
Birch. 
Soft maple. 
Sugar maple. 
. White oak. 
Red oak. 
Elm. 

Games. 

White ash. 
White oak. 
Yellow poplar. 
Basswood. 

Holders (Christmas Tree). 
Yellow poplar. 

■Jumpers (Swing). 
Red gum. 

Pianos (Children's). 
Basswood. 

Pastry Sets. 
White elm. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 

Play Yards (BaTjy). 
White oak. 
Red oak. 

Shooting Galleries. 
White pine. 
Beech. 
Sweet birch. 
Basswood. 



108 



Rockers. 

White oak. 
Red oak. 

Tricycle Seats. 
Yellow poplar. 
Basswood. 

Stick Horses. 
Heads. 

White pine. 
Yellow poplar. 

Sticks. 
Basswood. 
White pine. 

Wheels. 
Beech. 
Sweet birch. 

Stocks, Pop Otm. 
Basswood. 
Beech, 
Sugar maple. 

Swings. 

Red oak. 
Sugar maple. 

Walkers. 

Hard maple. 
Yellow poplar. 
Red gum. 
Beech. 



Rocking Horses. 
White ash. 

Toy Parts. 
Basswood. 
Beech. 
Cotton gum. 
Spruce. 

Yellow poplar. 
Hard maple. 
Red oak. 
White oak. 

V.'agons and Autos. 
White pine. 
Basswood. 
Yellow poplar. 

Tops. 

Birch. 
Beech. 

Yellow poplar. 
Chestnut. 
Soft maple. 
Sugar maple. 
White oak. 
Red oak. 

V/heelbarroivs. 
White pine. 
BassY/ood. 
Yellow poplar. 

Xylophones. 

Sugar m^aple. 
Rosewood. 



Basswood is the principal material for wooden toys and^for the wooden 
parts of metal toys. It is not only demanded in the greatest amount but 
it enters into the manufacture of more kinds than any other species. It 
alone supplied the material for the all-wood doll which is made in no other 
state. This doll is unique, ingenious, and wonderfully useful, in that 
nearly all parts, — body, arms, legs, hands, feet, — even the head — are 
made of solid wood. The face is artistically carved and when enameled in 
lifelike colors and the doll dressed, it is difficult to tell that it is made of 
wood. The parts of the body are jointed with steel bands having swivel 
connection, which gives flexibility and freedom of movement. The all- 
wood doll is made with facial characteristics representative of different 
nations and of comical characters. 

The making of toy pianos is another important division of this industry. 
Basswood is the prevailing M^ood again and it goes into all the various 
parts except the base of large size pianos where a stronger wood is needed, 
and ash and oak meet this demand. Because it is easily bored and turned 
to shape, this wood answers first for toy cannons. It is also principally used 
for wooden animals in menageries and for horse heads and bodies for stick 
horses. 

Though Pennsylvania was sixth in the list of states in the production of 
basswood lumber, the toy manufacturers reported purchasing 60 per cent. 
of their requirements from other states. Sugar maple, white pine, and 
yellow poplar were used not only in almost equal amounts but the average 
price paid for these woods was also nearly equal. That so much yellow pop- 



109 

lar was State-grown is somewhat surprising. In no other industry of this 
report does wood, State-grown, e_:ual so large a per cent, of the total. 
Nearly six and a half million feet was required and of this over 85 per cent. 
is cut in Pennsylvania. 



Table 66. — Wood for Toys, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 



Quantity. 





^ 








i 








t-, 


J= 










0) 








O, 


o 






m 








2t^ 






-I- 


a>3 


o 












;-, 


0^ ^ 






0) 






Oi 


E^ 





Grown in 


Grown Out 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 


vania. 


sylvania. 


a 


a 


j6 


x> 


,^_J 


-M 










b 


U^ 



Basswood, 

Sugar maple 

White pine, 

Yellow poplar, 

Beech, 

Birch 

Chestnut, 

Red and silver maple. 

Ash 

White oak, 

Red oak, 

White elm, 

Cotton gum, 

Red gum 

Spruce, 

Total, 



1,404, WO 
762,500 
725,000 
703,000 
627,400 

617,000 
500,000 
450,000 
320,000 
153,000 

125,309 
25,000 
5,000 
5,000 
1,300 

6,421,500 



21.86 


$40 80 


11. S7 


25 31 


11.29 


24 90 


10.93 


25 48 


9.77 


18 41 


9.61 


23 84 


7.79 


21 00 


7.01 


24 00 


4,98 


421 03 


2.37 


29 2,6 


1.95 


27 17 


.39 


2a 00 


.08 


2» 00 


.08 


25 00 


.02: 


43 00 


lOO.OO 


$28 37 



$57,2S0 
19,300 
18,050 
17,888 
11,553 

14,708 
10,500 
10,800 
13,450 
4,448 

3,404 
525 
100 
125 
56 



$182,193 



560,000 
712,500 
487,500 
659,500 
585, OW) 

617,000 
500,000 
450; 000 
182,500 
133,000 

100,800 
12,500 



5,000 



5,004,300 



844,000 
50,000 
237,500 

42, 500 
42,400 



137,500 
20,000 

24,500 
12,500 
5,000 



1,300 



1,417,2»0 



TRUNKS AND VALISES. 

Nine woods make up the four million feet of lumber required yearly 
in Pennsylvania for making trunks. A number of manufacturers do all 
the work from the arrival of the rough lumber to the covering, lining, and 
varnishing of the finished commodity, but others make only the rough 
boxes in the white, others slats, and others purchase the different parts 
already manufactured and merely put them together and finish them. The 
last named class of manufacturers did not make reports for this study be- 
cause they do not operate wood-working machinery and are merely as- 
semblers. The fact that white elm leads in quantity all other woods listed 
in the table indicates that in Pennsylvania the slat makers form the most 
important division of this industry. The quantity demanded, though' fairly 
large, does not equal the amount of ash, which, next to elm, is generally 
the principal slat wood. Hickory is a frequently used slat wood on sample 
cases because of its strength but none of the trunk makers reported its use 
in Pennsylvania; its weight and its high price being against it. 

Basswood is the favorite wood for trunk boxes and in Pennsylvania fur- 
nished about three-quarters of the material which the manufacturers used. 
It works easily and holds its shape. The fact that it is fairly strong for its 
weight qualifies it more than any other factor for this use. Cottonwood 
is its principal comoetitor and in the country at large is used in larger 
ruantities. Like basswood it enters largely into veneer and then into built- 
up lumber from which the better grades of trunk boxes are largely made. 
Three and four-ply are the thicknesses principally used. Besides being of 



no 

lighter weight than ordinary solid trunk box material it is also more sub- 
stantial and, therefore, in most cases, does not require slat reinforcement. 
The trunk maker does not buy veneer and make panels. He buys panels 
already glued together in various thicknesses according to his varied needs. 
Red gum appears in the table in only small quantities. In other states the 
demand for it for trunks seems to be increasing and, like cottonwood, is 
purchased mostly in the form of built-up lumber. 

White pine is a favorite wood for trunks made of solid lumber. It is 
purchased surfaced two sides and edged in thicknesses ranging from f inches 
to I inches according to the size and purpose for which the trunk is designed. 
In quantity the Pennsylvania trunk makers demanded white pine next to 
basswood. In the country at large loblolly pine is probably called on for 
solid trunk boxes ahead of any other wood. Lumber from second growth 
trees is preferred because of the large proportion of sapwood, its freedom 
from pitch, its light color and light weight. It goes for making the cheaper 
grades. As little of the wood is visible in the finished product, being covered 
with leather, cloth, and metal, the figure or color of the wood is not 
essential. 

To save weight, a light wood, cut as thin as the maximum stress will 
allow, is demanded for trays and inside compartments. Basswood met the 
largest part of the demand in Pennsylvania while in other states yellow 
poplar, cotton gum, buckeye, and cottonwood were the species principally 
employed. 



Table 67. — Wood for Trunks and Valises, year ending June, 1912. 





Quantity. 




a 


o 
6 


Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 


Kind of Wood. 














S 

X3 




a 
o 


8& 

g>2 


o 


a 






fc! 




(S 




a 
o 


fc 


fcl 



White elm, 
Basswood, . . 
Wliite pine, 
Cottonwood, 
Loblolly pine, 

Ash, 

Chestnut, 
Red gum, .. 

Total, 



1,837,500 

1,374,500 

428,500 

177,350 

160,000 

87,5.00 
37,500 
20,000 

4,122,850 



44.57 


$30 82 


33.34 


27 SO 


10.39 


28 60 


4.30 


37 95 


3.88 


24 22, 


2.12 


36 42 


.91 


25 OO 


.49 


35 00 


100.00 


$29 72 



?56,625 
38,209 
12,255 
6,7S1 
3,875 

3,187 
938 
700 



$122,520 



250,000 
754,500 
128,600 



87,500 
17,500 



1,238,000 



1,587,500 
620,000 
300,000 
177,350 
160,000 



20,000 
20,000 



2,884,850 



BRUSHES. 
Pennsylvania surpasses all other states in the production of brush blocks 
and for their manufacture the factories consume over four million feet of 
wood annually. Of this material the forests of the state furnished over 93 
per cent, of the total, a fact which should appeal to this class of manufac- 
turers when giving consideration to the source of future supply of raw ma- 
terial and what measures are to be taken when the present timber stand is 
gone. Each kind of the almost multitudinous variety of brushes that are 
manufactured requires a block of special size and shape, and a wood pos- 




Fig. 21. — Oil tank staves preparatory to assembling 




Fig. 22.— Finished oil tank. 





'I%fr~^.l^^ 



'•^H,, 



fit - 









^> 



-^-•wf^ 






i 

i - X 



r-: 







i?-#'<^.' 



'%-'-»;. \ 



I 



"- -^ <^<^.i:^-:^ 










k 



.?^ ^i 






**^ 



¥•■;. -• 



'if : ■*"' 






-a , ,/.*. 



».1^' 



ril' 






;fe 




I '^--CJSfVt. 



4i.-i 'H'? 



9 -^-isH^lJSl^^ll^^i^ll^ H)C 







'.I/' 






S^S 



P-- 



,J, '* 



y> '; 



,«f : 




















Fig. 25.— Brush Blocks. 













SfPf i| M^aP** V^c-"* ; :^*^ - 1 ! ' • - ' ' , , ? ^* , .■ v^'.?^ ,- : J;VV .; ^:!^ <i ' , ■- j^y •; ?T%'f : 






4':' 



■=!^" 



■ ; -'Si^' i.,'>^ •*.'. i^' 



Fig. 2G.— Brush Blocks. 



Ill 

sessing qualities adaptable to the special use of the brush. This accounts 
for the long list shown in the table. There are sixteen woods, and beech 
constitutes much the largest amount, being equal to almost half of the 
total. This wood is one of the most plentiful hardwoods growing in Penn- 
sylvania, having properties admirably suited for cheap brushes, and is 
one of the factors making the industry important in the state. Maple fur- 
nishes material for brush blocks considerably more desirable than beech, 
and, therefore, is in demand for a better grade of brushes. It follows 
beech in importance as to quantity but of course is higher priced. In no 
other industry is cherry reported in so large amounts as for brushes. Its 
low average price as compared to that paid for the same wood by other 
classes of factories in the State is quite surprising. This industry does 
not include altogether the production of cheap brush blocks such as are 
used for making scrubbing, creamery, and brewery, sinks, dust pan, horse, 
feather dusters, window, stove, carpet, paint, whitewash, and frescoing 
brushes, and stable and street brooms, but it includes blocks for better 
grades re uiring higher priced woods, — such as red cedar, ash, sycamore, 
holly, red oak, black walnut, rosewood, boxwood, and other foreign woods. 
The latter kinds are used for hair brushes, hat, jewelry, clothes, hand, 
nail, and flesh brushes. The absence of mahogany and ebony from the 
list of high grade brush woods is hard to explain but none of the manufac- 
turers reported them in this State. 



Table 68. — Wood for Brushes, year ending June, 1912. 









<H 


ti 
^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 


1 


o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








03 


vania. 


sylvania. 








tH 


^ 






















<U 














a 








Kind of Wood. 






§6 


<w 











a 


o 


O 

o 


a 


S 




Xi 


o 


g-2 


_ 


.Q 


.D 




Oj 


0) 








cu 




fe 


CL( 


<I 


B 


fe 


fe 



Beecti 

Sugar maple, 

Cherry (black) 

Yellow poplar, 

Red and silver maple, 

Sycamore, 

Birch, 

Basswood, 

Ked gum, 

Red cedar, 

Ash, 

Boxwood (West Indian) 

Holly (American) 

Black walnut, 

Red oak, 

Rosewood, 

Total, 



1,931,000 

1,066,800 

482,900 

157,. WO 

156,000 

71,000 
51,000 
42,300 
37,000 
23,000 

12,600 
3,140 
1,000 
1,000 
600 

250 

4,037,060 



47.83 


$18 87 


26.43 


23 22 


11.96 


2S 43 


3.90 


401 68 


3.86 


18 96 


1.76 


26 OO 


1.26 


14 02 


1.05 


34 96 


..92 


27 OO 


.57 


U 57 


.31 


34 29 


.08 


51 91 


.02 


45 00 


.02 


80 00 ■ 


.02 


37 00 


M 


300 00 


100.00 


?22 34 



$36,430 

24,772 

12,282 

6, 4017 

2,957 

1,846 

715 

1,479 



432 
163 

45 
80 

22 

75 



$90,189 



1,931,000 
1,066,800 

482,900 
32,500 

136,000 



51,000 
42,300 



5,000 
12,600 



1,000 

6O0 



3,761,700 



125,000 
20,000 



71,000 



37,000 
18,000 



3,140 
1,000 



2S0 



275,390 



SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS. 
The industry making bobbins, spools, shuttles and other loom appliances 
is in quantity not so large and important in Pennsylvania as in Maine, 
New York, and New Hampshire; but the fact that these commodities manu- 
factured in Pennsylvania go almost entirely for use in silk mills, and only 



112 



a few for woolen and cotton mills, is quite signiiicant. Sugar and soft 
maple furnished the bobbin and speeder material, and for quills sugar maple 
and dogwood met the demand, the latter to only a limited extent on account 
of its higher price. Bobbin material must be hard, tough, close grained, 
with a texture that smooths easily, and must not rough up in turning. 

Paper birch is the species from which small thread spools are manu- 
factured and Maine is the state where most of them are produced. Small 
spools are turned from a single piece of wood but no factories in Pennsyl- 
vania were found making them. The manufacture of large spools, the three- 
pieced product, used in loom weaving, called for a considerable quantity 
of lumber. The barrels, sometimes called middles, are made by a process 
similar to that used in making bobbins and speeders and when in the 
rough-turned form resemble them except the barrels are uniformly cylindrical. 
Sugar and soft maple supplied the material for their making in Pennsyl- 
vania, but in New England beech and the birches were also used. The 
heads of these spools, which are cut circular, were entirely of yellow poplar 
and are screwed on and glued to the barrel, which is threaded at each end. 

The most exacting demand for both dogwood and persimmon is for shuttle 
manufacture. These woods possess a hard dense fiber, wear smooth by use, 
do not rough up, and besides are heavy and strong. They are the favorite 
domestic woods for this purpose. Shuttles for silk weaving are made to 
only a limited extent of these woods. Foreign woods are also called on. 
Boxwood, both the kind that comes from the Caspian Sea countries and 
that shipped from the "West Indies, was reported, and also small amounts 
of sarbo and doncella. They are the highest priced woods that are shown 
in the table. Formerly boxwood furnished nearly all the shuttle material 
but when its price became prohibitive dogwood took its place and proved a 
practical and satisfactory substitute. Persimmon has in comparatively re- 
cent years become prominent for shuttles, chiefly owing to the insufficient 
supply of dogwood to meet the entire demand. Shuttles are made from 
squares cut to the desired size called shuttle blocks and it is in this form 
that the manufacturers in Pennsylvania purchase their raw material. From 
the rough block to the finished shuttle there are twenty-two distinct opera- 
tions. 

White oak appears in this industry for making picker sticks and in no other 
state in which this article was reported was this wood used to any consider- 
able extent. Hickory is the principal picker stick material and in Penn- 
sylvania it supplied almost two-thirds of all wood demanded for this use. 
Quill boards are made entirely of yellow poplar and loom frames of sugar 
maple. 

Table 69. — Shuttles, Spools, and Bobbins, year ending June, 1912. 









%4 


>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 






















Pi 








Kind of Wood. 








ib 


<w 








a 




a 


0.2 


o 


a 


a 




pQ 






g^ 


^ 


.o 


XI 




Feet 




CD 




o 


fa 


V 



Sugar maple, 

Red and silver maple, 

Yellow poplar 

Hickory 

White oak, 



2,52S,0CIO 


75.51 


$24 85 


375,&a0 


11.20 


26 43 


331,000 


9.59 


36 50 


63,000 


1.8S 


46 98 


35,000 


1.05 


50 00 



$62,816 

9,910- 

11,715 

2,960 

1,750 



1,870,000 
40,000 
25,000 
30,000 
5,000 



658,000 
335,000 
296,000 
33,000 
30,000 














•tT- ^- .^ 








fe 



DI{;SCRIPTION OF FIGURE 28. 



UPKIGHT PIANO. 



1. Top panel, 

2. Top, 

3. Pilaster, 

4. Moulding, 

5. Side, 

6. Shelf, 

7. Cheek, 

8. Moulding, 

9. Pilaster, 

10. Key slip, 

11. Key bottom, 

12. Moulding, 

13. Pedal board, 

14. Bottom panel, 

15. Feet, 

16. Key block. 

17. Fall board. 



Figure I. 

The cases of the cheaper 
pianos, as a rule, are made of 
solid wood, generally sweet 
birch, beech, or basswood, 
which is stained to imitate 
some higher priced wood. The 
cases of the more expensive 
instruments, with the excep- 
tion of the smaller parts, as 
the moulding, fall boards, 
pilasters, and key blocks, are 
always veneered, the veneer 
being of a fine-flnlsh wood 
such as mahogany, birds-eye 
maple, black and Circassian 
walnut, and rosewood, and 
from one to three-ply in thick- 
ness on a core of some good 
body wood such as sound 
wormy chestnut, red oak, yel- 
low poplar, and white pine. 



Figure II. 



1. Pin blocks: Sugar Maple. 

2. Posts: Sugar Maple, White Ash. 

3. Back boards: White Ash, Sugar Maple. 

4. Diagonal sweep: Spruce. 

5. Sounding board ribs: Spruce. 

6. Sounding board: Spruce. 

7. Bridge: Spruce. 



Figure III. 

1. Diagonal sweep: Spruce. 

2. Sounding board ribs: Spruce. 

3. Back board: White Ash. Sugar Maple. 

4. Posts: Sugar Maple, White Ash. 

.5. Handles: Sugar Maple, White Ash. 



Figure IV. 

1. Key bottom: White Ash, Sugar Maple, Yel- 
low Poplar, White Pine, Mahogany. 




e--l30 




118 



„-'-,y^, 



131 




.(^ 



Fig. 29. Action parts of upright piano. 



A — Damper felt. 
B— Damper head lining felt. 
C— Brui^hing cloth. 
D— Action cloth. 
E — Action leather. 
F— Catcher folt. 
G — Hammer top. felt. 
H — Hammer under felt. 
J— Butt felt. 

1.— K'cuulating punchings. 
T — IlammiT rail cloth. 
V— Back checli felt. 
X — Spring rail felt. 
Y — Damper lever felt. 
Z— Action cloth. 



5 — Action screw. 

29— Regulating button (Sugar Maple). 
41~Action screv.-. 
42— Center iihis. 

100— Lower Mange rail (Sugar Maple). 
101— Hammer moulding (Sugar Maple, Red Ce- 
dar, Mahogany). 
102— Hammer rail (Sugar Maple, Mahogany, 

Birch). 
103— Hammer shanlis (Sugar Maple, Red Cedar). 
104— Hammer butt (Sugar Maple). 
105— Back stop (Sugar Maple). 
106— Regulating rail lu-acket. 



No. 

107— Jack (Sugar Maple). 

108— Fly flange (Sugar Maple). 

109— Wippen (Sugar Maple). 

110 — Bridle wire. 

Ill— Regulating rail (Sugar Maple, Birch). 

112 — Regulating rail screw. 

114 — Back check wire. 

115 — Jack Spring. 

116 — Damper spoon. 

117— Center rail (Sugar Maple). 

lis— Flange (Sugar Maple). 

119— Damper lever flange (Sugar Maple). 

120 — Action screw. 

121— Butt plate. 

122 — Damper Spring. 

123— Damper lever (Sugar Maple). 

124 — Damper wire. 

12.5- Hammer butt spring. 

126— Spring rail (Sugar Maple). 

127— Action screw. 

12S— Damper block (Sugar Maple). 

129— Damper head (Sugar Maple). 

130— Abstract (Sugar Maple). 

131— Tongue (Sugar Maple). 

132— Jack screw, piano head. 

133— Key rocker (Sugar Maple). 

137— Bridle strap. 

154— Back check (Sugar Maple). 

l.'io- Kev (Sugar Maple). 



113 

Table 69 — Concluded. 



Kind o( Wood. 











>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 









Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 






















0) 
















Q, 


6 














■5 


<w' 














-r? 


j_, 








a 




a 


»2 


6 


a 


B 




^ 




o 


g.2 


^ 


j= 


s> 




+■> 




t-i 


t^ 




*j 


Oj 




0) 




fH 


<"" 


&^ 


fa 


fa 



Dogwood, 

Persimmon, 

Boxwood (West Indian) 

Sarbo, 

Doncella, 

Total 



17,5S5 

7,010 

1,3S0 

30 

10 



3,347,985 



.52 


69 60 


.21 


60 06 


M 


62 96 


* 


200 CO 


* 


100 00 


100.00 


$27 14 



1,224 
421 



1,970,000 



17,585 

7,010 

1,350 

30 

10 



1,377,985 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

DAIRYMEN'S AND POULTERERS' SUPPLIES. 

The new methods in vogue for carrying on the dairy and creamery as well 
as the poultry business along scientific lines has brought about the use and 
manufacture of special equipment among which are included important 
articles made of wood. The factories manufacturing these articles are the 
ones that have supplied the data which has been compiled in the table fol- 
lowing. They are in no way related and have been combined only for con- 
venience in presenting the statistics since it is considered in this way the uses 
of the various woods may be more readily discussed. No one factory was 
found making the entire equipment for all of these above lines of business. 
They usually specialize either in one particular line or in the manufacture 
of a single commodity as incubators, butter tubs, egg crates, etc. 

Under dairymen's supplies for Pennsylvania are grouped the making 
of churns, butter tubs, cheese boxes, churn vats, milk bottle washers, and 
curd grinders. Ash is the principal wood for churns, both for the staves 
and for the paddles because it retains its shape and is less liable than any 
other wood to impart taste. This wood is used for making all kinds from 
the small domestic nhurns propelled by hand to the large cylindrical churn 
used in creameries. For the same reason that ash is used for churns it is 
called for ahead of any other wood for making butter tubs and butter pails. 
Maple is used with it for bottoms and covers of butter tubs but the quantity 
is relatively small. In some states experiments have been made with cypress 
for butter tubs but it was not in use in Pennsylvania although it was re- 
ported with ash for churn vats. Over a million and a half feet of wood is 
required for making cheese boxes. Because white elm has the property of 
bending it is used for these commodities ahead of any other wood, not only 
in Pennsylvania, but elsewhere. Other woods are used in fairly large 
amounts probably more for the reason that they could be purchased cheaper 
than for any special adaptability. These woods include beech, yellow birch, 
oak, hemlock, and ash. Wooden parts of the curd grinding machines in 
cheese factories account for the appearance in the table of cottonwood, iron- 
wood, and a large part of the sugar maple. 

The manufacturers of poulterers' supplies required almost as much lumber 
as the factories making dairymen's equipment. Incubators and brooders were 
the commodities manufactured. Cypress in the largest amounts answered 
8 



114 



with yellow poplar and white pine for incubator cases and also for trays and 
other inside work. Its stability, affinity for paint and durability are the 
qualities desired for these uses. The bases and legs of incubators are of red 
oak and sugar maple, probably selected for strength. Brooder case woods 
are the same as for incubators except red oak instead of cypress went for 
frames. 



Table 70.- 



-Wood for Dairymen's, Poulterers', and Apiarists' Supplies, year 
ending June, 1912. 









«+-( 


ti 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§ 


C3 


vania. 


sylvania. 








t-l 


.d 










































P< 








Kind of Wood. 








ifi 










a 




a 




o 


a 


a 




£1 




o 


2-2 


^ 


X! 


s 




« 




^ 


-ft*- 


a 


J-i 


tu 








CL< 


^"^ 


H 




0) 



White elm, 

Cypress (bald), 

Ash, 

Basswood, r.... 

Yellow poplar, 

Hemlock, 

White oak, 

Sugar maple, 

Shortleaf pine, 

Beech 

Birch, 

White pine, 

Red cedar, 

Red oak, 

Red and silver maple, 

Horbeam 

Cottonwood, 

Total, 



600,000 


IS. 51 


$25' 01/ 


545,000 


16. S2 


37 02 


400,000 


12.34 


15 00 


370,0001 


11.43 


18 00 


220,000 


6.79 


29 82 


215,000 


6.63 


15 49 


205,000 


6.33 


IS 90 


152,950 


4.72 


37 96 


145,000 


4.4S 


15 69 


100,000 


3.09 


16 00 


100,000 


3. OS 


IS 00 


79,000 


2.44 


22 5S 


45,000 


1.39 


55 00 


36,000 


1.11 


28 00 


15,000 


.46 


10 00 


10,000 


.31 


12 00 


2,500 


.08 


40 00 
$23 82 


3,240,450 


100.00 



$15,000 
20,175 
6,000 
6,660 
6,560 

3,330 

3,875 
4, 276 
2,275 
1,600 

1,800 

1,7S4 

2,475 

1,008 

150 

120 
100 



$77,188 



250,000 
395,066 



215,000 
200,000 
23,500 



100,OC<I 



100,000 
15,00<1 



10,000 
2,500 



1,326,000 



350,000 
545,000 
5.000 
370,000 
2120,000 



5,000 
129,450 
145,000 



64,000 
45,000 
36,000 



1,914,450 



MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS. 

A few manufacturers of this class specialize in building finished piano cases, 
and in the rough, which are called shells. Others make only the 
actions and keys. Others not included in this study buy their cases of one 
manufacturer, their actions of another, their sounding boards of a third, and 
their hardware from those specializing in that line, and operate merely in 
assembling the instrument and varnishing and finishing the exterior. 

Chestnut which combines suflficient strength with light weight and has a 
special adaptability for holding glue is favored above all woods for backing 
veneered cases, and in the quantity consumed leads all other woods reported 
by the Pennsylvania piano makers and organ builders. It is entirely a 
case wood for piano cases. That so much of the chestnut reported should 
have been shiped from other states to the Pennsylvania piano makers is sur- 
prising because the chestnut tree is common throughout Pennsylvania, and 
in the production of chestnut lumber in 1912 Pennsylvania is among the 
three leading states. Other woods used for veneer backing were red oak, 
white pine, yellow poplar, and soft maple, because they possess qualities 
of sufficient strength, are stable in holding their shape, are easily worked, 
and have a special affinity for glue. The woods used for exterior finish 
include red oak, white oak, and red gum, Circassian walnut, sweet birch, 



115 

mahogany, black walnut, and sugar maple. They are bought to a large 
extent as veneer because In that form the selection of the most attractive 
figures is possible. For the backs, posts, and diagonal sweeps, several 
species — sugar maple, beech, soft maple, yellow bircji, and white ash con- 
tribute the material because hardness and strength are the properties de- 
manded. The bridges are of spruce, maple, and white ash, because they 
hold their shape well and are strong. The bottom boards are made of maple, 
oak, and hemlock, and the pedal boards of sugar and soft maple. 

Spruce is the most vibrant wood and therefore foremost for piano sound- 
ing boards and sounding board ribs. The red spruce native of the Ap- 
palachian and New England regions, and white spruce of the Lake states, 
have probably been preferred; but since sounding boards are made from 
wide stock of uniform structure, trees suitable for this purpose are sought 
over great distances. At present, therefore, sounding board material is 
shipped from the Northern Pacific Coast states and British Columbia, where 
Sitka spruce supplies the demand. Sounding board material which shows 
a number of small annual rings indicating a slow rate of growth is preferred 
and purchased for high priced pianos. It is usually cut from trees on high 
altitudes where the development is fairly restricted. 

Sugar maple, because it is a hardwood and easy to shape, is most used for 
actions, although some manufacturers use mahogany and sweet birch for 
action rails and red cedar and mahogany for hammer moulding and hammer 
shanks. Sugar maple, owing mostly to its hardness, is used to the exclusion 
of other woods for pin blocks. Red gum comes in for action parts, and 
the fact that it has been reported for this use in several other spates besides 
Pennsylvania shows that its qualities have proved it practical for this 
kind of work. 

Piano and organ keys are usually from the upper grades of white pine 
and sugar maple, but in Pennsylvania basswood also served except for sharps 
or flats which, like the organ stops, are made of ebony. Ebony was not 
reported in Pennsylvania nor was any mention made of the manufacture of 
keys and stops indicating that these commodities are brought into the State 
ready manufactured. White ash, white pine, sugar maple, yellow poplar, 
and mahogany furnished the material for the key bottoms because they have 
little tendency to warp. 

Black walnut which is used in larger quantities in this industry than in 
any other is demanded almost entirely for the outside finish or cases of both 
pipe and reed organs. White oak, red oak, red gum, cherry, cotton gum, 
and mahogany also served with it for this use and for consoles and pilasters 
added only ornamentation. The frames and sills of organ cases were of 
shortleaf pine, chestnut, hemlock, and red oak, the wind chests and bellows 
of yellow poplar, basswood, white pine, sugar pine from California, and 
redwood, while white pine, shortleaf pine and yellow poplar answered for 
swell boxes. White pine is the principal wood for organ pipes but cherry, 
sugar pine, and redwood were also reported. Action chests are of a strong 
wood and red oak supplied most of the material. It is interesting to note 
that redwood has begun to be used by the eastern 'manufacturers for interior 
organ parts. Being fairly strong compared to its light weight, easily worked, 
free from pitch, and possessing the property of holding its shape well are 
the reasons why it is held in high favor with the manufacturers and will 
probably be used more extensively in the future. 



116 
Table 71. — Wood for Musical Instruments, year ending June, 1912. 









+j 


r^^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§ 


03 


vania. 


sylvania. 








'-' 


^. 


























0) 








of Wood. 










o 








g 




+j' 


o 


o 


a 


a 




j= 








^ 


.Q 


.D 




■+J 






9*^ 


C3 


^J 


-*-» 




















fa 




fLi 


^ 


Eh 


fa 


fa 



Cliestnut, 

Sugar maple 

Spruce, 

Basswood, 

Mahogany, 

Yellow poplar 

Blacli walnut, 

Red oak, 

Birch, 

White oak , 

White pine, 

Red gum, 

Red and silver maple, 

Beech 

Cotton gum, 

Shortleaf pine, 

Sugar pine 

Redwood, 

Ash 

Cherry (black^, 

Loblolly pine 

Hemlock, 

Cypress (bald), 

Total, 



671,909 

647,800 
325,5001 
271,500 
201,100 

135,1001 
131,200 
102,000 
90,000 
88,000 

88,000 

50,000 
44,000 
20,000 
20,000 

19,900 

11,200 

10,000 

5,300 

4,400 

3,000 
2,600 
2,500 



22.81 


$24 81 


2.>.0O 


32 20 


11.05 


43 24 


9.23 


42 30 


6.83 


S3 11 


4.59 


70 54 


4.46 


44 05 


3.46 


32 25 


3.06 


23 89 


2.99 


53 90 


2.99 


34 56 


1.70 


51 20 


1.49 


26 82 


.6S 


22 00 


.6S 


25 00 


.67 


34 52 


.38 


87 50 


.34 


40.00 


.18 


44 34 


.15 


75 68 


.10 


40 00 


.09 


35 00 


.08 


43 60 


100. OO 


$39 38 



$16,669 
20,857 
14,075 
11,500 
16,713 

9,530 
5,779 
3,290 
2,150 
4,743 

3,041 

2,560 

1,180 

440 

5«0 

687 
980 
400 
255 
333 

120 
91 
109 



$115,982 



327,000 
225,300 



11,000 



24,000 
67,700 



50,000 
33,000 



5,000 
3,600 



748,200 



344,900 
422,500 
325,500 
260,500 
201,100 

111,100 
63,500 

102,000 
40,000 
55,000 

88,000 
50,000 
44,000 
20,000 
20,000 

19,900 

11,200 

10,000 

300 

80O 

3.000 

1,000 
2,500 



2,196,800 



MACHINERY AND ELECTRICAL APPARATUS. 
The wood used in Pennsylvania for making parts of electrical equipment 
is represented by Table 72. There are fourteen species required, their prin- 
cipal uses being: 



Gaile Reels. 

White pine. 
Shortleaf pine. 
Hemlock. 
Red oak. 
Spruce. 

Wire Spools. 

Sugar maple. 
Yellow poplar. 
Basswood. 
Red oak. 

InsiLlating Pieces. 
Sugar maple. 

Relay Boxes. 
White pine. 
Red oak. 



Fi' 



'frk Boards. 
Mahogany. 



Wire Reels. 
Hemlock. 
White pine. 
Red oak. 
Yellow poplar. 
Spruce. 

FAectrical Cabinets and Cases. 
White ash. 
Walnut. 
Ped oak. 
Sugar maple. 
Mnhogany. 
Longleaf pine.' 

Triinking. 

Shortleaf pine. 
White pine. 

Sv.ntch Signal Blades. 
White pine. 
White ash. 
Sugar maple. 



117 

The largest amount and greatest number of woods of this industry go 
into cable and wire reels and spools for small size insulated wire. It will be 
noted that the softwood or conifers not plentiful in Pennsylvania are pre- 
ferred in their manufacture which probably accounts for so great a per- 
centage of the material being shipped in from other states. Hemlock and 
black walnut were the only woods listed as wholly home-grown. Penn- 
sylvania wire manufacturers use a much larger number of wood reels than 
is indicated in this table but because they are manufactured elsewhere and 
brought to the State ready for use after being assembled merely, informa- 
tion concerning this material was not asked for. It had previously been 
accredited to the state where the reels were actually manufactured. 



Table 72. — Wood for Machinery and Electrical Apparatus, year ending June, 

1912. 





Quantity. 






O 

/3 


Grown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 


Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 














Kind of Wood. 








a, 
-t-> 


d 












a 


2>. 


o 


a 


a 




4-1 

0) 

<v 




Cl, 




o 




o 



Shortleaf pine, 
White pine, 
Sugar maple, . 

Hemlock, 

Spruce, ~ 

White oak, 

Red oak, 

Ash 

Yellow poplar, 
Mahogany, 

Black walnut, 

Basswood 

Longleaf pine, 

Total, . . . 



968,200 
787,300 
558,500 
143,600 

87,700 

80,000 
43,500 
25,000 
10,000 
6,000 

2,500 
2,000 
1,000 



35.66 


$21 89 


28.89 


40 03 


20.57 


34 85 


5.29 


26 85 


3.23 


26 OO 


2.95 


28 38 


1.60 


41 72 


.92 


60 00 


.37 


55 60 


.22 


160 00 


.09 


40 OO 


.07 


55 60 


.04 


25 00 


100.00 


$31 54 



$21,191 

31,504 

19,465 

3,856 

2,280 

2,270 
1,815 

1,500 
556 



100 
111 
2S 



$85,633 



150,000 
150,000 
143,600 



10,000 



2,500 



456,100 



968,200 
637,200 
408,500 



87,700 

70,000 
43,500 

25,000 
10,000 
6,000 



2,000 
1,000 



2,259,100 



WATER PIPES AND PUMPS. 
Over two and one-half million feet of lumber is demanded annually, in 
Pennsylvania for making wooden water pipes and wood linings for iron 
water pipes. In coal mining operations the chemical action of the water 
that collects there holds in solution various minerals, chiefly sulphur, that 
have a deleterious effect upon iron. Pipes employed for conducting this 
water away, when of iron, are usually lined with wood to prevent corrosion 
or, as in many cases, are made entirely of wood. White pine is demanded 
in the largest quantities for both of these purposes. The average price 
indicates that the lower grades were employed, as were the sugar maple, 
beech, and sweet birch and other species were used. Most of the white 
pine reported was State-grown, which is another instance of an industry 
at present depending on the forest resources of the State. Yellow poplar, 
the most expensive wood, cam.e from a distance and went entirely into liquor 
logs, both for well and boat pumps, the latter used principally on boats for 
transporting org Qoa,l and other heavy freight. In other states, according 



118 

to quantity, cucumber is preferred for liquor logs but unless it was mixed 
with yellow poplar, as is frequently done in marketing this wood, none was 
uped in Pennsylvania. 



Table 73. — Wood for Pumps, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 







^J 


Quantity. 


^ 




s 




.-( 






^ 












a 












i>; 








S 


^J 


0.5 




s 


y^ 








--H 

CD 
fa 


^ 





Gvown in 
Pennsyl- 
vania. 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
sylvania. 



White pine, . . 
Sugar maple, . 
Yellow poplar, 

Birch 

Beech, 

Total, .., 



2, 092, 000 
400,000 
100,000 
50,000 
50,000 

2,692,000 



7Y.71 


$24 59 


14.86 


17 00 


3.71 


45 00 


1.86 


17 00 


1.86 


15 00 


100. 00 


$23 90 



4,500 
850 
750 



$64,335 



1,575,000 
400', OOO 



50,000 

50,000 



2,075,000 



517,0*0 

looiooo 



617,000 



BASKETS AND VENEER PACKAGES. 

The products of this industry are made exclusively of veneer cut from close 
grained non-resinous woods with the tops and bottoms of thicker material — 
thin lumber, — which is often sawed from the cores (that part of the log 
after the veneer has been removed) , or from low grades of lumber. Formerly 
splint baskets were the kinds used. There is a wide difference between split 
wood and woods suitable for veneers. The former require straight grained 
woods, easily rived. The sapwood of white oak, basket oak, cow oak, ash, 
and hickory were among those frequently used. After the introduction of 
rotary veneer machines they began to make them, as they are doing in 
Pennsylvania, from veneer cut into wide strips and woven; and cheaper 
woods, usually with close compact cross grain without much resin, have 
taken the place of the splint woods. For stave baskets a great deal of the 
veneer is cut into staves varying in length from 12 inches to 18 inches. The 
bottom is of solid edged lumber, to which the narrow ends of the staves are 
tacked. The staves are held in place at the top and added strength is given 
at the bottom by the use of thin cut rims of white elm, beech, and soft 
maple. These baskets are made in many sizes and have a bent handle which 
is often of beech, hard maple, and white elm. Various woods answer for 
the veneer part of the stave baskets; the principal ones reported by Pennsyl- 
vania manufacturers are beech, soft maple, elm, ash, birch, and black gum. 

Other commodities made by this industry include packages used in mar- 
keting fruits and vegetables such as tills, hoppers, vendors' trays, and the 
like. This industry in Pennsylvania used a comparatively small amount 
of wood compared with the amounts used in Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
and North Carolina. The number of firms specializing in this line as well 
as in basket making justifies the grouping of the information concerning 
this line of manufacture into a separate industry instead of including it with 
the material going into boxes and crates, as has been the case in a number 
of other state reports where the veneer package industry is relatively un- 
important. 



119 



Table 74. — Wood for Baskets and Veneer Packages, year ending June, 1912. 











tA 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








^ 


^J 


vania. 


sylvania. 








■=. 














" 


.d 










































c< 








Kind of Wood. 








i& 










S 




a 


o 




3 


a 




.o 




o 


oi^ 


^ 


.Q 


ij 




a. 

HI 






1^ 


o 




fa 



Beech, 

Sugar maple, 

White pine, 

Basswood 

Red and silver maple, 

Red oak, 

White elm, 

Chestnut, 

Birch, 

Ash 

Black gum, 

Total, 



1,(W9,(KjO 
549,000 
230,000 
220,000 
145,000 

125,000 
115,000 
100,000 
70, 0«) 
30,000 

20,000 

2,6S3,0(iO 



40.22 


?1S 63 


20.46 


18 15 


8.57 


21 OO 


8.20 


20 18 


5.40 


20 00 


4.66 


23 00 


4.29 


21 87 


3.73 


19 OO 


2.61 


22 43 


1.13 


21 00 


.74 


22 00 


100.00 


$19 44 



$20,C93 
9,963 
4,830 
4,440 
2,900 

2,875 
2,515 
1,900 
1,570 
630 

440 



$52,156 



W9,0OO 
549, 000 
230.000 
220TOOO 



125,000 
115,000 
100,000 
70,000 
30,000 

20,000 



2,408,000 



130,000 



145,000 



FRAMES AND MOULDINGS. 

Woods used in Pennsylvania for picture frame mouldings — plain, enameled, 
embossed, and carved, — electric wire moulding, and frames for school slates 
and blackboards, are listed in Table 75. This industry excludes all mould- 
ings employed in the interior finish of houses except those which are put 
in place by the paper hangers for drop ceiling work and for picture hanging. 
Furniture, casket, and fixture moulding are grouped with the material 
respectively for the industries making these commodities. 

Twenty-one woods are called on for the manufacture of the commodities 
mentioned above and scarcely one-fourth of the total quantity was cut from 
trees that grow within the State. Basswood is the principal material used, 
exceeding thre^ times the total of all others. It went principally for fancy 
finish such as gilt, enamel, and embossed mouldings. Basswood not only 
holds paint well but keeps its shape and is easy to work and to cut, nail, 
and fit to place. Yellow poplar met part of the demand but was consumed 
in relatively small quantities. Frames displaying the figure of the wood 
are usually the highest priced moulding. Mahogany, white oak, black wal- 
nut, ash, and chestnut are called on by the Pennsylvania manufacturers 
for these lines of work if they are finished in oil or wax to bring out the 
natural beauty of the wood or else are darkened by stains or ammonia 
fumes for mission effects. Red gum is an important wood in this industry. 
It stood third in a similar table in Illinois, second in Michigan, and fourth 
in New York. It answers with sweet birch for the imitation of expensive 
woods. 

Considerably over half a million feet of lumber each year is demanded in 
Pennsylvania for mouldings to conceal and protect electric wiring on walls 
and ceilings. Shortleaf pine and red oak were used in small quantities, but 
basswood met practically all the demand. Slate frames, except those covered 
with cloth, were entirely of beech. Basswood answered for the felt-bound 
ones and to^'-'ther with spruce supplied the material for blackboard frames. 



120 



Table 75. — Wood for Frames and Mouldings, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 







+j 


£? 


Gfown In 


Grown Out 


Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 


s 


vania. 


sylvania. 






, 












T^ 
























0) 














p) 


o 












4J 














s& 


^ 






E 




4J 

a 


o 


o 


a 


a 


£i 




o 


cj^g 


^ 


Xi 


Xi 


fe 




0^ 


< 


o 


fe 


0) 

fa 



Beech, 

Basswood, 

White oak, ... 

Spruce, 

Chestnut 

Yellow poplar, 

Red gum 

Sugar maple, . 
Mahogany, 
Red oak 

Black walnut. 

Ash 

Birch, 

Shortleaf pine. 

Total, . . . 



1,2001,000 


45. S2 


$2» OS 


902, OOO 


34.44 


23 09 


10'7,0O0 


4.oe 


55 46 


100,000 


3.82 


30 00 


93,000 


3.55 


22 41 


S7,000 


3.32 


38 51 


50,000 


1.91 


30 00 


20,000 


.76 


22 50 


15,000 


.57 


120 00 


12,000 


.46 


44 00 


10,500 


.40 


80 67 


10,000 


.38 


35 00 


7,500 


.29 


75 00 


5,000 


.19 


30 00 


2,619,000 


100. 00' 


$25 00 



$24,100 
20,S2S 
5,934 
3,000 

2,084 

3,350 
1,500 

450 
1.800 

528 

847 
350 
562 
150 



$65,480 



600,000 
352,000 
Z7,000 



25,000 



20,000 

"2,m 



4,500 
10,000 



1,040,500 



600,000 
5oO,000 

80,000 
100,000 

68, OOO 

87,000 
50,000 



15,000 
10,000 



6,000 



7,500 

5,000 



1,578,500 



REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. 

Table 76 lists the woods used in Pennsylvania in the manufacture of re- 
frigerators, kitchen cabinets, and cupboards. The combination cabinets and 
cupboards have become almost indispensable to housekeepers in that they 
provide a convenient place for all the accessories to cooking that are neces- 
sary to be kept at hand. In late years they have become popular and fac- 
tories making them specialize in this line. Because they are sold at low prices 
they are not usually made of the upper grades of lumber that are employed 
in the manufacture of furniture. Yellow poplar and oak, both red and 
white, and to a limited extent birch, are the woods mainly used in Penn- 
sylvania for the case or outside work. The interior parts, such as shelving, 
compartment partitions, drawer sides and bottoms, etc., are made of yellow 
poplar, spruce, cottonwood, maple and beech. The backs of these cases are 
also made of low grade material and none of special quality or kind was de- 
manded. Almost any cheap species, easily worked, will answer. In conse- 
quence, a proportion of nearly all listed in the table served for this use. 
Shortleaf pine, spruce, and white oak were reported for framing. 

Refrigerators run from what are practically small ice boxes to large sec- 
tional cases the size of a room used by butchers and others doing business 
requiring cold storage equipment. Refrigerators and chests for domestic 
purposes call for soft woods of conifers for linings. The reason for this is 
that many hardwoods have an odor and therefore are unfit for a storage 
compartment of perishable foodstuffs. Spruce is the principal lining ma- 
terial in Pennsylvania, and was also employed for ice pan supports. Cypress 
in some states is used for this purpose and in others white and yellow pine 
is used. The siding or outer case is usually hardwood, — white oak, white 
ash, red oak, birch, cherry, and red gum. They are selected as being 
not only best for the work intended, but the exterior properly finished gives 
the chest the appearance of an article of furniture. The case ig not attached 



121 , 

to the lining, since between the lining and the case there is provided an in- 
sulation space, which in some refrigerators is filled with materials like 
sawdust, cork, and charcoal, and in other refrigerators the space is left 
unfilled, the dead air being regarded the most effective insulation. Lum- 
ber for refrigerators must be well dried as otherwise the extreme variations 
of temperature are apt to cause it to buckle and check. The large refrigera- 
tors or cooling rooms are built to order in the place in which they are 
used. Though hardwoods are called on for the exterior or case work of the 
higher priced work, softwoods answer to a considerable extent both for the 
linings and cases. The materials for both of these parts are usually rather 
thick and are preferred to guard more effectively against the penetration 
of heat. It is possible, so the Pennsylvania manufacturers claim, to secure 
a temperature of 38 degrees from ice alone in these large refrigerators. 



Table 76. 



-Wood for Refrigerators and Kitchen Cabinets, year ending June, 
1912. 









*J 


>> 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








1 


V 


vania. 


sylvania. 








:-, 


^ 


























<V 
















ft 








Kind of Wood. 








§r? 










a 




C 


o 

'Of. 


o 


a 


a 




xj 




o 


g« 


^ 


^ 


^ 


' 


OJ 






i'.*' 


C3 


+j 


-t-> 




fa 




H^ 


ii'' 


o 


0) 

fa 


4> 
fa 



Yellow poplar, 
Shortleaf pine, 
White oak, ... 

Spruce, 

Cottonwood, .. 

Red oak, 

Sugar maple, 

Birch 

Beech, 

Hemlock, 

Ash, 

Basswood, 

Chestnut, 

Cherry (black), 
Red gum 

White pine, . . . 

Total 



566,200 


S3. 98 


$28 zr 


453,750 


18.42 


27 07 


448,450 


18.30 


30 44 


41S,S00 


16.79 


37 39 


150,000 


6.09 


32 00 


117,450 


4.77 


41 91 


80,750 


3.28 


28 71 


65,000 


2.64 


25 15 


55,000 


2.23 


17 36 


37,100 


1.50 


22 13 


32,000 


1.30 


38 19 


21,600 


.88 


31 11 


11,SOO 


.48 


28 05 


7,500 


.30 


62 50 


2,900 


.12 


50 CO 


500 


.02 


2S CO 


2,463,80C 


lOO.OO 


m 73 



$16,009 
12,284 
13,649 
15,474 
4,800 

4,922 

2,318 

1,635 

955 

821 

1,222 
672 
331 
469 
145 

14 



$75,720 



363,000 



250,000 
190,000 



80,750 
30,000 
30,000 
33,100 

4,000 
1,600 
11,800 
7,500 



500 



1,002,250 



205,200 
453,750 
198,450 
223,800 
150,000 

117,450 



35,000 
25,000 
4,000 

28,000 
20,000 



2,900 



1,461,550 



EXCELSIOR. 
Formerly excelsior was called wood fiber but later it received its present 
name given it by an upholstery firm in its advertisement. In 1860 this 
commodity was first placed on the market by a Maine manufacturer, but 
it was not called on to meet much of a demand for a decade; then with 
the improved machinery invented by Europeans the manufacture of excelsior 
was greatly facilitated. Since that time it has become a staple product. 
According to a recent report by the Forest Service and the Bureau of the 
Census, it was ascertained that 85,000,000 feet of forest material is yearly 
demanded for its manufacture. Pennsylvania is not so important an excelsior 
state as either Virginia or New York, the former being second and the 
latter third. Pennsylvania is the tenth, consuming each year over one and 
a half million feet of wood all cut within the State. In the New England 



122 

and Lake states, aspen or popple, basswood and willow are used; in Vir- 
ginia and North Carolina, scrub and loblolly pine, yellow poplar, and white 
pine meet the demand. In the Mississippi Valley states excelsior makers 
report the use of cottonwood, yellow poplar and yellow pine, and in the 
Pacific coast states black cottonwood alone furnishes all of the demand. For 
the United States, in quantity, aspen is the favorite excelsior wood, yellow 
pine next. Pennsylvania manufacturers prefer basswood and yellow poplar 
next. These woods with aspen make the best grades of excelsior. The con- 
sumption of yellow poplar in this line of manufacture is greater in Pennsyl- 
vania than in any other state, though it is used in eight others. Butter- 
nut appears in only one other state. New Jersey, and, next to Michigan, 
beech finds its greatest demand in Pennsylvania for excelsior. Chestnut 
excelsior is solely a product of Pennsylvania and until this investigation, 
the Forest Service had received no record of the use of this wood for this 
purpose. Excelsior wood should be straight grained, soft, dense, light in 
weight and color, moderately non-brittle, stiff when dry, and odorless. 

The raw material used for making excelsior comes in the form of bolts and 
split billets, usually in lengths the multiples of 18 inches. The wood is 
thoroughly seasoned before manufacturing but if seasoned too long it be- 
comes brittle and often is injured by certain forms of incipient decay. The 
billets are set in the excelsior machines and without further handling are 
shaved into the finished product. The output of an eight block machine 
varies from 6,000 to 10,000 pounds per day according to the fineness of 
the product. From the cutting machines the excelsior is taken to the bal- 
ing room where presses, similar in operation to hay balers, put it into 
marketable form. 

The first use of excelsior was for packing wares liable to injury in trans- 
portation, but later it proved valuable for filling cheap mattresses and up- 
holstered furniture. In France not only does excelsior answer for this pur- 
pose, but highly improved machinery has made it possible to manufacture 
a product of such fine grade as to be a fit substitute for the absorbent lint 
used in hospital, or filtration purposes, and for weaving into floor coverings. 
Various grades of excelsior are frequently dyed without losing their elasticity. 
They serve as an ornamental packing material, and for color schemes in dis- 
playing goods in show cases, but none was reported in Pennsylvania. Table 
77 gives the available statistics. 

Table 77. — Wood for Excelsior, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 









-M 


ti 


Quantity. 




g 


o 






<o 


73 






^ 


























<D 










& 


d 








"S 


^ 








gti 














3 






























ji 






^S 


^ 












fa 




&: 


i,'^ 


o 



Grown in 
Pennsyl- 



Basswood 

Yellow poplar, . 

Beech 

AVhite pine, — 
Butternut, 

Aspen (popple), 
Chestnut, 

Total 



749,000 
688,000 
116,500 
63,500 
30,000 

30,000 

5,000 



1,682,000 



44.53 


$13 77 


40.90 


15 00 


6.93 


15 00 


3. 78 


15 CO 


1.7S 


15 00 


1.7S 


15 00 


.30 


14 00 


100.00 


$14 218 



$10,315 

10,030 

1,74S 

953 

450 



70 



$34,016 



Grown Out 
of Penn- 
isylvania. 



749,000 
688, OOO 
116,500 
63,500 
30,000 

30,000 
5,000 



1,682,000 



123 

PLAYGROUND EQUIPMENT. 

Under this industry are listed the woods used for making apparatus or 
wooden parts thereof tliat contribute equipment for public parks and play- 
grounds. Swings, merry-go-rounds, coasting boards, ferris wheels, croquet 
sets, see-saws, shoot-the-chutes , etc., are examples of the principal ones. 
Swings, however, were the only commodities manufactured in Pennsylvania. 
The total of the following table, 1,507,300 feet, represents the amount of 
material that is required each year for their manufacture. Not all of this 
material went into playground swings since swings of every description are 
included and some required more lumber for making than others. Accord- 
ing to quantity consumed, lawn and porch swings are the most important. 
The latter answer not only for amusement but are also useful as furniture, — 
a suspended settee for porch appointments. Of late this commodity has 
grown rapidly in favor. 

Nine woods are listed in Table 78, and those species best suited for swing 
material, i. e. , those possessing the necessary inherent qualities of strength, 
hardness, and durability when exposed are the ones included. The oaks, 
beech, and ashes in the order named, were the most prominent hardwoods. 
The chief conifers used were longleaf, shortleaf, and loblolly pine, the last 
named being used in the largest quantities. The pines answered mostly for 
lawn swings and principally for the staffs and the frame work or super- 
structure. 

Table 78. — Wood for Playground Equipment, year ending June, 1912. 









d 


>. 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




r-i 


O 

o 

C3 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 










^ 


,o 






















Kind of Wood. 








ft 


6 








a 




ti 


0.2 


g 


a 


a 




J2 




O 


g<2 


^ 


Sl 


.o 












Tota 


Feet 


•4-" 



Eed oak, 

Loblolly pine, 
Shortleaf pine. 

White oak 

Beech, 

Ash 

Yellow poplar, 
Sugar maple, . 
Longleaf pine, 

Total, ... 



456,300 
40O,00'& 
240,000 
151,000 
130,000 

75,000 

25,000 
23,000 
7,000 

1,507,300 



30.27 


$32 23 


26.54 


2»00 


15.92 


27 00 


10.02 


37 95 


S.62I 


m 46 


4.9S 


33 00 


1.66 


36 00 


1.53 


26 96 


.46 


52 on 


100.00 


$28 60 



$14,707 
8,000 
6,480 
5.730 
3,830 

2,475 
900 
620 
364 



$43,106 



216,300 



98,500 
130,000 

37,500 
12,500 
3,000 



497,800 



240,000 
400,000 
240,000 

52,500 



37,500 
12,500 
20,000 

7.0OO 



1,009,500 



PRINTING MATERIAL. 
Electrotype backing, woodcut engravings, and wood type are the only 
products listed under this head. Four woods were demanded for their 
making. Cherry heads the list as to quantity and went entirely into elec- 
rotype mountings, which is probably the most exacting use it has. Because 
it is less liable to warp than any other American woods that possess the 
other requisite qualities for this use is the reason the electrotypers demand 
cherry exclusively. Its strength and density, its resistence to splitting, 
and its property to work smoQthly are other important qualities which com- 



124 

mend it. Electrotype backing is not made, as formerly, entirely from solid 
lumber. Glue is to a large extent called on to put together narrow strips 
or thin layers for built-up mountings that are beginning to be used ex- 
tensively. The growing scarcity of cherry, together with the rapidly in- 
creasing demand for this line of work requires the electrotypers to pay a 
price over twice as great as that asked five years ago. 

For wood engravings, boxwood from Turkey and Russia was the only 
wood reported and in other states as well it met most of the demand, 
especially for high grade work. It is the most expensive wood that is listed 
in any industry. The price, $1,300 per thousand feet, is little, if any, above 
the usual cost of this wood for engravings and it is usually sold in terms 
of cubic inches, four cents being the average reported in Philadelphia. Owing 
to the high cost of this wood, engra^vers employ domestic substitutes to a 
large extent, but they are for the cheaper grades of work. Sugar maple, 
apple, and pearwood are the kinds most used. 

Metal has almost entirely replaced wood for printer's type. Wood is 
still called for to a limited extent, chiefly for manufacturing large size type 
such as is used for printing billboard advertisements. Formerly boxwood 
furnished the material, but its high cost now stands in the way and sugar 
maple, which was the only wood reported in Pennsylvania, now furnishes 
most of the supply. 

Table 79. — Wood for Printing Material, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






B 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








i 


us 


vania. 


sylvania. 








u 


.o 


















Kind of Wood. 








■"^ 


o 








a 






8b 


o 


a 


a 




X3 






Ma 

03 VI 


^ 


.Q 


i£ 














■+J 










iS 




c 


Fee 





Cherry (black) 

Birch 

Red and silver maple, 

Mahogany 

Redwood, 



Yellow poplar, 

Beech, 

Applewood, 
Sugar maple, 
Hickory, 



Boxwood (Turkish), 
Total, 



1,166,800 


91.56 


$29 14 


30,000 


2.36 


50i CO 


25,000 


1.96 


31 60 


23,500 


1.84 


85 96 


20,000 


1.57 


63 00 


5,000 


.39 


IS 00 


2,000 


.16 


30 CO 


1,000 


.OS 


50 00 


500 


.04 


80 00 


50O 


.04 


50 00 


26 


* 


576 92 


1,274,32.6 


lOfli.OO 


$31 27 



$34,003 

1,500 

790 

2,020 

1,260 

90 
60 
50 
40 
25 

15 



$3^,853 



634,000 
10,000 
20', 000 



2,000 
1,000 

500 
50C 



668,000 



532,800 
20,000 
5,000 
23,500 
20,000 

5,000 



*I>ess than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 



LADDERS. 

Nine manufacturers reported the making of ladders, including step lad- 
ders, travelling store ladders, firemen's ladders, and extension ladders used 
by painters and other mechanics. In other state reports ladders have been 
classified under woodenware but owing to the number of concerns in Penn- 
sylvania specializing in making them and because of the large quantity of 
wood which they annually consume, their presentation under a separate 
heading is justified. 



125 

Loblolly pine and basswood supplied the largest part of the demand and 
were called on mostly for step ladders because being strong and at the same 
time light in weight they are well adapted for this line of use. Beech was 
used extensively for steps because of its strength, and in order not to make 
the ladders too heavy, it was used with a lighter wood for styles. Other 
step ladder woods were cypress, longleaf pine, and spruce. The staffs, which 
are the hinged supports, are made of various woods and usually of the 
same kind as the styles except those of considerable length where extra 
strength is desired. In order not to add too much weight staffs are made of 
strips of small dimension and to meet the stress imposed are well braced and 
made from material free from imperfections. For extension and firemen's 
ladders high grades are used. Spruce is most in demand for the styles or 
uprights while for the ladder rungs, hickory, ash, beech, and maple were 
employed in the order mentioned. 

Travelling ladders are so named because they are readily moved by the 
occupant without descending. They are used in stores. Pulleys, movable 
on a track, are attached at the top, and in some designs the bottoms rest 
on castors. Lightness of weight is not a consideration in these as in step 
ladders and thicker materials and heavier woods are therefore used. Long- 
leaf pine was used mostly but sugar maple, loblolly, and shortleaf pine 
also met a part of the demand. 

Sixty-five per cent, of the ladder woods were kinds that do not grow 
plentifully and some not at all in Pennsylvania. This accounts for only 
20 per cent, of the requirements of this industry being met by the forests 
of the State. Of the kinds reported common to Pennsylvania, the entire 
amounts consumed were home-grown except basswood, nearly one-half of 
which was brought in from forests of other states. 



Table 80. — Wood for Ladders, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 



Quantity. 



E 








d 


d 


_^ 




Ol 


^ 






h^ 


a< 







Loblolly pine, . 

Basswood, 

Spruce, 

Cypress (bald), 
Longleaf pine, . 

Sugar maple, . . 

Hickory 

Shortleaf pine, . 

Beech 

Ash, 

Yellow poplar, . 

Total 



400, 000 


36.08 


$20 CO 


275,000 


34.81 


29 18 


191,000 


17.23 


43 40 t 


62,500 


5.64 


54 64 


.50,000 


4.51 


28 00 : 


50,000 


4.51 


27 00 : 


25,000 


2.26 


18 OO ' 


25,000 


2.26 


25 00 ' 


22,000 


l.ftS 


18 27 ! 


4,000 


.36 


70 00 j 


4,000 


.36 


21 00 


1,108,500 


100.00 


.?29 16 



$8,000 
8,025 
8,290 
3,415 
1,400 

1,350 

450 
625 
402 
280 



$32,321 



150,000 



50,000 
25,000 



22,000 
4,00fl 



251,000 



400, 000 
125,000 
191,000 
62,500 
50,000 



25,000 
4,000 



857,500 



1^6 

ELEVATORS. 
Fifteen manufacturers reported using wood for tlie manufacture and re- 
pair of freight and passenger elevators, both hand power and traction, lifts, 
dumb waiters, etc., and many of them are important industries maintain- 
ing formidable establishments. In the production of the finished commodity 
they give Pennsylvania a high standing among the states but in consumption 
of lumber they report the use of only a little over a million feet, annually, 
making this industry 35th in the list or 17th from the last. Not many years 
ago lumber was the most essential material the elevator manufacturers used 
but generally steel construction began to take the place of wood and proved 
to be such a practical and desirable substitute that now for power elevators , 
especially passenger, wood is employed only incidentally for a few minor 
parts. The sight of the old time wooden passenger elevator car today is 
an exception, but on the other hand many small freight elevators and dumb 
waiters are made entirely of wood, the initial cost being much lower than 
steel. Some are made that are part steel and part wood. The rough lumber 
demanded for elevator construction is shown in Table 81. Eleven kinds 
were reported and their principal uses are as follows: 



Car Platforms. 
Sugar maple. 



PASSENGER ELEVATORS. 



Overhead Machine Platform. 
Sugar maple. 



Guide Posts. 
White pine. 
Longleaf pine. 
Norway pine. 

Guide Strips. 

Sugar maple. 
White ash. 

Upper Frames. 
Sugar maple. 
Longleaf pine. 
White ash. 

Enclosures. 

Longleaf pine. 
White pine. 
Loblolly pine. 

Gates. 

White oak. 
Loblolly pine. 

Car Platforms. 
Sugar maple. 
Cypress. 
Longleaf pine. 



FREIGHT ELEVATORS. 
Panel Sides. 

Longleaf pine. 
Loblolly pine. 
White oak. 
Sugar maple. 

Overhead Beams. 
Sugar maple. 
Longleaf pine. 
Loblolly pine. 
White ash. 

Car 'Beams. 

Sugar maple. 
White elm. 
White oak. 
Norway pine. 

Weight jams. 

Longleaf pine. 
Sugar maple. 
White elm. 

Footing Pieces. 
Longleaf pine. 
Norway pine. 
Sugar maple. 
Cork elm. 



Car Blames. 
Spruce. 
Cork elm. 
Longleaf pine. 
Sugar maple. 



DUMB WAITERS. 



Shaft Lining. 
- White oak. 
Hemlock. 
Chestnut. 
Loblolly pine. 



127 



Car Finish. 

Yellow poplar. 
Loblolly pine. 
White pine. 

Guide Posts. 

Yellow poplar. 
White pine. 

Guide Strips. 
White ash. 
Sugar maple. 



Weight Jams. 

Yellow poplar. 
White pine. 
Cork elm. 



Weight Boxing, 
Loblolly pine. 
Yellow poplar. 
White pine. 



This industry does not depend on the forests of the State to any great 
extent as a source of raw material. Less than one-quarter of the total was 
grown in Pennsylvania because the lumber chiefly used in elevator con- 
struction is of kinds that are rarely, if at all, cut in Pennsylvania. Long- 
leaf, Norway or red, loblolly, and shortleaf pine, and cypress together 
constitute over 52 per cent, of the total. Sugar maple and ash were the prin- 
cipal home-grown woods demanded and from the average prices recorded the 
upper grades were principally purchased. The available statistics are: 



Table 81. — Wood for Elevators, year ending June, 1912. 









+J 


£? 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




s 


o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 






























Kind of Wood. 


















a 




13 


SjI 


o 


g 


a 












^ 


^ 


j2 












ci 








fe 




0) 




o 




OJ 



Longleaf pine, 
Sugar maple, . 
^or\Tay pine, .. 
Loblolly pine, . 
Asli 

Yellow poplar, 
White pine, . . . 

White oak, 

Shortleaf pine, 
Cork elm, 

White elm, ... 
Cypress (bald) , 

Spruce, 

Chestnut, 

Hemlock, 

Total 



269,900 
141,200 
100,000 
96,500 
93,000 

82,600 
62,200 
53,200 
50,000 
20,500 

12,000 

10, 000 

10,000 

4,000 

3,800 



1,008, 90C 



26.75 


$36 73 


14.00 


49 74 


9.91 


28 OO 


9.56 


32 31 


9.22 


71 17 


8.19 


41 88 


6.16 


40 45 


5.27 


48 03 


4.96 


22 00 


2.03 


65 00 


1.19 


65 00 


.99 


55 OO 


.99 


30 00 


.40 


70 00 


.38 


30 00 


100.00 


$42 08 

< 



$9,913 
7,023 
2,800 
3,118 
6,619 

3,459 
2,516 
2,555 
1,100 
1,332 

780 
550 
300 
280 
114 



$42,459 



43,600 

30, 600 
32,200 
23,200 



20,500 



10,000 
"3,800 



245,100 



269,900 
60,000 

100.000 
96,500 
49,400 

52,000 
30,000 
30,000 
50,000 



12,000 
10', 000 



4,000 



763,800 



CANES AND WHIPS. 
The variety of woods used for canes, umbrella and parasol handles ex- 
ceeds that reported by any other industry in Pennsylvania. Table 82 in- 
cludes 72 species of wood. Because the raw material for these commodities 
is most usually purchased in billet, pole or twig form, and very frequently 
by the piece, it was impractical to reduce the amount of the material re- 
ported to board feet except in a few cases when certain woods were used in 
comparatively large quantities. The total of Table 82 does not, therefore, 
represent the entire amount of wood that is used for manufacturing these 



128 

products in Pennsylvania, but in order tliat the remarkable number of dif- 
ferent kinds of wood, — many of which have not been reported in any other 
state report, — may be presented, they have been listed in the table without 
accompanying statistics. Most of them are high priced and a majority are 
foreign woods. As many as were readily available will be found included in 
the preceding illustration. A large per cent, of all the sugar maple and soft 
maple shown in the table went for dowels or shanks of umbrellas and para- 
sols, while the entire amount of beech answered for whip stocks and 
handles. Reed cut in large quantities from rattan shipped from the Orient 
v/as also used for whips but it was reported in pounds and could not be 
reduced to feet to be included in the table. 

Table 82. — Wood for Whips, Canes, and Umbrella Sticks, year ending June, 

1912. 









5H 


& 


Grown In 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






$. 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








1 


03 


vania. 


sylvania. 








"^ 


.O 


























c. 








Kind of Wood. 








o ti 


*H 








a 




^ 


o 


P 


a 


a 




.Q 




<p 


bo a 




.D 


X2 




jj 




" 




C3 








0) 






<1 


O 







Beech 

Sugar maple, 

Ebony, 

Ked and silver maple, 
Congo, 



Hickory 

Boxwood, 

P^ed gum 

Basswood, 

Weiclisal roots, 



Total, 



266, 5W) 
241,100 
124,150 
107,000 
60,000 

26,000 
25,600 
20,000 
12,. 500 
30 



882,880 



30.18 


$21 91 


27.31 


17 57 


14.06 


187 94 


12.13 


26 45 


6. SO 


133 00 


2.94 


55 85 


2.90 


36S 28 


2.27 


50 00 


1.42 


32 48 


* 


540 00 


100.00 


$63 90 



$5, 838 
4,237 

23,333 
2,830 
8,000 

1,452 

9,.';00 

1,000 

406 

16 



$56,41? 



252,000 
241,100 



2,000 



500,100 



14,500 



124,150 

105,000 

60,000 

26,000 
25,600 
20,000 
7,500 
30 



382,780 



*Less than 1-100 of 1 per cent. 

' Woods for canes and parasol and 

Apple. 

Apricot. 

Arbor vitae. 

Bamboo. 

Birch. 

Black ash. 

Black gum. 

Black walnut. , 

Butternut. 

Cherry. 

Chestnut. 

Chestnut oak. 

Circassian walnut. 

Corra. 

Crab apple. 

Cucumber. / 

DogAvood. 

Elm. 

English oak. 

F''ench oak. 

Furze. 

Hazelnut. 



umbrella handles purchased by the piece: 
Haw (black thorn). 
Holly. 

Hop tree (hopwood). 
Hornbeam (ironwood). 
Huckleberry tree. 
Lancewood. 
Laurel. 
Lilac. 

Madagascar. 
Mahogany. 
Malacca (rattan). 
Morello cherry (sweet cherry). 
Orange wood. 
Osage orange. 
Paper birch (gray birch). 
Partridge. 
/ Peach tree. 
Pear tree. 
Persimmon. 
Plum. 

■Poison Sumach. 
Quince. 



129 



Red cedar (juniper). 

Red oak (jersey oak). 

Rice root. 

Sassafras. 

Savin (red cedar). 

Scotcli tliistle. 

Siberian crab. 

Slippery elm. 

Striped maple (swamp dogwood). 



Sweet (cherry) birch. 

Sycamore. 

Whangee. 

White ash. 

White oak. 

White thorn. 

Willow. 

Yellow birch. 

Yellow poplar (hickory poplar). 



PLUMBERS' WOODWORK. 
In connection with bathroom and toilet furnishings and other forms of 
plumbing installation there are certain useful commodities made of wood 
which have been grouped under this heading and the materials used for 
making them presented in Table 83. Drainboards, which serve as dish wasl^- 
ing tables, connected with the sink, call for a large quantity of wood which, 
on account of holding its shape, ash alone supplied. Usually these boards 
are grooved to facilitate drainage. Sweet birch, finished with a high polish, 
was mainly used for bath stools, some in imitation of mahogany but most 
of them painted or enameled white, the birch being specially adaptable to 
both kinds of finish. Water closet seats, lids, and tanks, are the other 
commodities of this industry in Pennsylvania and like the wood for fixtures 
and furniture, high grade material with considerable figure and susceptible 
of taking a polish is largely demanded. Yellow poplar is an exception as it 
answers in large amounts only for white enameled finish and is desired be- 
cause it holds its shape, takes paint readily, and is moderately strong. Birch 
is probably equally suitable except that it is more liable to warp, but this 
is overcome in the superior advantages it offers in being stronger and af- 
fording a higher polish. White and red oak, including considerable quar- 
tered stock, cherry, mahogany, ash, and sweet birch used for exterior work 
are the woods selected for figure and are finished natural with wax or var- 
nish. Chestnut in some states was reported among these woods but in Penn- 
sylvania where it is extensively cut, the manufacturers of plumbing wood- 
work made no mention of it. This industry does not depend largely upon 
the forests of the State as the manufacturers report only 15 per cent, of all 
the wood they used as State-grown. 

Table 83. — Wood for Plumbers' Woodwork, year ending June, 1912. 



Wliitp onk, .. 
Yellow i!0|ilar, 

Ash 

liinli 

l:.'(l ouk 



iR<t,r>on 


3? 4:1 


W 78 


13!,OOI1 


Tl.'M 


40 on 


itn.odfl 


U\S3 


34 00 


95,C(lfl 


16.2fi 


30 !):> 


30,ono 


r..l3 


30 00 









*i 


^ 


Orown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






_2 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








g 




vania. 


sylvanra. 








T-H 


a 


























a 








Kind of Wood. 








9 >■■ 


O 
















■Si 

o 


a 


a 

J2 
























T' 


> d 


■^ 


ii 


V 




^ 




- 


< 


H 


^ 





$8,297 

5.360 I 

3.740 I 

2.940 

900 



40,000 



75,000 
30,' 0(1 



149. FOO 

1:4, onn 
110,000 

20.000 



130 

Table 83 — Concluded. 









^ 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






c 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








S 


^ 


vania. 


sylvania. 








y-i 


.Q 


































Kind of Wood. 










O 












a 




o 


a 


a 

/2 










> d 


o 


OJ 


« 




b 




C^ 




H 


fe 


fa 



Shortleaf pine, 
Matiogany, 
Clierry (black), 
Wiiite pine, .. 
Sugar maple, . 

Black walnut. 

Total, ... 



12,250 
6,000 
4,400 
2,500 
300 

300 



584,250 



2.10 


28 CO 


1.03 


155 00 


.75 


94 55 


.43 


36 00 


.05 


30 00 


.05 


35 00 


100.00 


$39,43 



343 

930 

416 

90 



10 



?23,035 



300 



145,700 



12,250 
6,000 
4,000 
2,500 



43S,550 



INSULATOR PINS AND BRACKETS. 
Durability and strength are the requisite qualities of insulator pin ma- 
terial, and locust is the wood principally used in their manufacture. In the 
country at large, its use for this purpose exceeds seven times the amount 
of all other woods combined and in Pennsylvania over 425,000 feet are used 
each year. White oak, red oak, elm, and osage orange are other v/oods 
used for pins in various states, but, unlike locust, where these are em- 
ployed they are ordinarily dipped in paint or some antiseptic solution, such 
as creosote, in order to increase their durability. In Pennsylvania locust 
was the only wood reported for insulator pins and the other woods appearing 
in the table were used for pole brackets. 



Table 84. — Wood for Insulator Pins and Brackets, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




!■ 


o 
o 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 






































a 








Kind of Wood. 








d tA 


^ 








a 




^ 


o 




a 


d 




.a 




d 


^i 




J2 


JD 












03 








fa 




o 


< 


O 


fa 


fa 



Locust (black) 
White oak, . . . 
Red oak 

Total, ... 



463,. 500 
60,000 
55,000 

578,500 



80.12 
10.37 
9.51 


$23 90 
13 33 
11 82 


100.00 


$21 65 



$11,076 
800 
650 



$12,526 



463,500 
60,000 
55,000 



578,500 



BUTCHERS' BLOCKS AND SKEWERS. 
The two important woods for butchers blocks are sycamore and sugar 
maple. On account of their desired qualities, hardness and uncleavability, 
together with their strength and tastelessness, they are first among the do- 
mestic woods for this use. Formerly butchers' blocks were round, usually 



131 

a cross section of a large tree barked and trimmed symmetrically, rarylng 
in thickness from 18 to 30 inches. It is exceedingly difflcyjt to season pieces 
of this size thoroughly and trouble results by blocks checking, rendering 
it difficult to keep them clean and sanitary. Lately considerable improTement 
in seasoning processes has partly overcome the only objection to sycamore 
blocks. The advancement made in the art of gluing woods, which has 
brought into prominence built-up lumber, has entirely overcome all check- 
ing difficulties and enabled the making of blocks lighter In weight but with 
requisite strength, equally as serviceable and with a more attractive ap- 
pearance. 

The built-up block is the only kind of block being made in Pennsylvania, 
and sugar maple is the wood used. The size of the pieces that are glued dif- 
fer slightly according to the dimensions of the finished block but most com- 
monly they are 3 inches thick, 4 inches wide, and 16 to 18 Inches long. It 
is very important that the lumber for the blocks be thoroughly seasoned and 
to bring it to the desired condition both air and kiln-drying methods are 
used. Before gluing the pieces together, they are jointed by machinery in 
order that they fit perfectly, leaving no apertures along edges for glue to 
collect and thus taint the meat. That they may more readily adhere to the 
glue the smooth flat surfaces are roughened. This process is important 
since the rough usage given the meat block brings great strain on the glued 
joints which must be as strong as it Is possible for the best glue to make 
them. The flat glue joint is used and to weld the pieces together after being 
heated and covered with glue, they are subjected for 12 or 14 hours to the 
pressure of a hydraulic machine. They are then bored for several iron rods 
that are added as a reinforcement for the glued joints. The legs are made 
usually of the same kind of wood as the meat blocks, namely, maple, but 
sometimes red oak is used. 

Hickory and white pine are the principal woods used for skewers. Those 
made from the latter wood are employed In kitchens for holding in shape 
croquettes and other dainties and by confectioners for taffy sticks. Hickory 
skewers were made to meet the demand of the butchers. Beech and maple 
are prominent for meat skewers but none were reported by the manufac- 
turers in Pennsylvania where these woods are common lumber trees. 

Table 85. — ^Wood for Butchers' Blocks and Skewers, year ending June, 1912. 









^J 


fr 


Grown In 


Grown Out 




Qnantltj. 




i-T 


B 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


•f Pena- 
gylTanU, 






















o 








Kind of Wood. 








1^ 


e 








3 




^ 




s 


B 


1 




J2 




a 


g5 


^ 


^ 


A 










< 


o 


Si 

fa 


1 



Snsrar maple, 
White pine, 
Hickory 

Total, . 



270,000 
200.000 
50,000 



520,000 



F1.92 
38.46 
9.62 


$20 37 
22 00 

IS 00 


100.00 


$20 77 



$5,500 

4,400 

900 



?10,S00 



270,000 
200,000 
50,000 



520,000 



132 



WEIGHING APPARATUS. 

This industry as measured by the consumption of wood is one of tlie small 
ones of this report. It includes material for scale manufacture such as is 
used, by, railroads,, called track scales and hay wagon scales, often used in 
coal yards, besides platform and counter scales for stores, warehouses, and 
cabinet scales such as are used for compounding medicines, weighing gold, 
silver, and precious stones. 

Longleaf pine is the most common wood for large scales on account of its 
durability, strength, and elasticity. It goes principally into the framework 
of track and wagon scales and was shipped to Pennsylvania from the Gulf 
states. Sugar maple is next in quantity answering more for the counter 
and platform scales than any other use because, being hard, tough, strong, 
and close grained with a tendency to wear smooth, it is specially adapted 
for this purpose. The handsome finish of mahogany and cherry, together 
with their compact structure, and the property of holding their shape, com- 
mend them for use as material for making the basal parts of cabinet scales 
and for the frame of the glass cases usually enclosing these scales. 

Table 86. — Wood for Weighing Apparatus, year ending June, 1912. 









hJ 


^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






_o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








§ 


1 


vania. 


sylvania. 








1-t 
















j^ 


.Q 






























a 








Kind of Wood. 








o t>. 


5M 








g 




^ 


o 


o 


a 


a 




^ 




d 


TO VH 




^ 


J2 




•a 




Cm 






0) 

fa 


fa 



Longleaf pine, 
Stigar maple, . 
Yellow poplar, 
Cherry (black) 
Mahogany, 

Ash 

Total, ... 



-200,000 


50.84 


$30 00 


171,000 


43.47 


33 13 


10,000 


2.54 


25 00 i 


7,500 


1.90 


27 CO 


4,000 


1.02 


90 00 


900 


.23 


93 06 
$31 9\\ 


393,400 


100.00 



$6,000 

5,665 I 

250 i 

202 

360 



$12,561 



j 200,000 

21,000 I 150,000 

10,000 j 

7,500 ! 

j 4,000 

900 I 

39,400 354,000 



PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS. 
The amount of lumber used by this industry is relatively very small, but 
the products grouped under it are numerous and vary according to the uses 
they serve in the several trades or professions included. In the quantity of 
wood used the pencil makers are the most important class. Similar to the 
pencil manufacturers in New Jersey, New York, and other states, they 
report using only one wood , red cedar , which is brought to Pennsylvania 
from the southern states. Tennessee and Florida are at present the centers 
of production of this wood. Other kinds, both domestic and foreign, 
have been considered as possible substitutes because of the growing scarcity 
of red cedar, but the experiments indicate that only a feAV species have been 
found fairly successful and these answer mostly for a cheap pencil. This 
brings out how difficult it is to find a wood combining all the qualities 
requisite for pencil material and how essential it is that pencil woods pos- 
sess qualities almost identical to red cedar. Pencil makers procure their 
raw material in the form of slats that are usually 2^ inches wide and 7 inches 



133 

long, and i inch thick. Not frequently the pencil makers manufacture 
their own slats, but there are concerns specializing in cedar products who 
convert their best material into pencil slats and the remainder into lumber 
for utility boxes, furniture squares, and closet linings. Formerly when 
cedar was abundant pencil slats were manufactured entirely from logs, but 
rapidly decreasing supply of cedar timber has brought into the market old 
stumps, fence rails, gate posts, barn and cabin logs, and material in various 
shapes and condition, even partly decayed and weather checked. As can 
be expected, therefore, waste incident to the sawing of pencil slats is large 
and has been estimated to be about four-fifths of the original amount pur- 
chased. A pencil slat makes six half-pencils. The same operation that grooves 
them to accommodate the lead also gives them their final form and the 
corresponding halves are identically made from another slat and glued to- 
gether. 

Carpenters' tools belong to this industry. They include commodities made 
almost entirely of wood such as spirit levels, rules, gauges, mallet heads, 
level boards, etc. Tools part wood and part metal like screwdrivers, chisels, 
gimlets, etc., have been grouped under the handle industry. White oak 
alone met the demand for gauges which require a hard dense light colored 
wood and from the price given only the best grades were used. In other 
States boxwood and sugar maple were also used but neither kind was re- 
ported in Pennsylvania. White ash and mahogany, because most stable 
when in place, answered for spirit levels and plumbs. In Connecticut and 
New Jersey, where a quantity of these Commodities are made, cherry is an 
important wood and large quantities are used. Level boards were entirely 
of white pine, while for mallets a variety of woods is used. For carpenters' 
and tinners' mallets sugar maple answered while lignum-vitae, shipped from 
Mexico, and dogwood served for bung starters and coppersmiths' mallets. 
Heads of mauls used by sheet metal workers are made of black or sour gum 
and it is interesting to note that recently this wood has begun to replace 
sugar maple for this use. Its interlaced fiber, which prevents it from split- 
ting, commends it, besides it is cheap and owing to the large dimensions 
the trees attain the bolts can readily be had in desired sizes. 

In Pennsylvania, as in other states, boxwood is the principal rule ma- 
terial, both for mechanics' collapsible rules and office rulers. It is shipped 
to this country usually from Turkey or other Mediterranean countries, and 
ov/ing to its hardness, light color, and stability, it is preferred to any other 
wood for this commodity. The same qualities commend it to the makers of 
draftsmen's scales, such as straight-edges, triangles, graduated and slide 
rules. 

Camera makers report using three woods, — mahogany, cherry, and yellow 
poplar. The first two are the important ones, being strong, close-grained, 
and free from warping tendencies as well as ornamental. Yellow poplar is 
used in only relatively small amounts in this line of work and when so de- 
manded goes principally into kits. Ebony was the highest priced wood shown 
in the table and was reported by the makers of drafting instruments. 



lU 



Table 87. — Wood for Professional and Scientific Instruments, year ending 

June, 1912. 







*J 


i 


Grown In 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








.a 


vania. 


sylvania. 
































Oi 








Kind of Wood. 






lit 


"W 








i 






3 


a 

1 


a 




fe 


fo 


<! 


H 


fa 


fa 



Red cedar 

Yellow poplar 

Ash, 

Black fum 

Oberry (black), 

White oak 

Dogwood 

Mahogany 

iiugar pine, 

Boxwood (Weit Indian), 

Llgnum-Tltae 

White pine 

Sugar maple 

Ebony 

Total 



240,000 
16,^ 
15,^ 
12,000 
10,000 

10,000 
7,200 
5,118 
6,000 
2,300 

1,000 

1,000 

930 

500 

326,448 



7S.52 


$52 00 


E.02 


73 78 


4.60 


58 67 


3.68 


52 83 


3.06 


100 00 


3.06 


55 00 


2.21 


38 47 


1.57 


169 21 


1.53 


70 OO 


.70 


5S 00 


.31 


120 00 


.31 


»0 OO 


.28 


40 00 


.15 


260 00 


100.00 


$57 44 







$12,480 

1,210 

880 

634 

1,000 

550 
277 
866 
350 
126 

120 
90 
37 

130 
$18,750 



5,000 
2,000 



1,008 



500 
'8,566 



240,000 
16.400 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 

10,000 
6,200 
5,118 
5,000 
2,300 

1,000 

1,000 

430 

500 

317,948 



PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. 

The commodities grouped in this Industry are tackle blocks, belt pulleys, 
conveyors, and clutches, and thirteen kinds of wood are used for making 
them. Metal has to a large extent replaced wood in this line of manufacture, 
but studies similar to this in various states have shown that a considerable 
quantity of wood is still demanded for making them. For belt pulley rims the 
manufacturers in Pennsylvania call for birch, basswood, yellow poplar, cucum- 
ber, Cottonwood, and butternut, and for the center arms, red oak, white oak, 
sugar maple, ash, and beech. 

Tackle block material must be dense, hard, strong, tough, and most diffi- 
cult to split. White ash, sugar maple, and a small amount of black gum are 
the woods reported in use in Pennsylvania though in other states elm Is 
frequently used. Pulley blocks are of many types and sizes in order to meet 
a variety of uses. For example, those required on vessels, in building con- 
struction, in mines, on derricks and hoists by house painters, masons, car- 
penters, etc., range from a snatch block to the multiple pulley blocks. The 
latter is usually of the shoulder block type and designed for one or more 
sheaves. It is sometimes chambered out to receive a wheel in each compart- 
ment while at other times two or more wheels are placed side by side in a sec- 
tion. The old time block maker did much of the work by hand, but the im- 
proved machinery In recent years does the work with greater accuracy and 
in much less time. The lumber is ripped Into dimensions the width of the 
block and the reciprocating saw then cuts the dimensions into shape, when 
they are passed on to be mortised. Often the wheel slats are cut by machinery 
and then the blocks are ready for the sheaves. 

A small part of this industry consists in the manufacture of conveyors such 
as are used in factory elevators and warehouses to carry merchandise and 
grain. These require only a limited amount of wood for small parts and 
white oak and suRar maple are the species reported. 




Fig. 30 — Interior of excelsior factory, showing billets in place in excelsior machines. 




Fig. 31. — Finished excelsior ready for baling. 




Fig. 32.— Whips, canes, and umbrella liaudles, and rough stock from which 
tliev are manufactured. 



DESCRIPTION OF FIGURE 32. 

1. Butt cut seedling and umbrella handle — sweet birch. 

2. Cut of seedling- and cane — osage orange. 

3. Butt-cut seedling.s, two umbrella handles — boxwood. 

4. Whangee cuts, one bent ready to be cut into cane length. 

5. Three designs of weichsel umbrella handles. 

6. Butt-cut of furze, 1 parasol and 2 umbrella handles. 

7. Malacca (rattan) cut and cane. 

8. Butt cut seedling, umbrella handle and cane — partridge. 

9. Rough sawn billet, parasol handle and cane — holly. 

10. Madagascar cut — natural cane ready for ferrule. 

11. Rough sawn billet, umbrella handle and cane — applewood. 

12. Two parasol and one umbrella handle — ebony. 

13. But-cut seedling of haw (black thorn). 

14. Cut of bamboo and cane. 

15. Corra cane with rice-root handle. 

16. Rice-root from which handle of 15 was made. 

17. Cut of Congo and umbrella handle. 

18. Cut of Scotch thistle and parasol handle. 

19. Butt-cut seedling, umbrella handle and cane — dogwood. 

20. Rough sawn billet, cane, umbrella and 4 parasol handle — sugar iuai)le 

21. Butt-cut seedling, 4 umbrella handles — French oak. 

22. Butt-cut seedling— black ash. 

23. Two butt-cut seedlings and umbrella handle — hickory. 

24. Cut of lancewood and umbrella handle. 

25. Morillo cherry (sweet cherry) parasol handle. 

26. Congo root for umbrella handle. 

27. Red oak (Jersey) — parasol handle. 

Cuts of white thorn and bamboo unnumbered, at bottom of illustration 




Fig. 33.— Manufacturer of shoe lasts. Roughly cut billets and the finished lasts 

txirned from them. 




Fig. 34. — Evolution of a shoe last. 



135 



Table 88. — ^Wood for Pulleys and Conveyors, year ending June, 1912. 









^ 


>^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






O 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








S 


si 


vania. 


sylvania. 








r-< 


;= 








































a 








Kind of Wood. 








i& 


V4 








H 




a 


tj}§ 


1 


S 


a 










7j %-H 


^ 


.o 






















0) 




0) 


^;C3 


o 


V 






fe 




C^ 




H 


k 


fe 



Yellow poplar, , 

Sugar maple 

Basswood, 

Ash 

Beech, 

Black gum, 

White oak 

Birch, 

Red oak, 

Red and silver maple, 

Cucumber 

Butternut 

Cottonwood, 

Total 



SO, 000 
6S,000 
40,000 
15,000 
15,000 

14,000 
10,500 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 

10,000 
10,000 
2,000 



27.16 


$2S 75 


23.09 


43,68 


13. 5S 


20 00 


5.09 


30 00 


5.09 


20 00 


4.75 


33 71 


3.56 


30 95 


3.40 


20 00 


3.40 


25 00 


3.40 


14 00 


3.40 


18 00 


3.40 


20 00 


.68 


21 00 


100.00 


$29 30 



$2,300 

2,970 
800 
450 
300 

472 
325 
200 
250 
140 

180 
200 
42 



$8,629 



10,000 
66,000 
40,000 
7,000 
15,000 



10,500 
10,000 
10,000 
10,000 

10,000 

10,000 

2,000 



70,000 
2,000 



8,000 



BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS. 
Nearly all shoes in the United States are made over wooden lasts and, 
therefore, the manufacture of these lasts as well as other shoe findings is an 
important enterprise. In comparison with the quantity of woods consumed In 
other states, particularly Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, and 
New York, this industry in Pennsylvania is relatively small; but because of 
the substantial well equipped establishments, of the skilled labor employed, 
and in the high grade of products manufactured, it is of considerable 
industrial importance. Lasts, shoe forms, and wood soles are the commodities 
to which the statistics in Table 89 refer. 

Lasts are made from sugar maple and persimmon because they possess the 
essential qualities of hardness, density, capacity for smooth finish, and per- 
manence in final shape. No other domestic woods have been found equally 
suitable. The former goes into lasts, all sizes and kinds, both for leather 
and rubber shoes, and the latter for the better grades of children's and misses' 
sizes. Considering the great number of shoes made in this country, compar- 
atively few lasts are needed as many pairs are made over the same pattern. 
The wear on the last is considerable and it can be used steadily for no longer 
than twelve to fifteen months. For that reason only the high grade select wood 
is required. 

There are two distinct divisions of the last industry, — the manufacture of 
the last block from bolts, and the manufacture of the finished last from the 
rough turned blocks. The industry in Pennsylvania covers only the manu- 
facture of the latter and the fact that no last and filler blocks were found being 
made in the State, though maple and basswood are commonly cut in Pennsyl- 
vania, explains the fact that the entire amount of wood used by the last 
makers was reported as coming from other states. 

Last block manufacture entails various difficulties in kiln-drying and many 
who have started the business have failed. Those who have mastered the 
obstacles and acquired efficient processes of seasoning manufacture on a 



136 

large scale and therefore reduce the number of block factories many times 
below the number of the last makers. Last blocks are split from bolts winter 
cut and then rough turned to various sizes on machines usually of special 
design. The seasoning begins after the blocks are turned. First, they are 
air-dried about twelve months after they are placed on racks under sheds. 
The seasoning is completed by means of dry kilns and for this a period, 
approximately three months, is required when the block is ready to send 
to the last maker. 

Shoe trees, to be inserted into shoes to hold the shape, are an important 
part of this industry but none are manufactured in Pennsylvania. Formerly 
they were made solid of wood and were expensive. The best are still so 
made; but recently, by the introduction of a combination tree of steel bands 
and wood blocks, it has been made possible to make them to sell at a nominal 
cost. 

Basswood is used as exclusively for forms or fillers as is sugar maple for 
lasts. Forms are turned similarly from rough turned blocks. They are used 
to maintain the natural shape of the shoe in samples displayed in show cases 
and when being handled by traveling salesmen. They fit the shoes perfectly 
and give an effect similar to the appearance of the shoe on ,the foot. Fillers 
should be light in weight to save cost in transportation in salesmen's trunks. 
To reduce weight to the minimum many are hollowed, and basswood being 
soft, easily worked, light, and sufficiently tough, holding its shape well, is 
the most practical wood to use. The growing high cost of basswood has made 
a demand for a suitable substitute at a lower price but as yet none has been 
found. 

Clog or wooden soled shoes have leather tops and are used by people working 
in wet and cold places, such as breweries, tanneries, creameries, mines, dye 
works, fish canneries, slaughter houses, paper mills, also in foundries 
and metal works, and by others who desire a very durable shoe at a reason- 
able price. High grades of yellow poplar and basswood are the materials de- 
manded for clog soles in Pennsylvania, but in Illinois, Michigan, and Ken- 
tucky, beech, maple, and basswood in the order named contributed the 
material. 

Table 89. — Wood for Boot and Shoe Findings, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 









«H 


(4 


nrown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






_2 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








s 




vania. 


sylvania. 








,H 
















3 
o. 

8E? 


d 








a 




+J 






a 


B 




ji 






fcjjca 




^ 


xi 










a jj 


03 


0) 






&I 






< 


H 


f^ 


^ 



Sugar maple, 
Persimmon, 
Basswood, 
Yellow poplar, 

Total, . . 



100,500 
99,000 
35,500 
30,000 



265,000 



37.92 
37.36 
13.40 
11.32 

100.00 



$55 86 
59 19 
50 73 
56 67 



$56 51 



$0,614 
5,860 
1,801 
1,700 



$14,975 



18,000 



100,500 
99,000 
17,500 
30,000 



247,000 



137 

SMOKING PIPES. 

Pennsylvania leads all other states in the consumption of wood for smoking 
pipes. Five woods supply the raw material for this line of manufacture; two 
of them are foreign species. Applewood leads the list as to amount, and is 
the only wood reported cut in the State. The best grades of pipes are made 
from French briar, ebony, and rosewood, but the last named was not re- 
ported in Pennsylvania. The sapwood of sweet or cherry birch and red gum 
is used for cheap pipes, che former to imitate calabash and the latter rose- 
wood. Olivewood pipes resemble meerschaum when finished. 



Table 90. — Wood for Tobacco Pipes, year ending June, 1912. 









+j 


^ 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






_o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








1 




vania. 


sylvania. 








^ 


J= 










































0. 








Kind of Wood. 








o tA 


<M 








S 






o 


o 


g 


S 
xJ 




fc 




a! 








01 



Applewood, 
Prencli briar, 
Red gum, .. 

Ebony 

Birch, 

Olive wood, 

Total, 



121,435 

81.800 

12,000 

9,800 

2,000 



53. 3S 


$52 42 


1 35.95 


351 34 


5.27 


50 00 


4.31 


183 67 


.88 


50 00 


.21 


81 25 


100.00 


1165 49 



$6,372 
28,740 

600 
1,800 

100 

39 



137,651 



61,435 



61,435 



60,000 
81,800 
12,000 
9,800 
2,000 

480 



166,080 



SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. 

Ash, on account of its strength and convenient weight, is probably the 
premier wood for baseball bats. The entire amount listed in Table 91 went 
for this use, and most of it was purchased in the form of squares, usually 
3 inches by 3 inches by 38 inches long. In other states bat maufacturers used 
several woods, the principal ones other than ash being hickory, willow, 
beech, ironwood, and maple. Though all of these are trees indigenous to 
Pennsylvania, and the wood easily obtained, the manufacturers in this State 
did not report the use of any. 

Twice as much beech was used for game traps as any other wood and its 
strength and density especially favor it for this purpose. Hard maple, its 
chief competitor, with small quantities of ash and birch supplied the rest of 
the material, purchased in the form of surfaced lumber. All used was cut 
in the State. 

Sugar maple, hard, tough, close grained, easily turned, has proved the 
best qualified wood for duck and ten pins. The quantity used in Pennsylvania 
is somewhat disappointing considering the large quantity of pins sold. Infor- 
mation was secured of a large number of duck pin squares being cut in the 
State, but they were shipped elsewhere to be manufactured and doubtless 
are sent back to be sold in the finished product. Lignum-vitae answered for 
bowling balls and, though a composition ball resembling hard rubber is being 
more generally used, the best bowlers prefer the wooden ball. Lignum- 
vitae is the highest priced wood shown in the table and is bought In the form 
of bolts shipped from the West Indies. No domestic wood possesses the com- 



138 

bined qualities for balls equal to lignum- vitae. It is very heavy, hard, dense, 
strong, and keeps its shape. Dogwood is the nearest approach and is used to 
a limited extent but is not durable. None was reported in Pennsylvania. 

Sugar maple and longleaf pine are the most used woods for bowling alleys. 
The latter wood, edge grain and best grade, is used for the bed of the alley, 
and the former for the approach and pin spot end and also for the return 
track. Spruce or longleaf pine are the best for the gutters, and for the buffer 
frames and sheathing shortleaf pine and hemlock were called for. 

Pool and billiard tables and shuffle boards account for the rest of the 
woods not mentioned above which are listed in the table. Chestnut and 
yellow poplar answers for frames of pool and billiard tables, red oak, white 
oak, ash, and sugar maple for the legs and also for sides and bodies. Cherry 
went into triangles for setting pool balls and maple was the oufly wood for cues. 



Table 91. — "Wood for Sporting and Athletic Goods, year ending June, 1912. 









t 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




B 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






s 




vania. 


sylvania. 






*% 


<H 










h 


A 
















Kind of Wood. 








d 








a 


-M 


o 


1 


a 


a 




a' 


V 




"3 

1 







Sugar maple, . 
White oak, ... 

Ash 

Beech 

Cottonwood, . . 

Chestnut, 

Yellow poplar, 
Lignum-vitae, 

Red oak, 

Cherry (black) 

Total, . . , 



97,500 
41,500 
30,000 
20,000 
10,000 

10,000 

5,000 

550 

500 

100 



215,150 



45.32 


?36 14 


19.29 


38 27 


13.94 


66 83 


9.30 


17 25 


4.65 


32 00 


4.65 


33 00 


2.32 


28 00 


.25 


lis IS 


.23 


35 00 


.05 


46 00 


100.00 


$38 76 



$3,524 

1,588 

2,005 

345 

328 

330 
140 
65 
17 
5 



$8,339 



47,500 
31,000 
30,000 
20,000 



5,000 
5,000 



50O 
100 



139,100 



50,000 
10,500 



10,000 

5,000 

""556 



76,050 



SADDLES AND HARNESS. 

Hames are the principal commodity included in the following table. They 
require a tough, strong, close wood. Ash and white oak furnished the largest 
portion of the supply of raw material in Pennsylvania, which was purchased 
in the form of squares of various sizes, the principal sizes being 2* inches by 
2^ inches, 30 inches long, and 2| inches by 2| inches, 32 inches long. White 
ash was the favorite as to quantity. Black ash and hickory, though used, 
contributed but small amounts. Pennsylvania is the first state in which 
hickory has been reported by hame manufacturers though it has for a long 
time been used by farmers for hand-made hames. According to reports from 
factories in other states, ironwood, sugar maple, beech, white elm, and 
red oak are suitable hame materials though their use was not reported in 
large quantities. 

White ash was the only wood called for in Pennsylvania for making saddle 
trees, which is the only product except hames classed under this heading, 
rrom other similar state reports, ash, though adaptable, is an uninportant 
wood for this use. The kinds most used named in the order of quantity and 
selected because of the quality of toughness with requisite weight are: White 



139 

elm, Cottonwood, sycamore, soft maple, white oak, ash, hackberry, and 
basswood. 



Table 92. — Wood for Saddles and Harness, year ending June, 


1912. 








t 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




B 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






§ 




vanim. 


■ylyanla. 






'^ 






















a 








Kind of Wood. 






lb 


vl 








a 


■w 


o 


s 


a 


a 




ja 


V 


f^ 


" 


a 


.d 




fa 




41 -W 

► at 
•< 


■i 

1 


41 





Ash 

Wliite oak, 
Hickory, .. 
Red oak, .. 

Total, 



100,000 
70.000 
10,000 
8,000 



188,000 



5S.19 
87. 2S 
e.32 
4.26 



106.00 



M4 80 

71 43 

60 00 
40 00 



VA 32 



14, 481 

6,000 
600 
S20 



$10,400 



76,000 
«0,0N 



136,000 



24, «M 
10,00* 
10,000 
8.000 



62,001 



GATES AND FENCING. 

Table 93 lists seven woods used in Pennsylvania for fence pickets and 
gates, both farm gates and those used for the enclosure of front yards and 
lawns. White cedar, shipped in from the Carolinas, stands first as to quan- 
tity and in no other industry was it the principal wood. Its durability in ex- 
posed situations especially commends it for this use. Spruce is listed in the 
table in large quantities and the fact that it was preferred to several State- 
grown woods that could probably have been obtained cheaper and known to 
be more durable, is worthy of note. The durable properties of cypress, to- 
gether with its strength, favor it also as an excellent wood for gate and fenc- 
ing material. That cypress is demanded for the best lines of work of this 
character is seen from the fact that it is the only wood reported by railroads 
for crossing gates. In the lower grades it is popular for lawn fence pickets, 
for which use it serves with chestnut and white pine. Stubs, the wooden parts 
of patent woven wire fencing, called for chestnut and white cedar. Though 
white cedar was used in larger quantities, yet chestnut, because it is cheaper 
and at the same time possesses lasting qualities for outdoor uses, is destined 
to grow in favor for this purpose. 



140 



Table 93.— Wood for Gates and Fencing, year ending June, 1912. 



Kind of Wood. 







4J 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 


Quantity. 






o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 


1 


vania. 


sylvania. 






*"* 


.Q 




































a 


d 












+j 














o (A 


^ 






a 




^• 




o 


a 


S 


Feet b. 






t> OS 
< 


73 


j2 


/2 
CD 



Southern white cedar, 

Spruce, 

Chestnut 

White pine, 

Yellow poplar 

Cypress (bald), 

Total, 



100,000 


61. 9S 


$20 00 


.S6,000 


22.31 


25 00 


11,500 


7.13 


25 39 


5,000 


3.10 


22 OC 


5,000 


3.10 


26 00 


3,S40 


2. 38 


55 00 


161,340 


100.00 


?22 5S 



,000 
900 
292 
110 
130 

311 

,643 



6,500 
5,000 
5,000 



16,500 



100,000 
36,000 



3,840 



144,840 



CLOCK CASES. 

In the quantity of wood consumed, the manufacture of clock cases in Penn- 
sylvania is one of the minor industries. However, since wood is only one 
of a number of materials required , it is not a fair basis for comparison. Clock 
makers report the use of lumber for mantel and wall clocks, and to a limited 
extent for large hall and grandfather clocks. Mahogany is the principal 
wood used and represents over 50 per cent, of the total. This is the only in- 
dustry in which an imported wood leads the list of species. Next to ma- 
hogany, the oaks were in the largest demand for the exterior work of wall 
clocks finished natural or darkened by fumes or stain to produce the mis- 
sion effects. 

The backs of cases of all kinds and the bottoms of mantel clocks are not 
visible and are therefore made of cheaper wood. Yellow poplar and bass- 
wood met this demand because they hold their shape and are easy to work 
and nail. Yellow poplar is also called on to a limited extent for the base or 
backing of enameled work. The art of enameling wood has made rapid 
progress of late years and imitations are made not only to resemble foreign 
woods but also marble and other materials. 

Veneer takes a prominent place in this industry, both as a finish and as 
layers in 3-ply built-up stock used in making clock cases. The appearance of 
chestnut and yellow poplar in the table is accounted for in this form. In re- 
gard to the price shown for red gum, it should be noted that it was used for 
finish or exterior work and as it is frequently found beautifully modeled with 
figure and color similar to Circassian walnut it furnishes a substitute for that 
wood for finish. 



UI 



Table 94. — Wood for Clocks, year ending June, 1912. 









(M 


& 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 






O 
V 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 






















o 
















ft 








Kind of Wood. 








o >, 


tw 








a 




^. , 


o 


O 


a 


a 




^ 




V 


Mc3 




■^ 


.Q 












CS 












'Z 




O 


S 


Z 



Mahogany, ... 
Yellow poplar, 
Black walnut, 
White oak, .. 
Eed gum, 

Chestnut, 

Basswood, 

Birch, 

Eed oak 

Total, .. 



43,000 
35,000 
21,000 
13,500 
10,000 

5,000 
5,000 
4,000 
3,000 



139,500 



30.83 


fl03 84 


25.09 


33 57 


15.05 


50 95 


9.68 


74 30 


7.17 


60 00 


3.58 


, 30 00 


3.58 


60 00 


2.87 


45 00 


2.15 


. 45 00 


100.00 


$65 08 



?4,46d 
1,175 
1,070 
1,003 
600 

150 
300 
ISO 
135 



$9,078 



21,000 



5,000 



26,000 



43,000 
35,000 



13,500 
10,000 



5,000 
4,000 
3,000 



ROLLERS AND POLES. 

Window shade rollers belong to this industry but none are manufactured in 
Pennsylvania, though sawmills cutting white pine were found furnishing 
large quantities of material in the desired form to the New York shade roller 
makers. Curtain poles and brackets, rug and drugget poles, and awning 
rollers are the articles to which the statistics in Table 95 refer, Basswood is 
the leading wood and it went entirely into curtain poles. It serves well for 
this use, first, because it is so easily worked, and second, the ease and 
permanence with which it takes paint and stain allows it to be finished to 
imitate expensive hardwoods like walnut, mahogany, and oak. Hard maple, 
sweet birch, white oak, and white ash are other important curtain pole woods 
and the ones reported mainly for curtain pole fixtures and brackets. 

Rug and drugget pole manufacturers called principally for black gum, but 
beech, basswood, and yellow poplar met part of the demand. Awning rollers 
require a heavy wood. Sugar maple, hickory, beech, and black gum were the 
ones reported. The two former, being expensive, were used in small quan- 
tities only. Black gum is practically a new wood for this use but the demand 
is increasing owing to its being one of the cheapest hardwoods with the re- 
quisite weight, strength, and adaptability for being turned. Redwood was 
the only wood reported for shade hangers. 



142 



Table 95. — Wood for Rollers and Curtain Poles, year ending June, 1912, 







^ 


it 


Grown in 


Grown Out 


' 


Quantity. 




o 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 






g 




vania. 


sylvania. 


















h 


A 








1 










S 








Kind of W»od. 


! 


lb 










M ! *: 




O 


a 


s 




^ i 8 


^.- 


V 


.Q 


ji 




Feet 
Per 


1^ 






1! 

- fe 



Bassvfood, 

Sugar maple. 
White oak, . . 

Beecli 

Birch 

Ash 

Black gum, ... 

Hickory, 

Redwood 

IfeUow poplar, 

Total, ... 



37,500 
27,425 
19,000 
12,000 
12,000 

«,150 
6,000 
2,500 
2,000 
1,000 



125,575 



29.86 


$20 00 


21.84 


16 59 


15.13 


16 63 


9.56 


14 00 


9.56 


14 00 


4.90 


32 68 


4.7S 


20 00 


1.99 


60 00 


1.59 


45 00 


.79 


65 00 


100.00 


?19 77 



$750 
455 
316 
168 
168 

201 
120 
150 
90 
65 



$2,483 



37,500 
27,000 
19,000 
12,000 
12,000 

5,000 

'2^566 



115,000 



1,150 
6,000 



2,000 
1,000 



10,575 



MANUAL TRAINING PRACTICE. 
Improved systems of public school education today endeavor to give not 
only a thorough grounding in the usual elementary subjects but also offer op- 
portunities to acquire the fundamentals of various artisan trades by methods 
of practical work in the laboratory, the shop, or the field. These specialized 
schools or departments are known as "Manual Training" and in connection 
with the excellent system of public education in Pennsylvania there has been 
established a large number of them throughout the State. They offer instruc- 
tion in a diversity of practical courses. Important among these is wood craft. 
Shops equipped with tools of all kinds and with wood-working machinery af- 
ford training in the making of many kinds of commodities and an insight into 
all lines and processes of -wood-working. Woods that are soft and possess 
properties to work easily are naturally the kinds in greatest demand. That 
white pine, yellow poplar, and basswood head the list in Table 96, therefore, 
is not surprising, but that so small amounts of yellow pine and hemlock are 
employed, these being the cheapest woods, is interesting, especially as these 
woods are important in many wood manufacturing industries. If both the 
red and white oaks had been compiled under one heading, oak, this wood 
would have been first in the table. Of the twenty species used, mahogany is 
the highest priced and beech the lowest. 



■•>"ri>!il%>'lilXl<A<ri 



*■-«; 






^,-;^%'-~-:',i!*^%/.>, 



fej 



A.I. 






w^ 














..t , .* ; "i 



f-vllifirfBii^t '^t'.Ss' . 



..i^, 



'**". 



**-.•. 





# 



;-1^ 



.*!,.' ** '*. 









•*» - ■^~'. 



143 



Table 96. — Wood for Manual Training Practice, year ending June, 1912. 









%~t 


t? 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




s 


Pennsyl- 


of Penn- 








S 




vania. 


eylvanla. 










Vi 

^ 




































o. 


• 






Kind of Wood. 






lb 


v4 








a 


^ 




g 


S 


S 




.Q 


a 






.Q 


xi 




i> 


i^ 




si 


c 


4) 




fa 


P. 


■< 


H 


fe 


&I 



White pine, .. 
Yellow poplar, 

Bass wood, 

Red oak 

Wliite oak, ... 

Cliestnut 

Sugar maple, 
Cherry (black) 
Cypress (bald), 
Ash 

Hickory 

Black walnut, 

Mahogany 

Beech 

Sugar pine, ... 

Red gum , 

Red cedar, 

Hemlock 

Shortleaf pine, 
Hedwood 

Dogwood, 

Total, .. 



21,575 
16,250 
14.400 
13,070 
10,500 

7,000 
3,350 
1,850 
1,750 
1,100 

934 
850 
750 
600 
500 

470 

400 
262 
250 
50 

34 



95,945 



22.49 


$72 35 


16.94 


66 95 


15.01 


43 06 


13.62 


72 61 


10.94 


83 81 


7.30 


64 14 


3.49 


50 45 


1.93 


55.68 


1.82 


63 43 


1.15 


70 91 


.97 


70.66 


.89 


87 06 


.78 


134 C7 


.62 


28 33 


.52 


80 00 


.49 


72 34 


.42 


97.50 


.27 


34 35 


.26 


40 CO 


.05 


60 00 


.04 


90 00 


100. 00 


$66 44 



$1.5«1 

1,088 

590 

949 

881 

448 
169 
103 
111 

78 

64 

77 
101 
17 
40 

34 
39 

9 
10 

3 



$6,375 



8,675 
9,550 
7,650 
9,070 
4,950 

5,000 
3,050 
1,850 


12,909 
6,708 
6,750 
4,000 
5,550 

2,000 

soe 




1,750 
800 

700 

20fl 
750 


300 

234 
650 


600 






501 




470 




400 


262 






250 




50 


34 








51,875 


44,070 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

In soliciting information from the various manufacturers concerning the 
extent of their operations in the consumption of wood, the Forest Service 
and tlie Pennsylvania Department of Forestry made assurance that the data 
would be treated confidentially and not used in the report so as to reveal the 
identity of the establishments furnishing it. Whenever, therefore, fewer than 
three factories making similar commodities were entitled to be grouped as an 
industry, rather than discard the information from the report it was placed 
under the head "Miscellaneous." 

The nearly seven and a half million feet shown as the total of the table 
includes considerably over five million of State-grown white pine for matches, 
more than 100 M feet of beech cut in the State for brewer chips, used in brew- 
eries to clarify beer, nearly 200 M feet of white ash, Douglas fir, soft 
maple, and beech for flag poles and shafts, and nearly one-half that amount 
consisting of spruce, hemlock, and yellow pine for tent poles. Small quan- 
tities of red cedar were used for oil barrel faucets, and black walnut 
and Circassian walnut for stocks and fore-ends of both fire-arms and of air 
rifles. 



Table 97. — Wood for Miscellaneous, year ending June, 1912. 











fc- 


Grown in 


Grown Out 




Quantity. 




T-H 


.2 

X3 


Pennsyl- 
vania. 


of Penn- 
sylvania. 
































Q< 








Kind of Wood. 
















E j 

■^ 1 


1 


8b 

o 


d 

"3 


a 


S 




fe 


<i> 

Oh 


■< 


g 


b 


fa 



White pine 

Beech 

Ked and silver maple, 

Ash, 

Black walnut, 

Birch 

Loblolly pine 

Douglas tir, ;... 

Hemlock, 

Sugar maple, 

Spruce, 

Circassian walnut, . . 
lied cedar, 

Total 



7,002,000 
175,003 
50,000 
50,000 
34,200 

25,000 
17,000 
14,400 
12,250 
11,500 

10,000 
10,000 
5,000 

7,416,353 



94.41 


$16 OO 


2.36 


14 86 


.67 


14 00 


.67 


25 00 


.46 


71 81 


.34 


14 00 


.23 


30 00 


.20 


50 00 


.17 


- 28 16 


.16 


20 00 


.13 


20 00 


.13 


183 00 


.07 


40 00 


100.00 


$26 09 



$182,070 

2,600 

700 

1,250 

2,456 

350 
510 
720 
345 
235 

200 

1,830 

200 



$193,466 



7,002,000 

175,003 

50,000 

50,000 

10,200 

25,000 



10,000 
11,500 



7,333,703 



24,000 



17,000 
14,400 
2,250 



10,000 
10,000 
6,000 



82,650 



145 



PART III. 

THE USES OF WOOD BY PENNSYLVANIA MANUFACTURERS. 
The following list indicates the various uses of wood reported by Pennsyl- 
vania manufacturers. The collation comprises over 6,000 separate commodi- 
ties, and is probably the most complete statement of this kind ever pre- 
sented. 



Handles, handsaw 



APPLEWOOD. 
Pipes, smoking 



Screws, bookbinders 



Baskets 
Bats, baseball 
Beams, plow 
Bodies, sleigh 
Boxes, comb 
Boxes, knife 
Boxes, salt 
Boxes, tin plate 
Box shooks 
Cabinets, kitchen 
Cabs, locomotive 
Chairs, kitchen 
Chests, ice 
Commodes, interior 
Cooperage stock 
Covers, butter pall 



ASH, BLACK. 

Crating 
Finish, boot 

Frames, automobile bodies 
Frames, carriage bodies 
Frames, wagon bodies 
Handles, garden trowel 
Handles, hammer 
Handles, hand drill 
Handles, hoe 
Handes, lawn mower 
Handles, paint brush 
Handles, rake 
Handles, wheel hoe 
Hoppers, vegetable 
Moulding, picture 
Pails, candy 



Pews, church 
Poles, pike 
Poles, plow 
Refrigerators 
Seats, auto 
Seats, carriage 
Sides, cheese box 
Slats, bed 
Slats, trunk 
Sleds, coaster 
Tops, cheese box 
Tubs, butter 
Tubs, lard 

Washboards, laundry 
Wood pulleys 



Bottoms, automobile seat 

Automobile bodies 

Axle beds, buggy 

Axle beds, perch spring wagon 

Axle beds, surrey 

Back boards, piano 

Backing, cases 

Backs, automobile seats 

Backs, hair brush 

Backs, nail brush 

Backs, scrubbing brush 

Balusters (stair) 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base board, house interior trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Baskets, split 
Bats, baseball 
Batters, dumb waiter 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beams (elevator) 
Beds, light delivery wagons 
Belt panel, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Benches, mess (boat) 
Benches, piano 
Blocks, brake 
Bloclis, brush 
Blocks, pulley \ 

Blocks, tackle - 
Boards, drain 
Bodies, automobile 
Bodies, cart 
Bodies, wheelbarrow 
Book racks 

Bottoms, washing machines 
Bows, automobile 
Bows, buggy top 
Bows, carriage top 
Bows, hay bed farm wagons 
Bows, wagon tops 
Boxes, creamery shipping 
Boxes, roller sign, (electric 

cars) 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, stair 
Brushee 



ASH, WHITE. 

Bushel crates 

Cabinets, filing, exterior 

Cabinets, printer 

Cab'nets, special work 

Cabinets, typewriter 

Cabins, interior, river craft 

Cabins, interior, ships 

Cabins, interior, yachts 

Cabs, locomotive 

Carpet strip, house interior trim 

Cars, elevator 

Cases, binnacle 

Cases, ship chart 

Cases, type 

Casing, controller box, electric 

cars 
Casing, door 
Casingj pipe organ 
Casing, window 
Chair arms, railway cars 
Chair bottoms 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Churn parts 
Cleats, dumb waiter 
Coaming, motor boat 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Consoles 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Corner posts, light delivery 

wagons 
Costumers. 

Counter tops, bar room 
Covers, hatchway (ship) 
Covers, switch boxes (electric 

cars) 
Cues, billiard 

Cupboard doors, railway cars 
Decking, canoe 
Doors 

Doors, dumb waiter shaft 
Doors, folding 

Doors, locker (boat and ship) 
Doors, sliding 
Drain boards 
Drop gate, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Dumb waiters 
Dumb waiter parts 



Dust guards (railway passenger 
ears) 

Elevators, grain 

Eveners 

Facing, window partition (elec- 
tric cars) 

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels 

Felloes, light delivery wagons 

Fifth wheel bars, light delivery 
wagons 

Fifth wheel circles, light de- 
livery wagons 

Fifth wheel spools, light de- 
livery wagons 

Fillers, Scotch hame 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Finish, interior engine cab 

Finish, yacht cabins 

Fixtures, office, exterior 

Flat battens, house interior trim 

Flooring 

Flooring, freight car platform 
scales 

Flooring, freight elevators 

Flooring, (passenger elevator 
cars) 

Frames, automobile bodies 

Frames, bob sleds 

Frames, chair 

Frames, coal screens 

Frames (elevator cars) 

Frames, gravel screens 

Frames, sand shaking screens 

Frames, tennis racket 

Framework, automobile cushion 

Front panels, light delivery 
wagons 

Grilles (ship and boat cabins) 

Guide posts, dumb waiter 

Handles, bottom pick 

Handles, brush 

Handles, clay pick 

Handles, coal pick 

Handles, collier shovel 

Handles, cultivator 

Handles, garden hoe 

Handles, garden rake . 

Handles, hay knife 

Handles, Jatk ^orefw 



10 



U6 



Handles, lawn mower 

Handles, lawn rake 

Handles, manure fork 

Handles, mining pick 

Handles, paint brushes 

Handles, piano 

Handles, pick 

Handles, pitch fork 

Handles, scoop 

Handles, shovel 

Handles, spade 

Handles, special brushes 

Handles, varnish brushes 

Hay beds, farm wagon 

Hay bed blocks, farm wagon 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, house Interior 
trim 

Heading, nail keg 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Heel board, light delivery 
wagons 

Hind spring bars, light delivery 
wagons 

Horses, rocking 

Hounds, light delivery wagon 

Hubs, wheelbarrow 

Key bottoms, piano 

Keels, motor boat 

Knees, canal boat 

Knees, river craft 

Knees, ship 

Knees, yacht 

Knobs, door 

Ladders, hay 

Ladders, river craft 

Ladders, ship 

Ladders, step 

Lagging, refrigerator machine 
cylinders 

Lagging 

Lath 

Legs, billiard tables 

Lining, cases 

Lower head blocks, light de- 
livery wagons 

Lower panels, light delivery 
wagon bodies 

Jacks, wagon 

Jambs, door 

Interior finish 

Interior finish, electric cars 

Interior finish, house 

Interior finish, (railway cars) 

Interior finish, traction engine 
cabs 

Mantels 

Milk counters, dairymans 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, automobile 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house Interior 
trim . ^ ^ 

Moulding, cove, house interior 

trim 
Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, picture 
Moulding, plaster, house in- 
terior trim 
Moulding, quarter round, house 

interior trim 
Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Neck yokes 
Newel posts, angle 
Newel posts, starting 



ASH, WHITE— Continued. 

Novelties 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Oars, row boat 

Panels, automobile bodies 

Panels, ceiling (railway cars) 

Panels, door 

Panels, wagon bodies 

Panels, windows, railway cars 

Panel strips, interior house trim 

Panel wainscoting, railway cars 

Paper pulp 

Parts, flour mill machinery 

Piano cases, veneer 

Pilasters, piano 

Pillars, light delivery wagon 

Pilot wheels, river craft 

Pilot wheels, ship 

Pilot wheels, yacht 

Planks, fish 

Planks, steak 

Plate rail, dining room 

Pole futchels, light delivery 

wagons 
Posts, chair 
Posts, piano 
Posts, wagon 

Posts, warehouse trucks 

Push carts (bodies) 

Racks, display 

Racks, magazine 

Rails, doors 

Rails, guide (dumb waiter) 

Rails, river craft 

Rails, ship 

Rails, stair 

Rails, yacht 

Reaches, buggy 

Reaches, farm wagon 

Reaches, lumber wagon 

Reaches, perch spring wagon 

Reaches, surrey 

Reaches, wagon 

Rear end posts, light delivery 
wagons 

Refrigerators 

Refrigerators, exterior 

Ribs, boat 

Ribs, canoe 

Ribs, motor boat 

Rims, automobile wheels 

Rims, carriage wheels 

Risers, stair 

Rockers, chair 

Rollers 

Rollers, caster 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Rounds, ladder 

Rounds, plow 

Rungs, ladder 

Runners, bob sled 

Running boards, automobile 

Saddletrees 

Sash, electric cars 

Sash, railway cars 

Seat boards, light delivery 
wagons 

Seat frames, canoe 

Shackle bars, light delivery 
wagons 

Shafts, lisht vehicles 

Shelves, dumb waiter 

Shoe rails (stair) 

Showcases, exterior 

Sides, biirard tables 

S'des, push cart 

Sides, truck 

Side pillars, light delivery 
wagons 



Sides, wagon bodies 

Side futchels, light delivery 

wagons 
Side slats, light delivery 

wagons 
Signal blades, railroad 
Sills, automobile 
Sills, buggy 
Sills, buggy bodies 
Sills, carriage 
Sills, carriage bodies 
Sills, delivery wagons 
Sills, light delivery wagons 
Sills, inside window (electric 

cars) 
Sills, window, inside (railway 

cars) 
Slats (automobile tops) 
Slats, bed 
Slats, trunk 
Slats, wagon top 
Sleds 

Sleds, frame work 
Sleds, toy 
Splinter bars, light delivery 

wagons 
Spokes, automobile wheels 
Spokes, heavy vehicle wheels 
Spokes, light delivery wagons 
Spokes, push cart wheels 
Spring yokes, light delivery 

wagons 
Staffs, flag 
Stakes, log cars 
Stands, umbrella 
Staves, butter pail 
Staves, slack cooperage 
Staves, tight cooperage 
Staves, washing machine 
Stay bars, light delivery wagons 
Stays, boat 
Stems, canoe 
Stems, motor boat 
Stems, river craft 
Stems, ships 
Stems, yachts 
Stern posts, motor boat 
Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, drawer 
Stretchers, curtain 
String boards (stair) 
Strips (elevator cars) 
Strips, guide (elevator) 
Swing cleats, curtin pole 
Tables, sewing 
Tables, telephone 
Tillers, canal boat 
Tillers, river craft 
Top rails, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Top slats, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Tops, washing machines 
Treads, stair 
Tripods, camera 
Upper head blocks, light de- 
livery wagon 
Veneer 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting, house interior trim 
Wainscoting cap, house Interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, hou^e Interior 

trim 



ASPEN. 
Excelsior 



Altars, church 
Animals, toy 
Astragals, folding door 
Astrn^nls, sliding door 
Backing, mirror 
Backs, buffets 
Backs, burenns 
Backs, chiflBoniers 
Backs, mirror 



BASSWOOD. 

Baskets, split 

Base blocks, house interior trim 
Base boards, house interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Bedsteads, bidden work 



Bellows, organ 
Bellows frames, organ 
Binding strips, school 

board 
Blinds, window 
Blocks, brake 
Blocks, brush 
Blocks, tassel 
Blo'wers, DTga.n ? 



147 



Blowers, player piano 

Boards, iroumg 

Boards, pastry 

Boards, potato chip 

Boards, potato peeler 

Boards, skirt 

Boards, slaw 

Boats, toy 

Bodies, baby carriage 

Bottom panels, piano cases 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, buffets 

Bottoms, case 

Bottoms, chilfioner 

Bottoms, dressers 

Bottoms, grape basket 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, candy 

Boxes, knife 

Boxes, novelty 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, shirtwaist 

Boxes, trunk 

Boxes, type 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brake blocks, mine pit wagon 
Bushel crates 

Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house Interior 

trim 
Carts, dump 
Carvings, wood 
Cases, clock 
Cases, sample 
Cases, silverware 
Cases, type 
Casing, door 
Casing, house 
Casing, window 
Ceiling 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Cheeks, piano case 
China closet, interior 
Clog soles (shoe) 
Clothes driers 

Coal boxes, traction engine 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Communion rails, church 
Consoles 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Crates 
Crating 
Cups, soap 
Curtain stretchers 
Display forms, hosiery 
Display forms, shoe 
Doll parts 
Doors 

Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Dowels 

Dust cap, house interior trim 
Dust conveyors, threshing ma- 
chine 
Dust guards, freight car axles 
Dust guards, railway cars 
Elevators, flour mill 
Excelsior 

Excelsior, packing 
Excels'or, ribbon (mattress 

stuffing) 
Pall boards, piano cases 



BASSWOOD— Continued. 

Feet, piano 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flag sticks (railway) 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring 

Frames, corn graders 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, jewelry case 

Frames, lounge 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, picture 

Frames, store fixture 

Frames, suit case 

Front doors, house 

Game boards 

Grain registers, threshers 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Handles, broom 

Handles, brush 

Handles, long handled dust 
brush 

Handles, mop 

Handles, pipe 

Handles, plastering trowel 

Handles, street brushes 

Handles, wall brush 

Handles, window brush 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house Interior 
trim 

Heading, nail keg 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Interior finish, churches 

Interior frames, store fixtures 

Ironing boards, folding 

Jambs, door 

Key blocks, piano cases 

Key bottoms, piano cases 

Key slips, piano cases 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Lids, grape basket 

i^antels 

Mantels, painted work 
Meeting rail, sash 
Mirror doors, house 
Molding, bed, house construc- 
tion 
Molding, brick, house construc- 
tion 
Molding, cap, house interior 

trim 
Molding, casket 
Molding, cove 
Molding, crown, house interior 

trim 
Molding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 
Molding, electric wire 
Molding, piano cases 
Molding, picture 
Molding, plaster, house con- 
struction 
MolcVng, quarter round 
Molding, spring cove, house 

construction. 
Molds, butter 

Mud shields, traction engine 
MuUions, sash 
Music shelf, piano cases 
Nosing, house interior trim 
Novelties 
Novelties, burnt wood 



Pails, candy 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, door 

Paper pulp 

Parting strip, house Interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Pedal boards, piano cases 

Pews, church 

Pianos, toy 

Pilasters, piano cases 

Pipes, organ 

Plate rail, dining room 

Backs, curtain display 

Backs, rug display 

Kails, door 

Kails, table 

Reels, electric wire 

Keels, solder wire 

Kefrigerators 

Kims, split wood pulleys 

Sash, window 

Seats, automobile 

Seats, chair 

Seats, tricycle 

Serving tables, hidden work 

Shelving 

Sideboards, Interior work 

Side boards, wheelbarrow 

Sides, piano cases 

Sides, toy wagons 

Sides, wagon bodies 

Sides, wheelbarrow 

Sidinir, house 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 

Slats, automobile tops 

Slats, wagon tops 

Spouting, flour mill 

Stands, bible 

Staves, slacli cooperage 

Staves, tight cooperage 
Step ladders 

Sticks, umbrella 

Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house Interior 

trim 
Stretchers, curtain 
Strips, felt bound school slates 
Tables 

Tables, ironing 
Templates, shipbuilding 
Top panels, piano cases 
Top rails, sash 
Top slats, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Tops, kitchen table 
Tops, piano cases 
Tops, table 
Toy pianos 
Trays, incubator 
Trays, trunl£ 
Trunks 
Veneer 
Wainscot rail, house, interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wheelbarrows, toy 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 
trim 



Acetate of lime 

Alcohol, wood 

Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Back posts, piano 

Backing, desk 

Backs, chair 

Backs, drawer 

Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base comers, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding! house interior 

trim 
Baskets 



BEECH. 

Baskets, split 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Blocks, brake 
Blocks, brush 
Boards, bosom 
Boards, bread 
Boards, lap 
Boards, pastry 
Book shelves 

Bottom panels, piano cases 
Bottom rail, porch 
Bottom rails, sash 
Bottoms, basket 
Bottoms, carriage bodies 



Bottoms, fruit baskets 
Bottoms, jack plane 
Bottoms, wagon bodies 
Boxes, comb 
Boxes, foundry moulding 
Boxes, knife 
Boxes, packing 
Boxes, plate glass packing 
Boxes, salt 
Boxes, tin plate 
Brackets, mine 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, porch 
Brooms, street ~ . . 

Dapping, sink, house juterior 
teim 



148 



Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Cases, blacking 
Cases, shipping 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Celery crates 

Center aims, split wood pulleys 
Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs, chlidrens' 
Chairs, folding camp 
Chairs, ladder 
Charcoal 

Cheeks, piano case 
■ Chips, brewers 
Chopping bowls 
Clamps, trouser hanger 
Clothes driers 

Colonnades, house interior trim 
Commodes 
Consoles 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Costumers 
Cots, camp 
Crating 

Cresting, porch roof 
Cross-ties, railroad 
Door boards, coal car 
Door boards, railway grain car 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Dowels 

Dust cap, house interior trim 
End sills, log cars 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fall boards, piano cases 

Feet, piano 

Felloes, wheelbarrow wheel 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Fixtures, curtain 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring, house 

Flooring, mine dump cars 

Frame "work, farm machinery 

Frames, buck saw 

Frames, corn sheller 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, light vehicles 

Frames, school slate 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Furniture, camp 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Handles, awl 

Handles, boning knife 

Handles, broom 

Handles, butcher knives 

Handles, carpenter try-square 

Handles, coal sieve 

Handles, crosscut saw 



BEECH— Continued. 

Handles, fruit baskets 
Handles, lawn rake 
Handles, long handled dirt pans 
Handles, plane 
Handles, skinning knives 
Handles, steak knife 
Handles, sticking knife 
Handles, wheelbarrow 
Handles, whip 
Hangers, clothes 
Hangers, garment 
Head blocks, house interior trim 
Head casing, house interior trim 
Heading, cooperage 
Heading, nail keg 
Heading, slack cooperage 
Hubs, wheelbarrow 
Interior finish, freight cars 
Jambs, door 
Key blocks, piano case 
Key bottoms, piano cases 
Key slips, piano cases 
Lath 

Legs, table 
Legs, ironing board 
Mantels 

Medicine cabinets 
Mine props 
Meeting rails, sash 
Mirror doors, house 
Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 
Moulding, cap, house Interior 

trim 
Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, picture 
Moulding, p;ano case 
Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter roimd 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mullions, sash 

Music shelf, piano case 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Novelties 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, door 

Paper pulp 

Parasol sticks 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Parts, bookbinders machinery 

Pedal boards, piano cases 

Pilasters, piano cases 

Pins, cartridge 

Pins, clothes 

Pipe, wooden water 

Planes, moulding 

Plate rail, dining room 

Poles, curtain 

Porch columns, built up 

Porch newels, built up 

Porch spandrels 



Posts, chair 

Posts, dresser 

Eails, bed 

Rails, door 

Rails, kitchen table 

Reels, hose 

Eefriaerators, exterior 

Rims, fruit baskets 

Rounds, chair 

Ruling machines, bookbinders 

Rungs, ladder 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Seat;, buggy 

Seats, lawn swings 

Sides, cheese box 

Sides, drawer 

Sides, mine dump cars 

Sides, piano case 

Sides, step ladder 

Sink aprons, house interior 

trim 
Slats, ash can 
Slats, lawn swings 
Slides, table 
Spindles, porch 
Sprags, mine 
Staffs, flag 
Staves, cement barrel 
Staves, cooperage 
Staves, slack cooperage 
Step ladder chairs 
Steps, step ladder 

Sticks, flower 

Sticks, umbrella 

Stiles, door 

Stools, camp 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house interior 
trim 

Tabourettes 

Tongues, toy wagon 

Top panels, piano case 

Top rail, porch 

Top rails, sash 

Tops, kitchen table 

Tops, piano cases 

Tops, sleds 

Toy express wagons 

Toy furniture 

Toy tops 

Traps, game 

Traps, mouse 

Traps, rat 

Veneer 

Wainscot, rail, house interior 
trim 

Wainscoting cap, house interior 
trim 

Walkers, baby 

Wedges, mine cap 

Wheelbarrows 

Window apron, house interior 
trim 

Window stool, house interior 
trim 

Wire cloth display racks 



Benches, piano 
Cabinets, medicine 
Costumers 



BIRCH, BLACK. 

End sills, log car 

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels 

Handles, butcher knives 



Rims, automobile wheels 
Studding, log cars 



Backing, cabinet 

Backs, brush 

Baskets 

Blocks, brush 

Bobbins 

Boxes, druggists' 

Chair frames, rattan 

Chairs, turned parts 

Clothespins 

Excelsior 

Handles, brush 

Handles, carrying 

Handles, eiflge iwols 



BIRCH, PAPER. 

Handles, engravers tools 

Handles, file 

Handles, pail 

Hubs, toy wagon 

Hubs, toy wheelbarrow 

Knobs 

Knobs, drawer 

Mold'ng, piano 

Novelties 

Organ parts 

Plugs, paper 

Poles, rug 

Rbllers, curtain 



Rollers, lawn mower 

Shelving, cabinet 

Spindles, chair 

Spools 

Spools, ribbon 

Spoons, wooden 

Sticks, candy 

Toothpicks 

Toys 

Turnings 

Wheels, toy wagon 

Wood wool 



149 



Acetate of lime 

Alcoiiol, wood 

Arms, chair 

Astragais, folding door 

Astragals, slidmg door 

Axles, farm wagon 

Backs, chair 

Back posts, chair 

Back tosts, piano 

Backing, postotHce furniture 

Backing, desk 

Balusters, stair 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house Interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Baskets 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable 
Baskets, split 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beds, folding 
Benches, piano 
Blocks, brake 
Blocks, brush 
Boards, meat 
Boards, potato chip 
Boards, slaw 
Boat parts, row 
Bodies, light vehicle 
Bookcases, exterior 
Bookcases, interior 
Book racks 

Bottom panels, piano cases 
Bottoms, automobile seat 
Bottoms, carriage bodies 
Bottoms, heavy vehicle bodies 
Bottoms, wagon 
Bottoms, wagon body 
Box shooks 
Boxes 

Boxes, cheese 
Boxes, comb 
Boxes, glove 
Boxes, knife 
Boxes, packing 
Boxes, plate glass packing 
Boxes, salt 
Boxes, telephone 
Boxes, veneer 
Boxes, veneered 
Bowls, chopping 
Brackets 
Brackets, mine 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, stair 
Brackets, wall (stair) 
Bread boards 
Buffets, bar room 
Bureaus, exterior 
Cabinet work 

Cabinet work, passenger cars 
Cabinets 

Cab'nets, medicine 
Cabinets, music 
Cabinets, parlor 
Cab'nets, phonograph 
Cab'nets, toilet 
Caliins, interior, yachts 
Cabins, interior, ships 
Cabins, interior, river craft 
Capitals 

Carpet strip, house interior trim 
Cars, elevator 
Cases, blacking 
Cases, clock 
Cases, medicine 
Cases, organ 
Cases, piano 
Cases, railroad tickets 
Cases, shipping 
Cases, wall 

Cases, water closet tanks 
Cas'nsr 

Casing, door 
Cfif'insr, window 
Caskets 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs 

Cba'rs, adiiistable 
Chairs, barber 
Chairs, dining room 
Chairs, office 
Charcoal 



BIRCH, SWEET. 

Cheeks, piano case 

China closets 

Clamps, trouser hanger 

Cottins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Columns, porch 

Commodes 

Consoles 

Cores, veneer 

Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Coruice, house construction 
Costumers 
Couches 

Counter tops, bar room 
Counters, bar 
Counters, office 
Counters, store 
Cradles 
Crating 

Cutting boards, meat 
Davenports 
Decking, canoe 
Division boards, collapsible 

crates 
Doors 

Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Dowels 

Dowels, parasol 
Drawers, post-office furniture 
Dressers, 

Dressing tables, exterior 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Exterior finish, house 
Fall boards, piano cases 
Feet, piano 

Fillet, house interior trim 
Fixtures, bar room 
Fixtures, barber shop 
Fixtures, curtain 
Fixtures, laboratory 
Fixtures, office 
Fixtures, soda fountain 
Fixtures, store 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring 
Flooring, house 
Flooring, inlaid 
Flooring, mine dump cars 
Frame work, farm machinery 
Frames, chair 
Frames, cheval mirror 
Frames, davenport 
Frames, door 

Frames, front door side lights 
Frames, light vehicle bodies 
Frames, light vehicle seat 
Frames, lounge 
Frames, parlor furniture 
Frames, roller towel 
Frames, sofa 

Frames, upholstered furniture 
Furniture, case goods 
Game boards 

Gear parts, light vehicles 
Grille work 
Grilles 

Grilles, house interior trim 
Hall racks 
Handles, coal sieve 
Handles, file 
Handles, hoe 
Handles, lawn rake 
Handles, rake 
Handles, saw 
Handles, screw wrenches 
Handrails, porch 
Handra'ls. stair 
Head blocks, house interior trim 
Head casing, house interior 

Heading, cement barrels 
Heading, cooperage 
Head'ng, slaclv cooperage 
Interior finish 
Interior fin'sh, freight cars 
Interior finish, house 
Jambs, door 

Key blocks, piano cases 
Key bottoms, piano cases 
Key slips, piano case 
Keys, organ 
Keys, piano 



Ladders, exterior 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Launch parts 

Leaves, table 

Leg, table 

Lining, motor boats 

Lounges 

Mantels 

Medicine cabinets 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding cap, house interior 
tr.m 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Mouldings, piano 

Mouldings, piano case 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Moulds, butter 

MuUions, sash 

Music cabinets 

Music shelf, piano cases 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Novelties 

Organ cases, exterior pipe 

Ornaments, furniture 

Panel strips, house interior trim 

Panel work, show windows. 

Panels 

Panels, stair work 

Panels, veneered 

Paper pulp 

Parquetry flooring 

Partitions, office 

Patitions, post office letter 
racks 

Partitions, store 

Parts, row boat 

Passenger cars, interior finish 

Patterns, machine 

Pedal boards, piano cases 

Pedestals 

Pen racks 

Pilasters 

Pilasters, piano cases 

Pillars, chair 

Pins, cartridge 

Pins, clothes 

Pipe, wooden water 

Pipes, (imitation calabash) 

Plate rail, dining room 

Poles, curtain 

Racks, book 

Racks, display 

Racks, key 

Rails, stair 

Reels, fence wire 

Refrigerators 

Rims, split wood pulleys 

Risers, stair 

Rockers, chair 

Rollers, towel 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Rough horses, stair 

Rounds, chair 

Ruling machines, bookbinders 

Rungs, chair 

Sash 

Seat frames, canoe 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Seats, chair 

Seat=, water closet 

Sewing machine parts 

Shelves, book 

Shoe rails, stair 

Showcase 

Sideboards, exterior 

Sides, bookcase 

Sides, cheese boxes 

Sides, china closet 

Sides, desks 

Sides, dressers 



150 



Sides, mine dump cars 

Sides, piano cases 

Sills, cart 

Sinlv mats 

Slats, bed 

Slides, table 

Somnols 

Spindles, chair 

Spools, electric wire 

Sprags, mine 

Staffs, flag 

Staves, cement barrels 

Staves, cooperage 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Sticks, flower 

Stools, foot 

Stools, office 

Stools, piano 

Stops, door, liouse interior trim 

Store fronts 



BIRCH, SWEET— Continued. 

Stretchers, chair 

String boards, stair 

Swings, lawn 

Switchboards, telephone 

Tables 

Tables, billiard 

Tables, library 

Tables, pool 

Tables, sewing 

Tabourettes 

Tool chests 

Top panels, piano cases 

Top slats, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Tops, case goods 
Tops, piano cases 
Tops, post office furniture 
Tops, table 
Toy chairs 
Toy furniture 



Toy tops 

Trays, pen 

Treads, stair 

Veneer 

Veneer cores, piano cases 

Wagon boxes 

Wagons 

AVainseoting 

Wainscoting cap, house interior 

tr.m 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

tr!m 
Wardrobes 
Wardrobes, exterior 
Wedges, mine cap 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Balls, croquet 

Blinds 

Blocks, brush 

Boards, chopping 

Bobbins 

Boxes, butter 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, tinware 

Cabinets, kitchen 

Chair arms, railway cars 

Chairs, folding 

Chairs, kitchen 

Controller box casing, electric 

cars 
Costumers 
Covers, switch boxes, electric 

cars 
Crates, tinware 
Crating 

Cupboard doors, railway cars 
Dairy accessories 



BIRCH, XELLOW 

Dishes, butter 

Facing, window partition 

Handles, broom 

Handles, dust brush 

Handles, wrench 

Heads, spool 

Horses, clothes 

Implements, agricultural 

Interior finish, electric ears 

Interior finish, railway cars 

Interior finish, railway coaches 

Mallets, croquet 

Middles, spool 

Mills, coffee 

Mirrors, hand 

Moulds, butter 

Novelties 

Panel wainscoting, railway cars 

Panels, ceiling, railway cars 

Panels, window, railway cars 



Pins, clothes 

Plates, pie 

Prints, butter 

Sash, electric cars 

Sash, railway cars 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Seats, chair 

Sills, inside window (electric 

cars) 
Sills, window, inside (railway 

cars) 
Sleds 
Spools 

Tallies, kitchen 
Tenpins, toy 
Toy furniture 
Toy tops 
Toys 
Turnings 



Boxes, comb 

Engravings, wood 
Handles, umbrella 



BOXWOOD 

Handles, shaving brush 
Quoins, printers' 
Rules, carpenters' 



Scales, draftmen's 

Shuttles 

Type measures, printers' 



BRIAR ROOT 

Pipes, smoking 



Baluster?, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blind stop, house construction 

Boards, ironing 

Boards, pastry 

Boards, sleeve 

Bottom rail, porch 

Boxes, packing 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strip, house interior trim 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Cliair rail, house Interior trim 

Colonnades, liouse interior trim 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Cresting, porch roof 

Doors, foldine 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 



BUCKEYE, OHIO 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side lights 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, bouse interior trim 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Jambs, door 

Mantels 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter roimd 



Moulding, screw 

Moulding, sprung cove, house 

construction 
Nosing, bouse interior trim 
Panel strips, house interior trim 
Parting stop, house interior 

trim 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Plate rail, dining room 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porcli newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrels 
Racks, clothes 
Racks, towel 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Siding, house 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Spindles, porch 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Top rail, porch 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



151 



Base blocks, house interior trim 
Baseboard, liouse interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Brackets, plate rail 
Capping sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Casing, door 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chests, clothes 
Chests, flour 

Colonnades, house interior trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Drain boards, sink 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Excelsior, packing 



BUTTERNUT 

Excelsior ribbon (mattress 

stuffing) 
Fillet, house interior trim 
Finish, boats 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Frames, door 
Front doors, house 
Grilles, house interior trim 
Head blocks, house interior 

trim 
Head casing, house interior 

trim 
Interior finish 
Jambs, door 
Mantels 
Moulding 
Moulding, bed, house interior 

trim 
Moulding, cap, house interior 

trim 
Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 



Mirror doors, house 
Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, picture 
Moulding, quarter round 
Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Nosing, house interior trim 
Panel strips, house interior 

trim 
Paper pulp 
Patterns, foundry 
Plate rail, dining room 
Rims, split wood pulleys 
Ship furniture 
Sink aprons, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Benches, porch 

Benches, rustic lawn 

Box shooks 

Boxes, fuel 

Butter workers, dairymen's 

Cal)inets, parlor 

Cases, casket 

Cases, coffins 

Caskets 

Ceiling 

Chests, clothes 



CEDAR, RED 

Churns, butter 

Coffins 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Cross ties, railroad 

Faucets, oil barrel 

Frames, couch 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, lounges 

Frames, upholstered furniture 

Handles, paint brushes 

Handles, varnish brushes 



Lining, 

Liuing, 

Pencils 

Pergolas 

Posts, fence 

Shingles 

Siding, house 

Silos 

Summer houses 

Tanks 

Vats 



closets 
clothes closets 



Cigar boxes 

Decking, motor boat 

Floor boards, rowboat (round 

bottom) 
Handles, tennis racket 



CEDAR, SPANISH 

Hulls, boats 
Hulls, canoes 
Hulls, racing shells 
Planking, canoe 



Planking, rowboats (flat bot- 
tom) 
Kibs, canoe 
Veneer 



Cabinet work 
Caskets 
Ceiling 
Cornice work 



CEDAR, WESTERN RED 

Fixtures, office 
Flooring, porch 
Frames, screen door 
Frames, window screen 



Sliingles 

Siding 

Silos 

Tanks, windmill 



Boat boards 
Boat siding 
Boats, motor 

Boats, superstructure 

Box shooks 

Canoes 

Decking, motor boat 

Finish, interior 

Furniture 



CEDAR, WHITE 

Hulls, boat 
Hulls, canoes 
Hulls, racing shells 
Pickets, wire fence 
Planking, canoe 
Planking, boat 
Planking, motor boat 
Planking, yacht 



Ribs, canoe 

Siding, canoe 

Siding, launch 

Silos 

Tanks 

Tanks, paper mill 

Tubs, washing machine 

Vats 



Shuttles 



CHERRY 



Acetate of lime 

Actions (organs) 

Alcohol, wood 

Backing, electrotype 

Backs, clothes brush 

Backs, drawer 

Backs, hairbrush 

Backs, nail brush 

Balusters (stair) 

Balusters, stairway 

Base blocks, house Interior 

trim 
Baseboards 

Baseboard, house interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 



Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blinds. Venetian 

Blocks, brush 

Bootlis, telephone 

Boxes, plate glass packing 

Boxes. roller sign (electric 

cars) 
Boxes, sewing 
Boxes, veneer 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, stair 
Brackets, stairway 
Brushes 

Bureaus, exterior 
Cabinet work 
Cabinet work, boat 
Cabinet work (electric cars) 
Cabinet work (Pullman cars) 



Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Carvings, wood 
Cases, dental 
Cases, optical 
Cases, wall 

Cases, water closet tank 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Casings 
Caskets 

Chair arms, Pullman coaches 
Chair rail, house interior trim 
Charcoal 
Chiffoniers 
Coffins 
Colonnades, 



house interior trim 



Colonnades, Pullman coaches 



152 



Commodes 

Consoles 

Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Counters, bar 
Counters, store 
Covers, switch boxes (electric 

cars) 
Covers, switch box (Pullman 

coaches) 
Cupboard doors, Pullman 

coaches 
Dashboards, automobile 
Deck trimmings, motor boat 
Doors 

Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Doors, upper berth, sleeping 

cars 
Drawer parts, office fixtures 
Drawer parts, store fixtures 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Facing, window partition (elec- 
tric cars) 
Files, newspaper 
Fillet, house interior trim 
Finish, interior (automobile 

bodies) 
Fixtures, bank 
Fixtures, bar 
Fixtures, barber shop 
Fixtures, office 
Fixtures, store 
Fixtures (store display) 
Fixtures, window display 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring 

Flooring, parquetry 
Foot rails (stair) 
Foot rail, stairway 
Frames, door 
Frames, mirror 
Frames, picture 
Furniture, bank 
Furniture (barroom) 
Furniture, barber shop 
Furniture, drug store 
Furniture (office) 
Furniture, store 
Grilles 

Grilles, house interior trim 
Grilles, Pullman coaches 
Hand rail, stairway 
Handles, reciprocating drills 
Handles, varnish brushes 



CHERRY— Continued 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, nail keg 

Interior finish 

Interior finish (camera) 

Interior finish, electric cars 

Interior finish, Pullman coaches 

Interior trim, house 

Jambs, door 

Levels, carpenters' 

Lids, water closet 

Linings, boat 

Lunch tables, portable (Pull- 
man coaches) 

Mantels 

Mantels, soda fountain 

Mirror doors, house 

Mirror frames, passenger eleva- 
tor cars 

Mirror frames, Pullman coaches 

Models 

Models, machine 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, bouse 
construction 

Moulds, fire brick 

Mountings, electrotype 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel Posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Organs, cabinet 

Organs, pipe 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panel wainscoting, Pullman 
coaches 

Panel work, office partitions 

Panel work, store fixtures 

Panels, ceilings (Pullman 
coaches) 

Panels, door 

Panels, passenger elevator cars 



Panels, window (Pullman 

coaches) 
Paper pulp 
Partitions, office 
Partitions, store 
Parts, automobile bodies 
Patterns 

Patterns, foundry 
Peel blade.'!, bakers' 
Pipes, organ 
Plate holders (camera) 
Plate rail, dining room 
Platforms, counter scales 
Poison cases (drug store) 
Press boards, bookbinders' 
Push button frames (Pullman 

coaches) 
Rails, door 
Kails, stair 
Rails, table 
Range finders, camera 
Refrigerators, soda fountain 
Risers, stairway 
Ruling machines, bookbinders' 
Sash 

Sash, automobile 
Sash, electric cars 
Sash, Pullman coaches 
Seats, water closet 
Seats, wire frame chairs 
Show cases 
Sides, drawer 
Sills, inside window (electric 

cars) 
Slides, drawer 
Squares, draftsman 
Stands, city directory 
Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Tops, counter 
Tops, table 

Tops, wire frame tables 
Track sections, camera 
Treads, stair 
Triangles (billiard) 
Triangles, draftsman 
Veneer 
Wainscot rail, house inteHor 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



CHERRY, WILD 
Paper pulp 

CHESTNUT 



Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Backs, brush 

Backing, bureau 

Backing, desk 

Backing, dresser 

Backing, furniture 

Backing, sideboards 

Backing, washstand 

Backs, piano 

Balusters (stair) 

Base blocks, house Interior 

trim 
Baseboards 

Baseboard, house interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house Interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beds, folding 
Bedsteads, exterior 
Bedsteads, hidden work 
Blinds, window 
Bodies, toy wheelbarrows 
Bookcases, sectional 
Book racks, revolving 
Booths, voting (exterior) 
Bottoms, grape basket 
Box ends, fertilizer sowers 
Box shooks 



Boxes, clothiers' 

Boxes, coal sieve 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, plant 

Boxes, tin plate 

Boxes 

Boxing 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, stair 

Buffets, exterior 

Bureaus, hidden work 

Bureaus, exterior 

Bushel crates 

Cabinets, magazine 

Cabinets, scale 

Cabinets, smokers. 

Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Cars, passenger elevator 
Cases (casket) 
Cases, medicine 
Cases, piano 
Cases, veneer 
Casing 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Caskets 
Ceiling 
Cellarettes 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs 



Chairs, arm 

Chairs, desk 

Chairs, mission 

Chairs, rocking 

Chests, hall 

ChlfConlers 

China cases, shelving 

Coffins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Columns, china closet 

(Columns, sideboard 

(Dommodes 

Consoles 

Cores, door 

Cores, veneering 

Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Couch frames 
Counters, store 
Crates 
Crating 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 
Cross ties, railroad 
Desks 
Doors 

Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Drain boards, sink 
Drawer fronts 
Drawer sides 
Dressers 



153 



Dust cap, house interior trim 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Fixtures, banli 

Fixtures, bar 

Fixtures, barber shop 

Flasks, foundry 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring 

Flooring, porch 

Foot rests 

Footstools 

Frames, coal sieves 

Frames, furniture 

Frames, lounge 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, office fixtures 

Frames, picture 

Frames, upholstered chairs 

Frames, upholstered furniture 

Front doors, house 

Furniture 

Furniture, bed room 

Furniture, mission 

Furniture, office 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Hall mirror hatracks 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Interior frames, office fixtures 

Interior finish, house 

Jambs, door 

Keyboards, organ 

Keyboards, piano 

Kitchen furniture 

Lath 

Lids, grape basket 

Mantels 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 



CHESTNUT— Continued 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crovpn, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house inte- 
rior trim 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Moulding, stair 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Outer cases 

Panel cases, veneer doors 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, organ case 

Panels (piano cases) 

Panels, veneer 

Partitions 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Parts, flour mill machinery 

Pickets, fence 

Plate rail, dining room 

Posts, porch 

Rails, billiard tables 

Rails, china closet 

Rails, shoe (stair) 

Kails, stair 

Refrigerators 

Refrigerators, exterior 

Risers, stair 

Roller feeders, flour mill ma- 
chinery 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Screens, fire 

Seats, chair 

Settees 

Settles 

Sewing machine parts 

Sheathing 

Sheathing, house 



Shelves, book 

Shelves, piano 

Shingles 

Showcase 

Sideboards 

Sideboards, built in 

Sideboards, exterior 

Sides, billiard tables 

Siding, house 

Sides, piano cases 

Siding, plate glass shipping 

cases 
Slats, trunk 
Sofas, exterior 
Stands, plant 
Staves, cement barrels 
Staves, slack cooperage 
Staves, tight cooperage 
Stops, door, house interior trim 
String boards (stair) 
Swell boxes, pipe organ 
Tables, dropleaf 
Tables, extension 
Tables, library 
Tables, tea 
Tool chests, toy 
Top frames, piano 
Tops, piano 
Tops, table 
Toy furniture 
Toy tops 
Treads, stair 
Veneer 

Veneer cores, piano cases 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Washstands 
Washstands. exterior 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Handles, butcher steel 
Handles, carpenters' brace 
Handles, combination tool sets 



COCOBOLO 

Handles, hand wood drill 
Handles, palette knife 
Handles, paring knives 



Handles, putty knife 
Handles, scraping knife 
Heads, carpenter brace 



CONGO 

Handles, umbrella 



Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior 
trim 

Baseboard, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
' trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Baskets, berry 

Battens, O. G. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Beds, manure spreaders 

Bevel siding, house 

Bins, curd grinding machines 

Blind stop, house construction 

Boards, ironing 

Boards, skirt 

Boards, mortar 

Boards, pastry 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, drawer 

Bottoms, trunk 

Bottoms, trunk trays 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, bottlers 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, trunk 

Boxes, wheat drills 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 



COTTONWOOD 

Brooders, poultry 

Cabinets, inside work 

Cabinets, kitchen 

Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Cases, beer 
Cases, egg 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Caskets 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Cigar boxes 
Cloth boards 
Coffins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 
Commodes, interior 
Consoles 

Cooperage, slack 
Coops, poultry 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Crates, berry 
Crates, milk bottle 
Crating 

Cresting, porch roof 
Cupboards, kitchen 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Dowels, chair 
Drawers, incubator 
Excelsior 



Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Fixtures, barroom 

Fixtures, office 

Fixtures, store 

Flat battens, house interior' 
trim 

Footstools 

Frames, box couches 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door sidelight 

Frames, upholstered furniture 

Frames, wood 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Hoppers, curd grinding ma- 
chines 

Incubators 

Interior work, electric shoe 
shining machines 

Jambs, door 

Lath 

Lining, freight cars 



154 



Lining, wagon bodies 

Mantels 

Meeting rails, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mullions, sash 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Packages, fruit 

Packing cases, plate glass 

Panels, agricultural machinery 



COTTONWOOD— Continued 

Panels, door 

Panels, light vehicle bodies 
Panels, lisht vehicle seats 
Panels, spring wagon bodies 
Panel strips, house interior 

trim 
Panels, threshing machine 
Parting stop, house interior 

trim 
Partition molds, house interior 

trim 
Parts, door 

Parts, flour mill machinery 
Plate rail, dining room 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrels 
Roof slats, wagon bodies 
Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Shredders, fodder 
Shipping cases, butter 
Sides, farm wagon bodies 
Sink aprons, house interior 

trim 



Slide, fly screen 

Soil rollers 

Spindles, porch 

Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Tables, kitchen 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails, sash 
Tops, kitchen cabinets 
Tops, kitchen table 
Tops, trunk 
Tops, veneered, trunks 
Tray bottoms (trunk) 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Washboards, laundry 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 
Wood pulleys 



Base blocks, house interior trim 
Baseboard, house interior trim 
Base corners, house Interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beds, spring wagon 
Blind stop, house construction 
Brackets, plate rail 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Casing, door 
Casing, house 
Casing, window 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 



CUCUMBER 

Dust cap. house interior trim 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Frames, door 

Frames, window 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Jambs, door 

Mantels 

Mantels, painted work 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 



Moulding, picture 
Moulding, quarter round 
Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Nosing, house interior trim 
Paper, pulp 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Plate rail, dining room 
Rims, split wood pulleys 
Siding, house 
Slide, fly screen 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Balusters, porch 

Bars, greenhouse 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Baseboard, house interior trim 

Baseboards 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Battens, O. G. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Beams, pergola 

Beehives 

Belt poles, machinists' 

Bevel siding, house 

Blind stop, house construction 

Blinds (house) 

Bottom boards, rowboat 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottom rails (.sash) 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, packing 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Brooders, Interior 

Cabins, exterior, river craft 

Cabins^ exterior, ships 

Cabins, exterior, yachts 

Cabins, interior, river craft 

Cabins, interior, ships 

Cabins, interior, yachts 

Carpet strip, house interior 
trim 

Cases, casket 

Cases, coffin 

Cases, incubator 



CYPRESS 

Cases, packing 

Casing 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Caskets 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Ctiurns, butter 

Coflins 

Colonnades, house Interior trim 

Columns, pergola 

Consoles 

Corner beads, house interior 
trim 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Cornice, house construction 

Cornice work, house 

Crates, shipping 

Crestinsr, porch roof 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Cross ties, railroad 

Decking, motor boat 

Doors, 

Doors, folding 

Door, railroad passenger 
coaches 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Exterior finish, house 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Finish, locomotive cabs 

Finish, yacht cabin 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Floor boards, rowboat, round 
bottom 

Flooring, porch 

Frames, door 



Frames, front door sidelights 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front door, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Gates, railroad crossing 

Grilles, house Interior trim 

Hatch covers, river craft 

Hatch covers, ship 

Hatch covers, yacht 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Interior, cupboard 

Interior finish, house 

Jambs, door 

Keels, canal boats 

Keels, river craft 

Keels, ship 

Keels, yacht 

Keels on rowboat (flat bottom) 

Ladders 

Lattice 

Leeboards, canoe 

Lids, washing machine 

Mantels 

Meeting rails (sash) 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house Interior 
trim 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 



155 



Moulding, cro\Yii, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, exterior house 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, porch 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Moulding, stair 

MuUions (sash) 

Nosingi house construction 

Panels, door 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Parting strip, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Parts, automobile bodies 

Planking, motor boat 

Planking, river craft 



OTPEESS— Continued. 

Planking, ship 

Planking, yacht 

Plate rail, dining room 

Porch colums, built up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, built up 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch, spandrel 

Rafters, pergola 

Rails, door 

Rudders, river craft 

Rudders, ship 

R'lidders, yacht 

Sash 

Sash, hotbed 

Sash, railroad passenger coach 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Shingles 

Sides, rowboat (flat bottom) 

Silos 

Slide, fly screen 

Spindles, porch 

Staves, tight cooperage 

Stiles, door 



Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Sub-frames, hotbed 
Tanks, 

Tanks, dairyman's 
Tanks, paper mill 
Tanks, pickling 
Tanks, wooden 
Thresholds, porch door 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails (sash) 
Tubs, washing machine 
Vats 

Vats, dairyman's 
Vats, paper mill 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Washboards, dairyman's 
Water tubs, wooden bridge 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Bobbins 

Handles, brick trowel 

Handles, kitchen knife 



DOGWOOD 

Handles, kitchen fork 
Handles, small tools 
Mallets, coppersmith 



Mallets, tinner'i 
Shuttles 



DONCELLA 



Shuttles 



Backs, clothesbrush 
Backs, hairbrush 
Canes 
Checkers 



EBONY 

Chessmen 

Handles, chaflng dish 
Handles, drawing instruments 
Handles, pocket knife 



Handles, tea strainer 
Handles, umbrella 
Pipes, smoking 
Walking sticks 



Baskets, vegetable 
. Battens, dumb-waiters 
Beams, elevator cars 
Beds, coal wagon 
Bent seats, automobile 
Blocks, hub 
Boxes, packing 

Boies, weight fdumb-waiter) 
Boxes, wheat drills 
Cabinets, kitchen 
Chair rockers 
Chairs, stepladder 
Churns, butter 
Cleats, dumb-waiters 
Crating 
Doubletrees 
Dumb-waiters 
Eveners 
Egg cases 
Frames, sieve 
Friction blocks, derrick 



ELM, CORK 

Gear parts, flour mill machinery 

Grain boxes, corn planters 

Guide posts, dumb-waiters 

Guide rails, dumb-waiters 

Handles, machine 

Handles, plow 

Hay rake parts 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Hoops, slack cooperage 

Hoppers, grain 

Hounds, light vehicle 

Hubs 

Hubs, carriage wheels 

Hubs, light delivery wagons 

Hubs, light vehicles 

Ladders 

Over-head beams, dumb-waiters 

Parts, automobile bodies 

Parts, hay baler 

Pews, church 

Platforms, elevator 



Platforms, machine 

Reaches, light vehicle 

Rims (automobile wheels) 

Rims, basket 

Rims, butter tub 

Rollers, cable 

Runners, sleigh 

Shelves, dumb-waiters 

Singletrees 

Skids, engine 

Staves, cement barrels 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Swings, lawn 

Traps, mouse 

Traps, rat 

Trees, saddle 

Trucks, gasoline engine 

Tubs, lard 

Whiflletrees 

Yokes, neck 



Backs, chair- 
Backs, kitchen cabinets 
Baskets 
Baskets, split 
Baskets, vegetable 
Blocks, brush 
Boards, ironing 
Boards, pastry 
Bookcases, inside work 
Bodies, automobile 
Boxes, wheelbarrow 
Boxes, trunk 
Boxes, knife 
Boxes, comb 
Boxes, cheese 
Boxes, candy 
Box shooks 
Brooders, poultry 
Bureaus, Interior work 
Bushel crates 



ELM, WHITE 

Bushel measures 

Cabinets, medicine 

Cabinets, printers' 

Cabinets, seed 

Cases, type 

Chairs 

Chairs, kitchen 

Chairs, rocking 

Chests, ice 

China closets, inside work 

Commodes, inside work 

Crating 

Doors, automobile 

Eveners 

Fixtures, bar 

Fixtures, office 

Fixtures, store 

Flasks, foundry 

Flooring 

Frames, chair 



Frames, couch 

Frames, cultivators 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, lounge 

Frames, sofa 

Frames, upholstered furniture 

Furniture, toy 

Game boards 

Handles, basket 

Handles, canthook 

Handles, cross-cut saw 

Handles, peavy 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Hoops, slack cooperage 

Hubs, wheelbarrow 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Locomotive cabs, interior 

Paper pulp 

Parts, washing machine 



156 



Pastry sets 
Pews, church 
Pins, insulator 
Pokes, horse 
Ketrigerators 
Kims, cheese box 
Kims, sieve 
Kungs, ladder 
Seat frames, chair 



ELM, WHITE 

Showcases Stops, drawer 

Sieves, ash Tables, communion 

Signboards Telephone apparatus 

Slats, trunk Tops, sleds 

Sleds, bob Traps, mouse 

Slides, extensionable Traps, rat 
Splint baskets, porch hammocks Tubs 

Stands, bible Washboards, laundry 

Staves, slack cooperage Veneer 



EUCALYPTUS 
Furniture, special work 



Freezers, ice cream 
Lath 



FIR, BALSAM 



Oars, boat 
Pulp, paper 



Astragals, folding door 
Astragals, sliding door 
Balusters, porch 
Base blocks, house interior trim 
Base board, house interior trim 
Base icorners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Battens, 0. G. barn 
Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Bevel siding, house 
Blind stop, house construction 
Blinds, window 
Booms, river craft 
Booms, sliip 
Bottom boards, barge 
Bottom boards, row boat 
Bottom boards, scow 
Bottom rail, porch 
Bottoms, piano cases 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, porch 
Brackets, telegraph pole 
Bumping posts, railroad 
Cabins, exterior, river craft 
Cabins, exterior, ships 
Cabins, exterior, yacht 
Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Celling 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Cornice, house construction 
Covers, vats 
Covers, water tank 
Cresting, porch roof 
Cross-arms, telegraph pole 
Cross-ties, railroad 
Declcing, boats 
Decking (ship and boat) 
Derricks, hoisting 
Derricks, oil well 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Drop siding, house 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Face brackets, house construe 

tion 
Feed mill machinery parts 
Fillet, house interior trim 
Fiveless cookers, exterior 



FIR, DOUGLAS 

Flat battens, house interior trim 

Flooring, electric passenger cars 

Flooring, freight cars 

Flooring, house 

Flooring, porch 

Flooring, railway passenger 
coaclies 

Flooring, scale platforms 

Frames, door 

Frames, freight car 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, target 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Gates, railway crossing 

Hay balers, parts 

Hayloaders, parts 

Hayrakes, parts 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Hods, mortar 

Jambs, door 

Joiners, deck (ship) 

Keels, canal boats 

Keelsons, river craft 

Keelsons, ship 

Keelsons, yacht 

Ladders, extension 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Lattice 

Masts, river craft 

Masts (ship) 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, 'house con- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, interior 
trim 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Nosing, house Interior trim 



Panel strips, house interior 

trim 
Parting strip, house interior 

trim 
Partition, house 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Planking, barge 
Planking, canal boat 
Planking, river craft 
Planking, scow 
Planking, ship 
Planking, yacht 
Plate rail, dining room 
Plates, railway car frames 
Poles, flag 
Poles, pike 

Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrel 
Pump rods, windmill 
Push poles, locomotive 
Refrigerators, exterior 
Ridge poles, railway car frames 
Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Sides, row boat 
Siding, barge 
Siding, canal boats 
Siding, railway box cars 
Siding, railway passenger 

coaches 
Sills, freight cars 
Sills, oil well drilling machin- 
ery 
Sink aprons, house interior 

trim 
Slides, fly screen 
Spars, ship 
Spindles, porch 
Staves, silo 

Staves, tight cooperage 
Staves, water tanks 
Stops, door, house interior trim 
Store fronts 

Tongues, farm machinery 
Top rail, porch 
Towers, oil well 
Towers, water 
Vats 
Wainscot rail, hpuse interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



FIR, OREGON 
Push poles, locomotive 



Baskets, split 
Blocks, hub 
Boxes, tin ware 
Crates, tin ware 



GUM, BLACK 

Cross-ties, railroad Hubs 

Fenders, river craft Hubs, 

Friction blocks (railway cars) Hubp, 

Heading, oil bands Hubs. 



carriage wheels 
light delivery wagon 
wheelbarrow 



157 



Mauls 

Mine loUeis 



GUM, BLACK— Concludea 

Packing cases, plate glass 
Rollers, oar 



Rollers, mine 
Staves, oil barrels 



Baskets, splint 
Baskets, vegetable 
bottoms, aravver 
Boxes, berry 
Boxes, cigar 
Boxes, cracker 
Boxes, milk bottle 
Boxes, packing 
Boxes, trunk 
Cases, sample 
Cases, traveling 



GUM, COTTON 

Coops, poultry- 
Crates,, beer 
Crates, fruit 
Crates, vegetable 
Crating 

Cross-ties, railroad 
Dishes, lard 
Heads, maul 
Hoppers, machine 
Legs, table 
Mallets, ship builders 



Mortars 

Paper pulp 

Parts, agricultural machinery 

Pestles 

Pins, clothes 

Plates, pie 

Rammers, street 

Rollers, awning 

Rollers, shipbuilders 

Truck barrels, veneered 



Baskets, split 
Blocks, hub 
Boxes, ti_& ware 
Crates, tin ware 
Cross-ties, railroad 
Fenders, river craft 



GUM, BLACK 

Friction blocks (railway cars) 

Heading, oil barrels 

Hubs 

Hubs, carriage wheels 

Hubs, light delivery wagon 

Hubs, wheelbarrow 



Mauls 

Mine rollers 

Packing cases, plate glass 

Rollers, car 

Rollers, mine 

Staves, oil barrels 



Astragals, sliding door 

Backs, chairs 

Backing, case goods 

Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 
trim 

Base corners, house interior 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blinds, house construction 

BlocKS, brake 

Bottoms, case goods 

Bottom rails, porch 

Bottom rails, sash 

Box shooks 

Boxes, creamery shipping 

Boxes, macaroni 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, trunk 

Brackets, porch 

Cabinets, music 

Capping, sink, house, interior 
trim 

Carpel strip, house interior trim 
trim 

Cases, casket 

Cases, clock 

Cases, coffin 

Cases, sample 

Cases, shipping 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Caskets 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Chairs, rocking 

Coal boards, engine tender 

Coffins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Commodes 

Coolers, water 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Crating 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Doors 

Doors, folding 

Doors, sliding 

Drawer sides 

Drawers 

Drawers, cabinets 

Dust cap, house interior trim 



GUM, RED 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fertilizer distributors, parts 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flasks, foundry 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Frames, chair 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, door 

Frames, dresser 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Front rails, beds 

Front rails, dresser 

Furniture 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Handles, saw 

Handles, sadiron 

Head blocks, pattern 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head cases, house interior trim 

Hidden work, walnut furniture 

House interior trim 

Interior finish, house 

Jambs, door 

Jumpers, baby 

Lath 

Legs, chiffonier 

Legs, dresser 

Mantels 

Meetmg rails, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Molding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mullions, sash 

Nosing, house interior trim 



Panel strips, house interior trim 

Panels, door 

Panels, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Panels, light vehicle bodies 
Panels, stair work 
Paper uulp 
Parting stop, house interior 

trim 
Partition moulds, house con- 
struction 
Pipes (smoking) 
Plate rail, dining room 
Plate rail, house interior trim 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrels 
Posts, beds 
Posts, dresser 
Pulleys 
Rails, door 
Rails, dresser 
Refrigerators, exterior 
Scroll-sawed balusters, porch 
Seat frames, chair 
Shelving, cabinets 
Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Spindles, porch 
Standards, chiffonier 
Standards, dresser 
Staves, cement barrels 
Sticks, parasol 
Stiles, door 
Strips, weather 

Stops, door, house interior trim. 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Tables, library 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails, sash 
Tops, desk 
Tops, dressers 
Tops, chiffoniers 
Tops, sideboards 
Traps, mouse 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Walkers, baby 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Astragals, folding door 
Astragals, sliding door 
Balusters, porch 
Balusters (stair) 
Barge constructloa 



HEMLOCK 

Base blocks, house interior trim Base moulding, house interior 

Base board, house interior trim trim 

Base corners, Ihouse interior Battens, 0. G. barn 

trim Bay brackets, house construc- 

tion 



158 



Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blind stop, liouse construction 

Booms, nver craft 

Booms, ship 

Bottom boards, fomidry flasks 

Bottom rail, porcU 

Bottoms, river barge 

Box siiouks 

Boxes, coal sieve 

Boxes, packing 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Brackets, stair 

Bridge construction 

Bull-wheel cants, oil well ma- 
chinery 

Cabins, canal boats 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strip, house interior trim 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Cheese boxes, veneer 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Cornice, house construction 

Cornice work, house 

Crating 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Decking, barge 

Decking, canal boats 

Doors, folding 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house Interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fencing 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flasks 

I'lasks, foundry 

Plat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring 

Flooring, freight elevator cars 

Flooring, passenger elevator 
cars 

Flooring, wharves 

Frames, canal boat 

Frames, coal sieve 

Frames, door 

Frames, freight car 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, river craft 

Frames, ship 

Prnmes, window 

Frames, yacht 



HEMLOCK— Concluded. 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

E'ruit jar cases 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Hatch covers, river craft 

Hatch covers, ship 

Hatch covers, yacht 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, nail keg 

Heading, slack cooperage stock 

Incubators 

Jambs, door 

Keels, river craft 

Keels, ship 

Keels, yacht 

Kelsons, canal boat 

Ladders, river craft 

Ladders, ship 

Lath 

Lattice 

Lining, canal boats 

Mantels 

Masts, river craft 

Masts, ship 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Mould. ng, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter rotmd 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Packing, boat launching 

Packing cases, plate glass 

Pallets, fire brick 

Panel strips, house interior trim 

Paper pulp 

Parting strip, house interior 
trim 



Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Patch-boards, freight car 
Planking, canal boat 
Planking, river craft 
Planking, ship 
Plankmg, yacht 
Plate rail, dining room 
Poles, flag 

Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrel 
Rails (stair) 
Reels, cable 
Reels, wire rope 
Refrigerators 
Risers, stair 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 
Rough horses (stairway) 
Scroil-sawed balusters, porch 
Seats, row boat 
Shoe rails (stair) 
Sides, ore car bodies 
Sides, row boat 
Siding, freight car 
Siding, house 
Siding, plate glass shipping 

cases 
Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Skidding (machine) 
Skidding (steam-pump) 
Slides, fly screen 
Spars, ship 
Spindles, porch 
Stair horses 
Stair work, hidden 
Staves, silo 

Staves, slack cooperage 
Stems, canal boat 
Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
String boards ( stair) 
Thresholds, house interior trim 
Top rail, porch 
Transoms, row boat 
Tread (stair) 
Veneer 
Wainscoat, rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscot cap, house interior 

trim 
Weatlier boarding, house 
Window apron, house interier 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Arms, chair 

Axle beds, perch spring wagon 

Axle beds, surrey 

Axle beds, buggy 

Axles, light vehicles 

Axjes, lumber wagons 

Axles, wagon 

Backs, rustic porch chairs 

Backs, split chairs 

Bottoms, wagon boxes 

Boxes, creamery sliipplng 

Bows, automobile top 

Brake beams, freight ear 

Brake lining, hoisting engines 

Canes, walking 

Caps, aiie 

Caps, light vehicle 

Carts, dump 

Carts, road 

Cogs, flour mill machinery 

Cross bars, buggy shafts 

Cross bars, light vehicle 

Door boards, coal cars 

Door boards, railroad grain cars 

DoubiPtrees 

Dowels 

Eveners, buggy 

Eveners, carriage 

Eveners, wagon 

Felloes 

Felloes, heavy vehicle wheels 



HICKORY 

Felloes, light delivery wagons 

Fifth wheel bars, light delivery 
wagon 

Fifth wheel circles, light de- 
livery wagon 

Fifth wheel spools, light de- 
livery wagon 

Fillers, hame 

Flooring, motor truck 

Forks, shaking 

Frames, bob sled 

Frames, coal screen 

Frames, gravel screen 

Frames, porch chair, rustic 

Frames, sand shaking screen 

Gear parts, automobile 

Gear parts, buggy 

Gear parts, light vehicle 

Gear parts, vehicle 

(Jear parts, wagon 

Gear woods, flour mill machin- 
ery 

Grain cradles 

Hacks, vehicle 

Hames 

Handles, adze 

Handles, axe 

Handles, bench hatchet 

Handles, blacksmith's hammer 

Handles, bookbinders' machin- 
ery 



Handles, broad hatchet 

Handles, cant hook 

Handles, chisel 

Handles, double bitted axe 

Handles, drawing knife 

Handles, electric car 

Handles, extension saw 

Handles, golf club 

Handles, go-devil 

Handles, grab maul 

Handles, granite hammer 

Handles, grub hoe 

Handles, hammer 

Handles, hand drill 

Handles, hatchet 

Handles, single bitted axe 

Handles, lawn rake 

Handles, machinists' hammer 

Handles, meat cleaver 

Handles, masons' hammer 

Handles, maul 
Handles, paint brush 

Handles, peavy 

Handles, peeling axe 

Handles, post mauls 

Handles, rig builders' hatchet 

Handles, riveting hammer 
Handles, shingle and lathing- 

hatchet 

Handles, sledge hammer 



159 



Handles, timber carver 

Handles, trolley car 

Heads, grab maul 

Heads, mallet 

Hind spring bars, light delivery 
wagon 

Hounds, light delivery wagon 

Interior finisii, houses 

Interior trim, house 

Ladders, hay 

Lower head blocks, light deliv- 
ery wagon 

Mallets 

Mallets, printers' 

Mauls 

Neck yokes 

Neck yokes, light vehicle 

Neck yokes, wagon 

Quoins, printers' 

Parts, automobile body 

Picker sticks, loom 

Pole futchels, light delivery 
wagon 

Poles, buggy 

Poles, hanging strap (electric 
carsj 

Poles, light vehicle 

Posts, wagon body 

Push poles, railway engine 

Bails, automobile 

Kammers 

Rammers, concrete 

Kammers, street 



HICKORY— Concluded 

Reaches, buggy 

Rests, foot,, (electric cars) 

Rests, foot, (railway cars) 

Kibs, wagon top 

Rims 

Rims, automobile wheel 

Rims, vehicle rims 

Rims, wheel 

Rolleri 

Rounds, chali 

Rounds, split bottom chair 

Rounds, ladder 

Rungs, ladder 

Runners, sleigh 

Runner frames, sleigh 

Runners, bob sled 

Screws, bookbinder 

Seats, rustic porch chair 

Seats, split chair 

Shackle bars, light delivery 

wagon 
Shafts, buggy 
Shafts, vehicle 
Shooting sticks, printers' 
Side futchels, light delivery 

wagon 
Singletrees 
Singletrees, light and heavy 

vehicles 
Skewers, butchers' 
Slackers 

Splits, split bottom chair 
Splint baskets, porch hammock 



Splinter bars, light delivery 
wagon 

Spokes, automobile wheel 

Spokes, buggy wheel 

Spokes, heavy vehicle wheel 

Spokes light delivery wagon 

Spokes, light and heavy vehicle 

Spotes, push cart wheel 

Sprags, mine 

Spring bars 

Spring bars, light and heavy 
vehicle 

Spring blocks, wagon 

Spring yokes, light delivery 
wagon 

Stakes, heavy vehicle 

Stakes, log car 

Sweep sticks, loom 

Teeth, lawn rake 

Teeth, spur gears 

Tongues, corn planter 

Tongues, light vehicle 

Tongues, wagon 

Treadle sticks, loom 

Trucks, warehouse 

Upper head blocks, light deliv- 
ery wagon 

Vehicle stock 

Wheelbarrows, 

Wheels, vehicle 

Wreckskids, railway 

Whiffletrees, vehicle 



HOLLY 



Backs, bath brush 

Blocks, brush 

Cups, soap 

Forks, wooden, cooking 



Forks, wooden, salad 
Handles, rolling pin 
Mashers, potato 
Paddles, butter 



Pins, rolling 

Spoons, wooden mixing 

Sticks, toddy 



HORNBEAN 



Balls, duckpin 
Balls, tenpin 
Handles, adze 
Handles, canthook 
Handles, grab maul 



Handles, peavy 
Handles, timber carrier 
Heading, nail keg 
Heads, grab maul 



Neck yokes 
Neck yokes, jockey 
Sides, cheese box 
Whiffletrees 



LAUREL, MOUNTAIN 
Inlaid work, furniture 

LANCEWOOD 
Rods, fishing 



Balls, lemon squeezer 
Balls, lime squeezer 
Bung starters 



LIGNUM-VITAE 

Cups, lemon squeezer 
Cups, lime squeezer 
Heads, mallet 



Mallets, coppersmith 
Mallets, printers' 



Brackets, telegraph pole 
Cross-arms, telegraphs pole 



LOCUST 



Hubs, light delivery wagon 
Paper pulp 



Pins, Insulator 
Pins, telephone 



Antique furniture, exterior 

Arms, chair 

Balusters, stair 

Back posts, chair 

Base boards, house Interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beds, folding, exterior 
Bedsteads, exterior 
Benches, piano 
Book racks, revolving 
Book cases, sectional 
Brackets. ]lnte rail 
Brackets, stair 
Cabinets, magazine 
Cabinets, music 
Cabinets, phonograph 
Cabinets, scale 



MAHOGANY 

Cabinets, smokers 
Cabins, interior ships 
Cabins, interior, yachts 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Carvings, wood 
Cases, binnacle 
Cases, chart (ship) 
Cases, dental 
Cases, hall clock 
Cases, oiitical 
Cases, piano 
Casing, door 

Casing (veneered), pipe organ 
Casing, window 
Caskets 

Cellarettes, exterior 
Chair arms, sleeping coaches 
Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs, arm 
Chairs, morris 



Chests, hall 

Chests of drawers, exterior 

Chests, silverware 

Cheval mirrors 

Chiffoniers, exterior 

Coffins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Colonnades, pullman coaches 

Commodes, exterior 

Consoles 

Counters, bar room, exterior 

Covers, switch boxes, (electric 

cars) 
Covers, switch box (Pullman 

coaches) 
Cupboard doors, Pullman 

coaches 
Deck boards, automobile 
Dash boards, automobile 
Decking, canoe 



160 



Decking, motor boat 

Desk chairs 

Door strips, automobile 

Doors, folding 

Doors, locker, boat and ship 

Doors, ship cabin 

Doors, sliding 

Doors, upper berth (sleeping 

coaches) 
Facings, window partitions 

(electric cars) 
Filing cases, sectional 
Fillet, house interior trim 
Fine cabinet worK 
Finish, yacht cabins 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring, parquetry 
Foot rails, stair 
Foot rests 
Foot stools 
Frames, chair 
Frames, couch 
Frames, davenport 
Frames, door, house interior 

trim 
Fi-ames, mirror 
B'rames, picture 
Frames, settee 
Frames, upholstered chair 
Furniture 
Furniture, office 
Furniture, special period 
Gauges, carpenters' 
Glass front boards, automobile 
Gunwales, canoe 
Gr.lles, house interior trim 
Grilles, Pullman coach 
GrJles, ship cabin 
Ground glass frames, camera 
Hall mirror hatracks 
Handles, camera slides 
Handles, hand scraper 
Hand rails, yacht 
Head casing, house interior 

trim 
Hubs, pilot wheels, boat and 

ship 
Interior finish, camera 
Interior finish, electric cars 
Interior finish, Pullman coaches 
Key bottoms, piano 



MAHOGANY— Concluded 

Legs, piano 

Degs, table 

Lens boards, camera 

Lids, water closet 

Lunch tables, portable, pull- 
man coaches 

Mantels 

Mirror doors, house 

Mirror frames, passenger ele- 
vator cars 

Mirror frames, puUman coaches 

Mirror frames, ship cabins 

Models 

Models, machine 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Mouldings, piano 

Mouldings, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
interior trim 

Music shelf, piano 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panel wainscoting, ship cabin 

Panel wainscoting, Inside Pull- 
man coaches 

Panels,' case 

Panels, celling, Pullman coaches 

Panels, clock case 

Panels, desk 

Panels, passenger elevator cars 

Panels, piano cases 

Panels, window, Pullman 

coaches 

Parts, automobile bodies 

Patterns 

Pilasters, piano 

Pillars, chair 

Pilot wheels, ship 

Pilot wheels, yacht 

Plate holders, camera 

Plate rail, dining room 

Players, piano 



Princess dressers 

Push button frames, Pullman 

coaches 
Rails, stair 
Range finders, camera 
Rims, pilot wheel (boat and 

ship) 
Rockers, chair 

Ruling machines, bookbinders 
Sash, Pullman coaches 
Sash, ship cabins 
Screens, bank 
Screens, fire 
Seats, piano 
Seats, water closet 
Servettes, dining room table 
Settee 
Settles 

Shelves, book 
Showcases 
Sides, piano case 
Sills, inside window (electric 

cars) 
Sills, window, inside (pullman 

coaches) 
Spindles, chair 
Stands, chafing dish 
Stands, plant 

Steering wheel rims, automobile 
Stools, piano 
Tables, drop leaf 
Tables, tea 
Tops, counter 
Tops, table 

Trays, jewelry display 
Trays, sewing 
Treads, stair 
Veneer 

Veneer, furniture 
Veneer, piano cases 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wardrobes, auto-valet 
Wheel trays, dining room 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Acetate of lime 

Alcohol, wood 

Backing, cases 

Baskets 

Baskets, split 

Beds, folding 

Blinds, porch 

Blinds, Venetian 

Blocks, brush 

Boards, hosiery 

Bobbins 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, butter pails 

Bottoms, carriage bodies 

Bottoms, fruit baskets 

Bottoms, wagon bodies 

Box shocks 

Boxes 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, comb 

Boxes, creamery shipping 

Boxes, knife 

Boxes, plate glass packing 

Boxes, salt 

Boxes, tin plate 

Boxes, veneer 

Brooders 

Brushes, wall 

Brushes, window 

Biireaus, enameled 

Cabinet work 

Cab'nets. medicine 

Cases, blacking 

Cases, pgg 

Cases, liquor 

Celery crates 

Center arms, split wood pulleys 

Chairs, children's 

Chairs, kitchen 

Chairs, laundry 



MAPLE, SOFT 

Charcoal 

Checkers 

Chessmen 

Cheval mirrors, enameled 

Clothes racks, laundry 

Chiffoniers, enameled 

Clothespins 

Cores, veneer 

Commodes 

Commodes, enameled 

Costumes 

Cradles 

Crates, fruit and vegetable 

Crates, milk bottle 

Crating 

Dowels, chair 

Driers, towel 

Dumb-waiter posts 

Dusters 

Flooring 

Frames, chair 

Frames, collapsible crates 

Frames, couch 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, door 

Frames, parlor furniture 

Frames, sofa 

Frames, upholstered chair 

Frames, u)ilioIstered furniture 

Frames, window 

Furniture, case goods 

Furnilnre, doll 

Fiirnitiire, interior work 

Guide rails, dumb waiter 

Handles, paint brush 

Handles, umbrella 

Handles, whitewash brushes 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Heads, spool 



Interior trim 

Interior work, sideboard 

Lapboards 

Lath 

Lining, case 

Meeting rails, sash 

Middles, spool 

Moulding, picture 

Mullions, sash 

Novelties 

Quills 

Panels, door 

Paper pulp 

Patterns 

Pedal boards, organ 

Porch blinds 

Rails, door 

Reels, cordage mill 

Reels, wire 

Ruling machines, bookbinders 

Sash 

Saw horses 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Seats, haby carriage 

Seats, chair 

Sh(>lves book 

Shelving 

Shuttles , 

Signboards 

Signs, advertising 

Speeders 

Spool heads 

Spools 

Stanchions 

Staves, slack cooperage 
Sticks, parasol 
Sticks, umbrella 



161 



stiles, door 
Stools, camp 
Swings, porcli 
Tabourettes 



MAPLE, SOFT— Concluded. 

Tables 

Tables, kitchen 
Top rails, sash 
Toy furniture 



Toy tops 

Veneer 

Wash benches 

Wash stands, enameled 



Armor backing, ship 

Armor blocking, ship 

Arms, chair 

Arms, split-bottom chair 

Axles, cornplanters 

Axles, farm wagon 

Axles, wagon 

Back boards, piano 

Back posts, chair 

Backs, ^r«8h 

Backs, <mair 

Backs, dust brushes 

Backs, lawn swings 

Backs, nail brush 

Backs, scrubbing brush 

Beds, warehouse trucks 

Benches, automobile 

Benches, carpenter 

Benches, piano 

Blocks, brake 

Blocks, brush 

Blocks, butchers' 

Blocks, die 

BlockSj chopping 

Blocks, mangle roll 

Blocks, pulley 

Blocks, tackle 

Blades, T-square (draftman's) 

Boards, hosiery 

Boards, meat 

Boards, pie 

Boards, potato chip 

Boards, potato peeler 

Boards, slaw 

Bobbins 

BolsttTs, warenouse truck 

Bottom boards, piano 

Bottoms, automobile 

Bottoms, basket 

Bottoms, chair 

Bottoms, coal wagon body 

Bottoms, drawers 

Bottoms, drawer (dental cases) 

Bottoms, drawer (optical cases) 

Bottoms, land roller top 

Bowling alleys 

Bowls 

Bowls, chopping 

Bows, buggy top 

Bows, carriage top 

Bows, wagon top 

Boxes 

Boxes, butter 

Boxes, candy 

Boxes, comb 

Boxes foundry moulding 

Boxes, knife 

Boj^es, packing 

Boxes, salt 

Boxes, tin plate 

Brackets, mine 

Brakes, electric crane 

Bridges, piano 

Brushes, paint 

Brushes, whitewash 

Budging, table sides 

Bung starters 

Bureaus, exterior 

Bushings, cream separator 

Cabinets 

Cabinets, type 

Canes, walking 

Cars, hand 

Carts, push 

Cases, shipping 

Cases, type 

Cases, wall 

Center arms, split wood pulleys 

Chairs, children's 

Chairs, folding camp 

Chairs, rocking 

Chair seats, veneered 

Chase frames, printers' 

Chase furniture, printers' 

Children's carriages 

Clamps, trouser hanger 

Clocks, wall 

Clothes driers 

II 



MAPLE, SUGAR 

Clothes pins 
Cogs, flour mill machinery 
Collars, cream separator 
Cores, typewriter platens 
Costumers 
Counters, l)illiard 
Covers, butter tub 
Crates 
Crutches 
Cues, billiard 
Cups, soap 
Decking, canal boat 
Dishes, wooden 
Display forms, hosiery 
Display forms, shoe 
Door boards, coal car 
Door boards, railroad grain car 
bowels 

Dowels, parasol shanks 
Dumb waiters 
Eveners 
Faucets 

Fixtures, bar room 
Fixtures, barber shop 
Fixtures, curtain 
Fixtures, office 
Fixtures, store 
Flasks 

Flooring, electric cars 
Flooring, engine cab 
Flooring, freight car 
Flooring, freight car platform 

scales 
Flooring, house 
Flooring, mine dump cars 
Flooring, parquetry 
Flooring, passenger elevator 
Flooring, railway car 
Frames, blueprint 
Frames, box mattress 
Frames, buck saw 
Frames, clothes wringers 
Frames, corn sheller 
Frames, cot 
Frames, glass cutter 
Frames, spraying machine 
Frames, ten pin setter 
Frames, thresher grain register 
Framework, farm machinery 
Friction blocks, derrick 
Friction blocks, hoisting engine 
Gear parts, automobile 
Gear woods, threshing machine 
Gauges, carpenters' 
Guide strips, dumb waiter 
Hammer boards, foundry 
Handle cross pieces, lawn mow- 
er 
Handles 
Handles, awl 
Handles, broom 
Handles, brush 
Handles, butcher knife 
Handles, canthook 
Handles, clothes wringer 
Handles, coal pick 
Handles, coal sieve 
Handles. corkscrew- 
Handles, cross-cut saw 
Handles, dust brush 
Handles, fishing rod 
Handles, hoe 

Handles, ice cream freezer 
Handles, lawn rake 
Handles, mining pick 
Handles, paint brush 
Handles, peavy 
Handles, piano 
Handles, roller (bit brace) 
Handles, screw driver 
Handles, shoe knife 
Handles, shovel 
Handles, soldering 
Handles, spud 
Handles, timber carrier 
Handles, vice 
Handles, umbrella 



Hangers, coat 

Heading, cement barrels 

Heading, cooperage 
Heading, nail keg 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Heads, spool 

Hearse tables, (burial carriage) 

Interior finish 

.Jaws, lemon squeezer 

Jaws, lime squeezer 

Key bottoms, piano 

Knobs, door 

Knobs, furniture 

Krautcutters 

Lasts, shoe 

Leeboards, canoe 

Legs, billiard table 

Legs, chiffonier 

Legs, curd grinding machine 

Legs, dresser 

Legs, dressing table 

Legs, incubator 

Legs, kitchen table 

Legs, table 

Legs, washing machine 

Lemon squeezers 

Lime spreaders, gear woods 

Lining, piano case 

Machine rolls 

Mallets 

Mallets, stone cutters' 

Mashers, potato 

Mauls, steak 

Middles, spool 

Mine cars 

Miter boxes, wooden 

Models 

Moulding, automobile 

Moulds, brick 

Moulds, butter 

Mounting blocks, cash register 
(electric cars) 

Mounting blocks, electrical ap- 
paratus 

Novelties 

Orange racks 

Overhead beams, dumb waiter 

Packers, flour mill machinery 

Paddles, butter 

Paddles, canoe 

Paper pulp 

Parasol sticks 

Parquetry flooring 

Partitions, drawer 

Parts, hay press 

Patterns 

Pedals, pipe organ 

Pin blocks, piano 

Pins, cartridge 

Pins, clothes 

Pins, pie rolling 

Pins, rolling 

Pipe, wooden water 

Planes, printers' 

Plates, bread 

Poles, curtain 

Poles, tent 

Porch gates 

Posts, bed 

Posts, chair 

Posts, corn sheller 

Posts, dresser 

Posts, guide, freight elevator 

Posts, piano 

Posts, guide, passenger elevator 

Posts, "split bottom chairs 

Press rolls, paper mill machin- 
ery 

Racks 

Racks, curtain display 

Racks, rug display 

Racks, towel 

Racks, umbrella 

Rails, foot, automobile 

Rails, mine car 

Reels, electric wire 

Reels, solder wire 

Refrigerators 



162 



Reglets, printers' 

lUbs, thresher grain register 

Kims, bicycle 

Risers, stair 

R'oeliers, chair 

Rocliers, rustic porch chairs 

Rocliers, split bottom chairs 

Rods, chair 

Roller blocks 

Roller, caster 

Rollers, dye 

Rollers, lawn mower 

Rollers, mangle 

Rollers, mine 

Rollers, paperhangers' seam 

Rounds, chair 

E^inners, drawer 

Sash, carriage 

Seat frames, canoe 

Seats, automobile 

Seats, lawn swing 

Show cases 

Shuttles 

Sides, billiard table 

Sides, mine dump car 

Sills, heavy wagon 

Skewers, butchers' 

Slats, ash can 

Slats, automobile 



MAPLE, SUGAR— Concluded. 

Slats, bed 

Sleds 

Slides, extension table 

Slides, table 

Space bars, typewriter 

Spools 

Spoons, wooden cooking 

Spoons, wooden mixing 

Sprags, mine 

Sprues, foundry flask 

Squeezers, lime 

Staffs, flag 

Staves, cement barrel 

Stave, cooperage 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Steering wheels, automobile 

Sticks, dye 

Sticks, flower 

Straw carriers 

Stretcher blocks, foundry 

Stretchers, chair 

Strips, guide, elevator 

Sweepers, carpet 

Sweeping brushes 

Swings, child's 

Swings, porch 

Tables, library 

Tenpins 



Thresholds 

Throats, tennis racket 

Tongues, corn planter 

Tongues, land roller 

Tongues, wagon 

Tops, table 

Tov furniture 

Toy ten pins 

Toy tops 

TrajJs, game 

Traps, mouse 

Treads, stair 

Trucks 

Trucks, handy 

Truck sills, gas engine 

Tracks, sliding seat (outriggers 

and racing shells) 
Trunks 

Turning blocks 
Type, wood 
Veneer 

Walkers, baby 
Walking sticks 
Washboards 
Washstands, exterior 
Wheelbarrows 
Wrestplanks, piano 
Wringers, cloths 



OAK, BIACK. 
Flooring, wagon bodies 



Armor backing, ship 

Armor blocking, ship 

Antique furniture, hidden work 

Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Axles, heavy wagon 

Backs, chair 

Backs, dust brush 

Balusters, stair 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base boards, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house Interior 

trim 
Bases, dining table 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beams, plow 
Bedsteads, exterior 
Blind stop, house construction 
Blinds, window 
Blocks, brush 
Bodies, automobile 
Bodies, electric car 
Bodies, railway cars 

Bodies, wheelbarrow 

Body frames, light and heavy 
vehicles 

Bookcases, exterior 

Bookcases, sectional exterior 

Booths, telephone, exterior 

Bottom boards, barge 

Bottom boards, scow 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, automobile bodies 

Bottoms, case goods 

Bottoms, feed bag 

Bottoms, grape basket 

Bottoms, light delivery wagon 
body 

Bottoms, pit . cars 

Bottoms, wagon seat 

Boxes, plate glass packing 

Boxes, telephone 

Boxes, tin plate 

Brackets, insulator 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, stair 

Brackets, telegraph pole 

Buffets, exterior 

Bureaus, exterior 

Cabinets, kitchen, exterior 

Cabinets, typewriter 

Carpet strip, house interior 
trim 

Carvings, interior house finish 

Cases, blacking 

Cases, casket 

Cases, coflBn 



OAK, RED. 

Cases, dental 

Cases, optical 

Cases, organ 

Cases, water closet tank 

Casing, door 

Casing, pipe organ 

Casing, window 

Caskets 

Ceiling 

Center arms, split wood pulleys 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Chairs, morris, exterior 

Chests, silverware 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Commodes 

Consoles 

Corner beads, house interior 

trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Costumers 

Coupling poles, light vehicles 
Cross arms, telegraph poles 
Cross ties, railroad 
Deck beams, canal boat 
Deck beams, motor boat 
Deck beams, river craft 
Deck beams, ship 
Deck beams, yacht 
Desks, school 
Doors 

Doors, china closets 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Doors, storm 

Draft timbers, freight cars 
Draw beams, railway 
Drop gates, light delivery 

wagon body 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
I<;asel blackboards 
End sills, freight car 
Ends, bookcase 
Ends, buffet 
Ends, bureau 
Ends, chiffonier 
Ends, desk 
Ends, dresser 
Felloes, wagon wheel 
Fenders, ship 

Fillet, house interior trim 
Finish, boat 

Fixtures, office (exterior) 
Flasks 
Flat battens, house Interior 

trim 
Flooring 
Flooring, house 
Foot rests, wagon 



Frames, agricultural imple- 
ments 

Frames, barges 

Frames, bucksaw 

Frames, canal boat 

Frames, cellar door 

Frames, cellar window 

Frames, collapsible crate 

Frames, door 

Frames, engine cab 

Frames, flour mill machinery 

Frames, freight car 

Frames, harrow 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, picture 

Frames, river craft 

Frames, scow 

Frames, ship 

Frames, sieve 

Frames, window 

frames, yacht 

Front doors, house 

Front panels, light delivery 
wagons 

Fronts, china closets 

Furniture, bedroom 

Furniture, mission, exterior 

Gear woods, milling machinery 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Grille work 

Gunwales, row boat (round bot- 
tom) 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, oil barrels 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Heading, tight cooperage 

Hold beams, river craft 

Hold beams, ship 

Hold beams, yacht 

Hoops, slack cooperage 

Hubs, light vehicle 

Interior finish 

Interior finish, house 

Interior trim, bar room 

Inwales, row boat (round bot- 
tom) 

Jambs, door 

Keels, row boat, (round bot- 
tom) 

Keels, canal boat 

Keels, river craft 

Keels, ship 

Keels, yacht 

KeelsonSj^ canal boat 

Keelsons, river craft 



163 



Keelsons, ship 

Keelsons, yacht 

Knees, canal boat 

Leaves, dining room table 

Legs, billiard table 

Legs, brooder 

Legs, feed mill elevator 

Logs, table 

Lids, grape basket 

Lids, water closet 

Lining, light delivery wagon 

Mantels 

Medicine cabinets 

Meeting rails, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Mounting blocks, cash register 
(electric cars) 

Moulding, bed, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, electric wire 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

MuHions, sash 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Novelties 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, door 

Parquetry flooring 

Partitions, office 

Partitions, store 

Pastry sets 

Pedestals 

Pedestals, table 

Pews, church 

Pilots, locomotive 

Pins, insulator 

Planking, barge 

Planking, scow 



OAK, RED— Concluded. 

Plate fail, dining room 

Posts, bed 

Posts, bookcase 

Posts, buffet 

Posts, chair 

Posts, chiffonier 

Posts, desk 

Posts, dresser 

Posts, sideboard 

Pulpits, exterior 

Racks, ■ magazine 

Rails, door 

Rails^ stair 

RailsT table 

Reels, electric wire 

Reels, solder wire 

Refrigerators 

Ribs, motor boat 

Ribs, row boat (round bottom) 

Rims, split wood pulleys 

Risers, stair 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Runners, sleigh 

Running boards, automobile 

Running boards, electric cars 

Sash 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Seats, chair 

Seats, water closet 

Shelves, book 

Shelves, china closet 

Shelves, mantel 

Shingles 

Shoe rails, stair 

Showcases 

Sideboards, exterior 

Sideboards, interior 

Sides, billiard tables 

Sides, case 

Sides, push carts 

Sides, wagon 

Sills, door 

Sills, gasoline engine truck 

Sills, heavy wagon 

Sills, log car 

Sills, stone crusher 

Sills, wagon 

Slats, lawn seat 

Sofas, exterior 

Spokes, cart wheel 

Spokes, light vehicle 



Stanchions, canal boat 

Stanchions, river craft ; •' 

Stanchions, ship ' ' '-..V.' 

Stanchions, yacht ' ' ",!-■ 

Stands, Bible 

Stands, plant 

Stands, umbrella 

Staves, cement barrel 

Staves, oil barrel 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Staves, tight cooperage 

Stay bars, light delivery wagon 

Stems, row boat (flat bottom) 

Stem posts, row boat 

Sterns, row boat (round bot- 
tom) 

Stern posts, row boat (round 
bottom ) 

Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Store fronts 

String boards, stair 

Strips, weather 

Studding, log car 

Swings, porch 

Tables, 

Tables, extension 

Tables, sewing 

Tabourettes 

Thresholds, house interior trim 

Tillers, canal boat 

Toprails, sash 

Tops, table 

Toy furniture 

Toy tops 

Transoms, row boat (round 
bottom) 

Trays, incubator 

Treads, stair 

Veneer 

Veneer cores, piano cases 

Ventilators, window 

Wainscoting 

Wainscoting, cap, house inter- 
ior trim , 

Wainscoting rail, house interior 
trim 

Washstands, exterior 

Window apron, house interior 
trim 

Window stool, house interior 
trim 



Acetate of lime 

Alcohol, wood 

Armor, backing, ship 

Armor, blocking, ship 

Arms, chair 

Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Baby tender, walking chairs 

Back posts, chair 

Backs, chair 

Backs, church pevf 

Backs, vacuum cleaner brush 

Balusters, stair 

Bars, wooden harrow 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Baseboards 

Basket parts 

Beams, coal car 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Beams, plow 

Beater roll, paper mill machin- 
ery 

Bedposts 

Beds, folding 

Beds, light delivery wagon 

Bedsteads 

Belt. light delivery wagon 
bodies 

Benches, piano 

benches, shop 

Blind stop, house construction 

Blocks, brush - . 

Blocks, thermometer 



OAK, WHITE. 

Blocks, wagon brake 

Boats, row 

Bodies, automobile 

Bodies, mine pit wagon 

Bodies, truck 

Bodies, wagon 

Body bolsters, freight cars 

Bolsters, heavy vehicle 

Bolsters, heavy wagon 

Bottom boards, mine car 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, baggage truck 

Bottoms, delivery wagon 

Bottoms, ore car bodies 

Bottoms, wagon 

Bookcases, built-in 

Bookcases, sectional 

Book racks, revolving 

Booths, telephone 

Bows, buggy top 

Bows, carriage top 

Bows, lawn rake 

Bows, wagon top 

Boxes, bit 

Boxes, blacking 

Boxes, plug tobacco 

Boxes, telephone 

Boxes, wai^n 

Braces, railway car 

Braces, railway ear frame 

Brackets, insulator 

Brncljets, plate rail 

Brackets, telegraph pole 

P.rackets, telephone 

Brake heams, heavy vehicle 

Brake blocks, mine pit wagon 

Buffets 

Buffets, exterior 



Buggy bottoms 

Bull wheels, derrick 

Bull wheel arms, oil well ma- 
chinery 

Bumpers, locomotive 

Bumpers, traction engine 

Bumping posts, railroad 

Bureaus 

Bureaus, exterior 

Cabinet work 

Cabinet work, boat cabins ' 

Cabinets, electrical work 

Cabinets, magazine 

Cabinets, medicine 

Cabinets, music 

Cabinets, phonograph ' 

Cabinets, phonograph record 

Cabinets, smoker 

Cabinets, toilet 

Cabinets, towel 

Cabinets, type 

Cabins, boat 

Cages, elevator 

Capitals 

Carpet strip, house interior 
trim 

Carts, push 

Carved ornaments, furniture 

Carvings, interior house finish 

Cases, blacking 

Cases, casket 

Cases, clock •-j-,.': 

Cases, dental '. ■"(,;';-? 

CaseSj library ■•;";; 

Cases, medicine 

Cases, optical 

Cases, piano i 

Cases, railroad ticket 



164 



Cases, wall 

Cases, water closet tank 

Casing, door 

Casing, pipe organ 

Casing, window 

Casings 

Cabkets 

Ceiling, boat 

Ceiling, house 

Cellarettes 

Center arms, split wood pulley 

Chair frames 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Chairs 

Chairs, adjustable 

Chairs, arm 

Chairs, dining 

Chairs, invalid 

Chairs, kitchen 

Chairs, morris 

Chairs, nursery 

Chairs, ofBce 

Chairs, opera 

Chairs, revolving 

Chairs, rocking 

Chairs^ rolling 

Chairs, stenographers' 

Chandeliers, wooden art 

Charcoal 

Cheese boxes, veneer 

Chests, hall 

Chests of drawers 

Chests, silverware 

Chests, tool 

Cheval mirrors 

Chiffoniers, exterior work 

China closets 

Churn parts 

Churns, butter 

Chute points, freight cars 

Cleats, wagon box 

Clothes trees 

Coaming, motor boat 

Coffins 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Columns, porch 

Commodes 

Communion rails 

Consoles 

Cores, veneered door 

Corner beads, house interior 

trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Corner posts, light delivery 

wagon 
Corner posts, ore car bodies 
Costumers 
Counters, bar 

Counters, soda water, exterior 
Counters, store 
Couplings, farm wagon 
Cradles 
Cribs, child's 
Cross arms, telegraph pole 
Cross ties, railroad 
Crossing planks, railroad 
Crystal cabinets 
Cue racks, billiard 
Cunboards, kitchen 
Deck beams, canal boat 
Deck beams, motor boat 
Deck beams, river craft 
Deck beams, ship 
Deck beams, yacht 
Decking, motor boat 
Desk chairs 

Desks, electric switchboard 
Desks, flat top 
Desks, roll top 
Desks, roll top, exterior 
Desks, school 
Door boards, coal car 
Door boards, railroad grain car 
Door frames, china closet 
Door frames, freight car 
Doors 

Doors, china closet 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Doubletrees, vehicle 
Draft beams, freight car 
Draft timbers, freight car 
Draw beams, railway car 
Draw heads, coal car 



OAK, WHITE, Continued. 

Drawer fronts, office fixtures 

Drawer sides 

Drays 

Dressers 

Drop gates, light delivery 

wagon body 
Drop lids, desk 

Drum lagging, hoisting engine 
Dump carts, bodies 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Electric cars, interior finish 
End panels, dresser 
End sills, freight car 
End sills, locomotive tender 
End sills, log car 
Ends, church pew 
Ends, mine car bodies 
Ends, pit cars 
Engine beams, freight cars 
Eveners, harrow 
Exterior work, electric shoe 

shining machine 
Feeding platform, rock crushing 

machinery 
Felloes 

Felloes, automobile wheel 
Felloes, heavy vehicle wheel 
Fence pickets 
Fenders, boat 
Fenders, river craft 
File cases 

Filing cases, sectional 
Fillet, house interior trim 
Finish, boat 

Finish, interior engine cab 
Fireless cookers, exterior 
Fixtures, bank 
Fixtures, bar 
Fixtures, barber shop 
Fixtures, curtain 
Fixtures, laboratory 
Fixtures, office 
Fixtures, store 
Fixtures, store display 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring, automobile bodies 

Flooring, boats 

Flooring, freight cars 

Flooring, hardwood 

Flooring, house 

Flooring, light delivery wagon 

Flooring, parquetry 

Foot rests 

Foot stools 

Forebays, flour mill 

Frames, agricultural imple- 
ments 

F''rames, automobile bodies 

Frames, barge 

Frames, bobsleds 

Frames, canal boat 

Frames, chair 

Frames, coal screen 

Frames, cold storage door 

P>ames, couch 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, dump cars 

Frames, dump carts 

Frames, electric cars 

Frames, electric switchboard 

Frames, engine cab 

Frames, freight car 

Frames, gravel screens 

Frames, hall clock 

Frames, hand coffee mill 

Frames, hand mirror 

P^rames, harrow 

Frames, light vehicle 

Frames, light vehicle body 

Frames, lounge 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, mission hall clock 

Frames, motor boat 

Frames, picture 

Frames, quarry car 

Frames, river craft 

Frames, sand shaking screen 

Frames, scow 

Frames, ship 

Frames, surrey body 

Frames, tobacco truck 

Frames, truck body 

Frames, truck sleigh 

Frames, upholstered chair 



Frames, upholstered furniture 

Frames, vessel 

Frames, wagon body 

Frames, wood-boring machines 

Frames, wood-saw 

Frames, yacht 

Front bolsters, wagon 

Front doors, house 

Front hounds, wagon 

Front panels, light delivery 

wagon 
Fronts, china closet 
Fronts, drawer 
Fronts, dresser 
Furniture, bank 
Furniture, bar room 
Furniture, barber shop 
Furniture, case goods 
Furniture, craftman's 
Furniture, drug store 
Furniture, office 
Furniture, store 
Gates, freight elevator 
Gear parts, wagon 
Gear wood, light wagon 
Grilles 

Grilles, house interior trim 
Guards, boat 
Gunwales, boat 
Gunwales, canoe 
Gunwales, row boat, (round 

bottom) 
Hall mirror hat racks 
Hall racks 
Handles 
Handles, axe 
Handles, barrow 
Handles, coal pick 
Handles, coal shovel 
Handles, cultivator 
Handles, edge-tool 
Handles, hand axe 
Handles, machine 

Handles, mattock 

Handles, mop 

Handles, paint brush 

Handles, pick 

Handles, planters' eye hoe 

Handles, plow 

Handles, push cart 

Handles, railroad pick 

Handles, saw 

Handles, spading fork 

Hand rails, river craft 

Hatracks 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, oil barrel 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Heading, tight cooperage 

Heading, whiskey barrel 

Heel board, light delivery 
wagon 

High chair, child's 

Hind bolsters, wagon 

Hind hounds, wagon 

Hold beams, river craft 

Hold beams, ship 

Hold beams, yacht 

Hoops, slack cooperage 

Horns, phonograph 

Hounds 

Hounds, heavy wagon 

Hounds, wagon 

Hubs, heavy vehicle wheel 

HubSj push cart wheel 

Hubs, wagon 

Hulls, boat 

Ice chest, outside finish 

Interior finish 

Interior finish, house 

Interior finish, electric car? 

Inwalos, row boat, (round bot- 
tom) 

Jambs, door 

■Toiners, deck 

Keel blocks, boat 

Keels, canal boat 

Keels, motor boat 

Keels, river craft 

Keels, row boat (round bottom) 

Keels, ship 

Keels, yacbt 



165 



Keelsons, canal boat 

Keelsons, river craft 

Keelsons, ship 

Keelsons, yacht 

Kitchen cabinets, exterior 

Kitchen safes 

Knees, canal boat 

Knees, river craft 

Knees, ship 

Knees, yacht 

Knobs, door 

Knobs, furniture 

Ladders, gymnasium 

Ladders, hay 

Ladders, river craft 

Ladders, ship 

Ladders, tobacco 

Lagging 

Leaves, table 

Legs, billiard table 

Legs, chair 

Legs, deslt 

Legs, dresser 

Legs, piano 

Legs, sink 

Legs, table 

Lids, water closet 

Light vehicle bodies 

Lining, elevator car 

Lower panels, light delivery 
wagon bodies 

Mantels 

Mantels, soda fountain 

Manure spreaders 

Medicine cabinets 

Meeting rails, sash 

Milk counters, dairyman's 

Mine cars 

Mine trucks 

Mirror cases 

Mirror doors, house 

Mirrors, adjustable shaving 

Mission furniture 

Models, machine 

Moulding, automobile 

Moulding, bed, house interior 
trim 

Moulding cap, house Interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Mouldings, piano 

Mouldings, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mounting boards, telegraph in- 
struments 

Mug cases, barber shop 

Mullions, sash 

Music shelf, piano 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Novelties 

Organ cases 

Organs, cabinet 

Organs, pipe 

Overhead beams, dumb waiters 

Overhead beams, freight ele- 
vators 

Paddle wheels, excursion boats 

Panel strips, liouse interior trim 

Panel worli. display windows 

Panel work, store fixtures 

Panels, bed 

Panels,, door 

Panels, stair work 

Parallel bars, gymnasium 

Parlor cabinets, exterior 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Partitions, office 

Partitions, store 

Parts, cultivator 

Parts, wood sawing machine 

Passenger cars, frames 

Pastry sets 

Patterns 

Pedestals 

Pew book racks 

Pews, church 

Picker sticks, loom 



OAK, WHITE— Continued. 

Pilasters, furniture 

Pilasters, mantel 

Pilasters, piano 

Pillars, chair 

Pilots, locomotive 

Pilot wheels, river craft 

Pilot wheels, ship 

Pilot wheels, yacht 

Pins, insulator 

Plant stands 

Platforms, ten pin setters 

Platforms, freight cars 

Plate rail, dining room 

Plate racks 

Play yards, baby 

Players, piano 

Plow beams 

Plow handles 

Plow parts 

Plows 

Poison cases, drug store 

Poles, curtain 

Poles, farm machinery 

Pole?, light vehicle 

Poles, wagon 

Porch swings 

Posts, buffets 

Posts, carriage body 

Posts, chair 

Posts, heavy wagon body 

Posts, railway car frame 

Posts, traction engine cab 

Posts, wagon body 

Press, tennis racket 

Princess dressers 

Pulpits, church 

liacks, billiard ball 

Racks, coat 

Racks, display 

Racks, key 

Rails, bed 

Rail, billiard table 

Rails, boat 

Rails, chiffonier 

Kails, china closet 

Ralls, door 

Rails, dresser 

Rails, stair 

Rails, table 

Kails, truck 

Rails, wagon 

Reaches, buggy 

Roaches, heavy vehicle 

Reaches, heavy wagon 

Reaches, lumber wagon 

Reaches, perch spring wagon 

Reaches, surrey 

Reading desks, church 

Rear end posts, light delivery 

wagon 
Reed organs, exterior work 
Reels, cable 
R'eels. wire rope 
Refrigerators 
Ribs, row boat 

Ribs, row boat (round bottom) 
Ribs, motor boat 
Ribs, wagon top 
Rims 

Rims, automobile wheel 
Rims, buggy wheel 
Rims, heavy vehicle wheel 
Rims, sieve 

Rims, split wood pulleys 
Kings, necktie 
Rocker frames 
Rockers, chair 
Rockers, porch chair (rustic) 
Rockers, toy 
Rollers, field 
Rollers, home trainers 
Road carts, bottom boards 
Rounds, chair 
Rounds, plow 
Row boats, parts 
Rudders, ship 
R'lidders, yacht 
Rudders, river craft 
Rungs, chair 
Rungs, ladder 
Runners, sleigh 
Running boards, locomotive 
Sand boards, game 
Sand boards, wagon 
Sash 
Scows, frames 



Screens, fire 

Seat boards, light delivery 
wagon 

Seats, automobile car 

Seats. haU 

Seats, piano 

Seats, water closet 

Seats, wire frame chair 

Secretaries^ exterior 

Serving tables 

Settee 

Settles 

Sewing machine parts 

Shafts, dump cart 

Sheathing 

Shelves, book 

Shelves, china closet 

Shelves, mantel 

Shelves, table 

Shelving, china closet 

Showcase 

Shuffleboards 

Sideboards, exterior 

Sideboards, built-in 

Side pillars, light delivery 
wagon 

Side slats, light delivery 
wagon 

Side stakes, freight ear 

Sides, billiard table 

Sides, dump wagon body 

Sides, parlor settle 

Sides, pit car 

Sides, table 

Sides, truck 

Sidings, boat 

Siding, mine car 

Sills, automobile body 

Sills, carriage 

Sills, freight car 

Sills, gasoline engine truck 

Sills, light delivery wagon 

Sills, railway car 

Sills, stone crusher 

Sills, truck 

Sills, vehicle body 

Sills, wagon 

Sills, wagon body 

Singletrees (vehicle) 

Slats, automobile 

Slats, bed 

Sleds, toy 

Sofas, exterior 

Sofa frames, (upholstered fur- 
niture) 

Spindles, chair 

Splints, surgical 

Spokes, automobile wheel 

Spokes, heavy vehicle wheel 

Spokes, wagon 

Spokes, wagon wheel 

Spring bars 

Spring blocks, railway cars 

Spring blocks, railway tank 
cars 

Stanchions 

Stanchions, boat 

Stanchions, canal boat 

Stanchions, river craft 

Stanchions, ship 

Stanchions, wagon top 

Stanchions, yacht 

Standards, chiffonier 

Standards, dressing table 

Stands 

Stands, bedroom 

Stands, Bible 

Stands, chafing dish 

Stands, city directory 

Stands, flower 

Stands, hall (exterior) 

Stands, jardiniere 

Stands, lamp 

Stands, typewriter 

Stands, umbrella 

Stands, water cooler 

Staves, land roller drum 

Staves, oil barrel 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Staves, tight cooperage stock 

Staves, water tank 

Staves, whiskey barrel 

Stay bars, light delivery wagon 

Stays, boat 

Stems, canal twat 



166 



stems, motor tx>at 

Stems, river craft 

Stems, ship 

Stems, yacht 

Steps, stairwork 

Stern posts, canal boat 

Stern posts, motor boat 

Stern posts, river craft 

Stern posts, row boats 

Stern posts, rove boats (rovmd 

bottom) 
Stern posts, ship 
Stern posts, yacht 
Stiles, door 
Stools, office 
Stools, piano 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Straw carriers 
Stretchers, chair 
Stretchers, table 
Stringers, railway car 
Studding, log car 
Superstructure, launches 
Sway bars, wagon 
Sweep sticljs, loom 
Swing cleats, curtain pole 
Swings, lawn 
Swings, porch 
Switchboards, telephone 
Switch timbers, railroad 
Tables 
Table slides 
Tables, billiard 
Tables, dining 
Tables, dressing 
Tables, drop leaf 
Tables, extension 
Tables, folding 



OAK, WHITE— Concluded 

Tables, library 

Tables, lunch room 

Tables, parlor 

Tables, sewing 

Tables, tea 

Tables, typewriter 

Tables, writing 

Tabouretts 

Tail boards, wagon 

Tanlc cases, water closet 

Tanlss 

Tanl£s, brewery 

Tanlis, distilling 

Tanlis, diving (theatrical) 

Thresholds 

Thresholds, house interior trim 

Tie beams, cars 

Ties, railroad track 

Tight cooperage stock 

Tillers, canal boat 

Tillers, river craft 

Tongues, cultivator 

Tongues, corn planter 

Tongue hounds, wagon 

Tongues, heavy wagon 

Top rails, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Top rails (sash) 
Tops, chair 
Tops, counter 
Tops, dresser 
Tops, table 

Tops, wire frame tables 
Toy furniture 
Toy tops 

Trays, jewelry display 
Trays, sewing 



Transoms, row boat (round bot- 
tom) 

Treadle sticks, loom 

Tree blocks, shoe 

Truck bolsters, freight car 

Trucks 

Trucks, freight car 

Trucks, stevedore 

Vats, beer 

Vats, oil 

Vehicle (gear parts) 

Veneer 

Veneer, furniture 

Veneered doors, craftsman 

Ventilators, window 

Vestment cases, church 

Wagons, diamond drill 

Wainscoting 

Wainscoting caps, house inte- 
rior trim 

Wainscoting (elevator cars) 

Wainscoting rail, house inte- 
rior trim 

Wall cases 

Wardrobes (exterior) 

Washers, fire escape construc- 
tion 

Washstands, exterior 

Wedges, foundry 

Wheels, water mill 

Windlass frames, derrick 

Window apron, house interior 
trim 

Window screens 

Window sills 

Window stool, house interior 
trim 



Backs, clothes brush 



OLIVBWOOD 
Pipes, smoking 



PEARWOOD 
T-squares, drawing 



Handles, brick trowel 
Heads, golf clubs 



PERSIMMON 
Lasts, shoe 



Shuttles 



Backing, fnmitnre 

Balusters (stair) 

Barn boards 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Beams, o. h. (elevator) 

Beams, ship 

Bevel cribbing 

Blowers, organ 

Blowers, player piano 

Boat construction 

Boards, lopping 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottoms, bank fixtures 

Bottoms, oflice fixtures 

Bottoms, store fixtures 

Box shooks 

Boxboards, heavy vehicles 

Boxes 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, coffee 

Boxes, dry goods 

Boxes, feed cutter 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, root cutters 

Boxes, trunk 

Boxes, weight (dumb waiter) 

Boxes, weight (elevator) 

Brackets, stair 

Caolnets 

Car decking 

Car siding 

Cases, casket 

Cases, clock 

Cases, shipping 

Casing 

Gelling 



PINE, LOBLOLLY 

Ceiling, traction engine cabs 

Clapboards 

Coffins 

Cores, veneer 

Cornice 

Cornice, house construction 

Crates, beer 

Crates, cabbage 

Crates, milk bottle 

Crating 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Cupboards, built in 

Decking, freight cars 

Doors 

Doors, freight car 

Excelsior 

Excelsior, packing 

Excelsior, ribbon (mattress 

stuffing) 
Facia boards, freight cars 
Fallow boards, foundry 
Fencing 
Fixtures 
Fixtures, office 
Fixtures, store 
Flooring 
Flooring, porch 
Flooring, wagon bed 
Frames, coal screens 
Frames, door 
Frames, gravel screen 
Frames, passenger car 
Frames, sand shaking screens 
Frames, window 
Fruit jar cases 



Gates, freight elevator 

Guide rails (dumb waiter) 

Hand rails, stair 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Insulator pins 

Interior finish 

Interior finish, house 

Interior trim, house 

Lath 

Lining, dumb waiter shaft 

Lining, freight cars 

Lockers 

Meeting rails, sash 

Mouldings 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction. 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction. 

Moulding, picture 

Mull ons, sash 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, interior house trim 

Panels, door 

Paper pulp 

Partition, house 

Patterns (foundry) 

Planking, ship 

Platforms, carriage hoist 

Platforms (elevator) 

Poles, tent 

Porch work 

Rails, door 

Rails, stair 



167 



Kisers, stair 

Roof ribs, freight cars 

Roofing, liouse 

Rosettes, wall (stair) 

Rough horses (stairway) 

Safes, kitchen 

Sash 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 



LOBLOLLY PINE— Continued 

Sheathing 

Shelves, dumb waiter 

Shelves, mantel 

Shelving 

Shiplap 

Shoe rails, stair 

Side boards, wheelbarrow 

Sides, corn sheller 

Slats, bed 



Staves, slack cooperage 

Stiles, door 

String boards (stair) 

Superstructure, electric cars 

Top rails,' sash 

Treads, stair 

Wainscoting 

Weigut boxes (elevator) 



Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Backing, counters 

Balusters, porch 

Balusters, stair 

Barn boards 

Barge construction 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Baseboards 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

tease moulding, house interior 
trim 

Bases, gasoline engine 

Battens, dumb waiter 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, derrick 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Beams, elevator 

Beds, coal wagon 

Beds, light delivery wagons 

Bevel cribbing 

Bevel siding, house 

BKnd stops, house construction 

Blinds, window 

Blocking, railway tank cars 

Bodies, manure spreader 

Bodies, railway cars 

Bodies, sugar corn cars 

Booms, river craft 

Booms, ship 

Bottom rails (sash) 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottoms, dump cart 

Bottoms, heavy vehicle 

Bottoms, lawn swings 

Bottoms, light vehicles 

Bottoms, push carts 

Bosboards, dump carts 

Boxboards, wagon 

Box shocks 

Boxes, lime and fertilizer 
sewers 

Braces, freight car 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Brackets, stair 

Bridge poles (car) 

Cab' net work 

Cabinets (dental) 

Cabmets, jewelry 

Cabinets, (toilet) 

Cabins, canal boats 

Cabins, exterior, river craft 

Cabins, exterior, ships 

Cabins, exterior, yachts 

Capitals 

Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strips, house interior 
trim 

Cars, dumb waiter 

Cars, elevator 

Cart beds 

Cases, china 

Cases, medicine 

Cases, tobacco 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Ceiling 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Cleats, dumb waiter 

Climbing poles, gymnasium 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Corner beads, house Interior 

trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Comer posts, freight cars 



PINE, LONGLEAP 

Cornice, house construction 
Cores, veneer doors 
Cores, veneer panels 
Covers, ice freezing can 
Covers, tank 
Cradles, tank cars 
Crates, cabbage 
Cresting, porch roof 
Cross-arms 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Deck beams, boat 

Decking, freight cars 

Decking, canal boats 

Decking (ship and boat) 

Derricks, oil well 

Doors, dumb waiter shaft 

Doors, folding 

Doors, railway box cars 

Doors, sliding 

Dumb waiter 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Elevators (freight) 

Elevators (passenger) 

Eveners 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fencing 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Finish, boats 

Finish, caboose interior 

Fixtures, bar room 

Fixtures, barber shop 

Fixtures, cafe 

Fixtures, laboratory 

Fixtures, olflce 

Fixtures, store 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring, automobile 

Flooring, engine cab 

Flooring, freight cars 

Flooring, freight elevators 

Flooring, house 

Flooring, locomotive tender 

Flooring, passenger elevators 

Flooring, porch 

Flooring, refrigerator cars 

Flooring, scale platforms 

Footing pieces (elevator) 

Forms, sewer 

Frames, awning 

Frames, barge 

Frames, box car 

Frames, couch 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, log turners 

Frames, motor boat hulls 

Frames (passenger cars) 

Frames, railroad snow plows 

Frames, road scrapers 

Frames, scow 

Frames, store truck 

Frames, window 

Framing, freight car 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Guides, mine shaft 

Guide rails, dumb waiter 

Gunwales, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 

Hand cars 

Hand cars, railway 

Hand rails, stair 

Hay beam, farm wagon 

Hay ladders, farm wagon 

Hay rake posts 

Head blocks, boat 



Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head blocks, tank cars 

Head casing, house interior 

trim 
Header posts 
Heading, slack cooperage 
Ice boxes 
Interior finish 
Jambs, door 

Keel strips, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 
Keelsons, river craft 
Keelsons, ship 
Keelsons, yacht 
Ladders, exterior 
Ladders, step 
Lath 
Lattice 

Lids, water closet 
Lining cars 
Lining, freight cars 
Lining, light delivery wagon 
Lining, box cars 
Long sills, freight cars 
Mantels 

Manure spreaders 
Meeting rails (sash) 
Mirror doors, house construc- 
tion 
Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, cap, house interior 

trim 
Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 
Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mountings, rock crushers 

MuUions, sash 

Needle beams (railway car 
frames) 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Ornaments, furniture 

Overhead beams, dumb waiter 

Panel strips, house interior trim 

Panels, door 

Panels, stair work 

Panels, veneered 

Paper pulp 

Parting strips, house interior 
trim 

Partition, house 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Parts, milling machinery 

Parts, railway motor car 

Pianos, interior parts 

Planking, boat 

Planking, canal boat 

Plates, "freight cars 

Plate rail, dining room 

Plates, electric car 

Platps. fve'ffht cars 

Plates, passensrer cars 

Platforms, freight elevator 

Platforms, passenger elevator 

Platforms, tank 

Plugs, cross-tie 

Plumber's woodwork 

Poles, farm implements 

Poles, flag 



168 



Poles, land rollers 

Poles, tent 

Poles, wagon 

Porch columns, built up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, built up 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch spandrel 

Posts, freight cars 

Push cars 

Raclis, rug display 

Rails, door 

Rails, river craft 

Railway ear construction 

Reels, cable 

Reels, wire rope 

Refrigerators 

Refrigerators, outside 

Ridge poles, freight cars 

Risers, stair 

Risers, row boat (flat bottom) 

Roof framing, silos 

Roof ribs, freight ears 

Roofing, box cars 

Roofing, freight cars 

Roofing, house 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Rough horses, stair 

Running boards, locomotive 

Sash 

Scales 

Scoop boards 

Scows 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Seat boards, light delivery 

wagon 
Seats, rowboat 
Seats, water closet 
Sheathing 



Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior 
trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blind stops, house construction 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottom rail, sash 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Cabs, locomotive 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strips, house interior 
trim 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Consoles 

Cresting, porch roof 

Door battens, freight car 

Doors, folding 

Poors, sliding 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flasks, foundry 



PINE, LONGLEAF— Concluded 
Shelves 

Shelves, mantel 
Shiplap 

Shoe rails, stair 
Show cases 
Shutters 

Sideboards, built in 
Side planks ( gondola cars) 
Side plates 
Side plates (railway freight 

cars) 
Sides, coal flats 
Sides, dumb waiter 
Siding 

Siding, box cars 
Siding, caboose 
Siding, freight car 
Signboards 
Signs, advertising 
Sills, door 
Sills, electric cars 
Sill, freight car 
Sills, railway car 
Sills, window 
Silos 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Slats, bed 

Slats, railway cattle cars 
Slide, fly screen 
Snow boards, engine pilot 
Spindles, porch 
Stakes, gondola cars 
Staves, silo 
Staves, slack cooperage 
Stems, canal boat 
Stem posts, row boat 
Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
String boards, stair 

PINE, NORWAY 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring, freight cars 

Frames 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
struction 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Head blocks, house Interior trim 

Heading, plate glass shipping 
cars 

.Iambs, door 

I attice 

Mantels 

Meeting rail, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 



Stringers, railway car 

Studding 

Supports, elevator 

Supports, tank 

Swings, lawn 

Swings, porch 

Tackle blocks 

Tanks 

Tanks, acid 

Tanks, paper mill 

Tanks, pickling 

Thresholds 

Thresholds, house interior trim 

Tillers, canal boat 

Tillers, river craft 

Tongues, agricultural machinery 

Tongues, farm machinery 

Tongiies, manure spreaders 

Tongues, wagon 

Top rail, porch 

Top rails (sash) 

Tops, freezing tank 

T^ps. land rollers 

Treads, stair 

Trunks 

Upper belt rails (freight cars) 

Upright, row boats (fiat bot- 
tom) 

Vats 

Wainscot rail, house interior 
trim 

Wainscoting 

Wainscoting cap, house interior 
trim 

Wall cases 

Water tanks, railroad 

Window apron, house interior 
trim 

Window stool, house interior 
trim 

Wire cloth display racks 



Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Mullions, sash 
Nosing, house interior trim 
Parting stop, house interior 

trim 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Panels, door 

Panel strips, house interior trim 
Plate rail, dining room 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch, spandrels 
Rails, door 

Roof strips, freight car 
Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
S'nk aprons, house interior trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Spindles, porch 
Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails, sash 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Bottom boards, farm 

bodies 
Box shooks 
Boxes, packing 



Battens, o. 
Box shooks 
Boxes, packing 
Cases, packing 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Crating 
Excelsior 



g. barn 



PINE, PITCH 
wagon Boxes, soap 

Cornice, house construction 

Crating 

Flats, hay wagon 

PINE, SCRUB 

Flooring 

Flooring, porch 

Flooring, railway cars 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, picture 



Flooring, house 
Pallets, fire brick 
Wainscoting, house construc- 
tion 



Frames, window 

Paper pulp 

Roofers 

Running boards, electric car 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Siding, bam 

Thresholds 



169 



Astragals, loUliug door 

Astragals, slidiug door 

Balusters, porch 

Balusters (stair) 

Barn boards 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Beds, farm wagon 

Bevel cribbing 

Bevel siding, house 

Blind stop, house construction 

Boards, lapping 

Booms, river craft 

Booms, ship 

Bottom boards, foundry flask 

Bottom boards, row boat 

Bottom rails, porch 

Bottom rails (sash) 

Box boards 

Box shocks 

Boxes, feed cutter 

Boxes, packing 

Boxes, soap 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Brackets, stair 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strip, house interior 
trim 

Cas:ng, window 

Casing, door 

Ceiling 

Chair rail,, house interior trim 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Corner beads, house interior 
trim 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Cornice 

Cornice, house construction 

Covers, tank 

Crating 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Pecking (cars) 

Doors 

Doors, folding 

Doors, freight cars 

T>oors. sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fallow boards, foundry 

Fencing 

Fenders, boat and ship 

F'llet, house interior trim 

Flasks, foundry 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Floor boards, truck 

Floor boards, wagon 

Flooring, freight ears 

Flooring, house 

Flooring, incubators 

Flooring, locomotive tender 



PINE, SHORTLEAF 

Flooring, porch 

Frames, cellar window 

Frames, cold storage doors 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, land rollers 

Frames, lawn swings 

Frames, window 

Framing, freight cars 

Framing, passenger cars 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Gunwales, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 

Hand cars 

Hand rails (stair) 

Handles, brush 

Handles, long handled dust 
brush 

Handles, mop 

Handles, wall brush 

Hatch covers, river craft 

Hatch covers, ship 

Hatch covers, yacht 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Insulation (refrigerator cars) 

Jambs, door 

Keel strips, row boats (flat bot- 
tom) 

I^adders, river craft 

Ladders, ship 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Lattice 

Lining, box cars 

Lining (cars) 

Lining, railway car 

Lining, railway freight cars 

Mantels 

Meeting rails (sash) 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, electric wire 

J'^ulding, quarter round 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Mull'ons (sash) 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Panels (door) 

Panels, stair work 



Panel strips, house interior trim 

Paper pulp 

Parting strip, house interior 

trim 
Partition, house 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trim 
Parts, butter workers 
Plate rail, dining room 
Planking, yacht 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrel 
Props, clothes 
Rails (door) 
Reels, cable 
Reels, wire rope 
Refrigerators 

Risers, row boat (flat bottom) 
Risers, stair 
Roof boards, silo 
Roofing, box cars 
Roofing, freight cars 
Roofing, house 
Roofing, railway car 
Roofing, railway freight cars 
Rosettes, wall (stairway) 
Rough horses (stairway) 
Sash 

Screens, door 
Screens, window 
Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Seats, automobile 
Seats, row boat 
Sheathing 
Sheathing, house 
Shelves, mantel 
Shelving 
Shiplap 

Shoe rails (stair) 
Siding, barn 
Siding, box cars 
Siding, dredge 
Siding, freight cars 
Siding, house 
Siding, railway car 
Sink aprons, house interior 

trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Spindles, porch 
Staves, slack cooperage 
Stiles (door) 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
String boards (stair) 
Strangers, railway cars 
Timbers, ship 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails (sash) 
Treads, stair ,^ ^ t, * 

■Uprights, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 
Wainscoting 
Wainscoting cap, house interior, 

trim 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim . . 

Window apron, house interior 

trim ^ . . 

Window stool, house interior 

trim 
Transoms, row boat 



Astragals, folding dOor 

Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior tr'm 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
tr'm 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blind stop, house construction 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottom rails, sash 

Boxing, pipe organ 



PINE, SUGAR 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior trim 
Casing, door 

Chair rail, house inter'or trim 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Consoles 
Corner blocks, house interior 

tr'm 
Cresting, porch roof 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Dust cap, house interior trim 



Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flat battens, house interior 
tr'm 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, pipe organ 

Frames, window 

Fr'e^e rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 



rro 



Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior trim 

Mullions, sash 

Jambs, door 

Lattice 

Mantels 

Meeting rail, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim . 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 



PINE, SHORTLEAF— Concluded 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen ' 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, door 

Parting stop, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Plate rail, dining room 

Porch columns, built up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch spandrels 

Rails, door 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 



Sills, pipe organ 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 

Slide, fly screen 

Spindles, porch 

Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior 

trim 
Stops, windovr, house interior 

trim 
Swell boxes, pipe organ 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails, sash 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting, cap, house interior 

trim 
Wind chests, pipe organ 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior 
trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Blind stop, house construction 

Bottom rails, sash 

Bottom rail, porch 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strip, house interior 
trim 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Chair rail, house interior trim 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Corner blocks, house interior 
trim 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Doors, folding 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 



PINE, WESTERN YELLOW 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Frames, door 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Jambs, door 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, house interior trim 

Lattice 

Mantels 

Meeting rails, sash 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, screen 



Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Mullions, sash 

Nosing, house interior trim 
Panel strips, house interior trim 
Panels, door 
Parting strips, house Interior 

trim 
Partition moulds, house interior 

trjm 
Plate rail, dining room 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch newels, built up 
Porch newels, solid 
Porch spandrels 
Rails, door 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Spindles, porch 
Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails, sash 
Wainscot rail, house interior ' 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house interior trim 

Base corners, house Interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Battens, o. g. barn 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

P.pnms, dining room ceiling 

Blind stop, house construction 

Bottom rail, porch 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Capping, sink, house interior 
trim 

Carpet strips, house interior 
trim 

Casing, door 

Casing, window 

Cha'r rail, house Interior trim 

Colonnades, house interior trim 

Consoles 

Corner blocks, house Interior 
trim 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross-ties, railroad 



PINE, WESTERN WHITE 

Doors, folding 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flat battens,, house interior 
trim 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Jambs, door 

Key bottoms, piano 

Mantels 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 



Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
constrnction 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Parting stop, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Plate rail, dining room 

Porch columns, bu'lt up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, bu-'lt up 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch spandrels 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Sink aprons, house Interior trim 

Slides, fly screen 



171 



PINE, WESTERN WHITE— Continued. 



Spindles, porch 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Top rail, porch 



Veneer cores, piano cases Window apron, house Interior 
Wainscot rail, house interior trim 

trim Window stool, house interior 
Wainscoting cap, house interior trim 

trim 



Astragals, folding door 

Astragals, sliding door 

Backs, buffets 

Baclis, bureau 

Baclis, china closets 

BacliS, mirror 

Balusters, porch 

Balusters (stair) 

Base blocks, house interior 

trim 
Base board, house interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house Interior 

trim 
Battens, o. g. bam 
Bay brackets, house construe 

tion 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beds, light delivery wagon 
Beds, sled 
Bee hives 
Bins, flour 
Bins, grain 
Bins, mill feed 

Blind stop, house construction 
Blinds, window 
Blocks, toy wagon 
Boards, drawing 
Boards, lapping 
Boats, row 
Bodies, wagon 
Bottom boards, coal flats 
Bottom boards, barge 
Bottom boards, foundry flasks 
Bottom boards, row boat 
Bottom boards, scow 
Bottom rail, porch 
Bottoms, dredge 
Bottoms, farm wagon bodies 
Bottoms, grape basket 
Bottoms, leaf toljacco cases 
Bottoms, threshing machine 
Bottoms, toy wagons 
Bottoms, toy wheelbarrows 
Box shooks 
Box shooks, tobacco 
Boxes, battery 
Boxes, entomological 
Boxes, packing 
Boxes, plant 
Boxes, shoe 
Boxes, trunk 
Boxes, weight Celevator) 
Brackets, plate rail 
Brackets, porch 
Brackets, stair 
Brackets, telegraph pole 
Brake locks, mine car 
Brooders 

Bull wheel carts, oil well ma- 
chinery 
Bungs 

Bushel crates 
Cabin finish, canal boats 
Cabins, canal boats 
Cabins, exterior, river craft 
Cabin exterior, ships 
Cabin, exterior, yachts 
Cappinar, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house Interior 

trim 
Cases, coffin 
Cases, organ 
Cases, packing 
Cases, sample 
Cases, tobacco 
Cases, tool 
Casine, door 
Casine, window 
Caskets, exterior 
Chair roil, house Interior trim 
Chests, clothes 
Cider mills 
Colonial columns 
Colonnades, house interior trim 



PINE, WHITE 

Consoles 

Corner blocks, house Interior 
trim 

Cornice work 

Cr.nting 

Crates, bee 

Cresting, porch roof 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Decking, yacht 

Doors, dumb-waiter shafts 

DoorSj fire 

Doors, folding 

Doors, freight cars 

Doors, sliding 

Doors, stable 

Drain boards, sink 

Drain boards, soda fountain 

Diist cap, house interior trim 

Ends, leaf tobacco cases 

Excelsior 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Facia boards, freight cars 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flasks 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Flooring 

Flooring, carriage bodies 

Flooring, collapsible crates 

Flooring, engine cabs 

Flooring, freight cars 

Flooring, incubators 

Flooring, mine dump cars 

Flooring, road scrapers 

Folding frames, baby bath tub 

Forms, concrete 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, picture 

Frames, tobacco 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch ^ 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Guide posts, elevator 

Gunwales, boat 

Hatch covers, canal boats 

Hatch covers, river craft 

Hatch covers, ship 

Hatch covers, yacht 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Heading, plate glass shipping 
case 

Heading, tight cooperage 

Heading, slack cooperage 

Hoppers, feed mill elevators 

Hoppers, mill feed 

Hoppers, flour 

Hoppers, grain 

Icing vats, dairyman's 

Interior finish, house 

Insulation (railway refrigerator 
cars) 

Jambs, door 

Jambs (elevator) 

Joiner bulkheads, ship 

Joiners, deck (ship) 

Keels, canal boat 

Keels, river craft 

Keels, ship 

Keels, yacht 

Lids, grape basket 

Lining, cast iron pipe for coal 
mines 

Lining, dumb waiter shafts 

Lining, light delivery wagon 



Lining (railway box cars) 

Lap siding, house 

Lattice 

Mantels 

Matches 

Mirror doors, house 

Models, machine • 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Moulds, brick 

Moulds, foundry 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Nosing, house Interior trim 

Organs, interior parts 

Pails, candy 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panels, stair work 

Panels, wagon bodies 

Paper pulp 

Parting stop, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim 

Patterns 

Patterns, rubber factory 

Pipe organs, interior parts 

Pipe, wooden, water 

Pipes, organ 

Planking, barge 

Planking, river craft 

Planking, scow 

Planking, ship 

Planking, yacht 

Plate rail, dining room 

Porch columns, built up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, built up . 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch spandrels 

Posts, elevator 

Presses, cider 

Props, clothes 

Rails, stair 

Reels, cable 

R"eels. wire rope 

Risers, stair 

Rollers, land 

Roof strips, freight car 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Rough horses, stair work 

Rudders, river craft 

Rudders, ship 

Rudders, yacht 

Running boards, freight cars 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Scows, coal 

Scows, sand 

Seat boards, light delivery 
wagon 

Seats, row boat 

Shelves, dumb-waiter 

Shelving 

Shoe rails (stair) 

Sides (dumb-waiter) 

Sides, engine cabs 

Sides, farm wagon bodies. 



W2i 



sides, leaf tobacco cases 

Sides, mine dump cars 

Sides, river barges 

Sides, row boat 

Sides, threshing machine 

Sides, wagon boxes 

Siding, barge 

Siding (freight box cars) 

Siding, house 

Siding (railway cattle cars) 

Siding, railway coaches 

Silos 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 

Slide, fly screen 

Spindles, porch 

Stakes, mine 



PINE, WHITE— Continued 

Stakes, surveyors' 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Stools, bench 

Stops, door, house Interior trim 

Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Store fronts 
String boards (stair) 
Taffy sticks, confectioners' 
Tanks 
Templates 

Tool boxes, stone crusher 
Top rail, porch 
Top slats, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Tops, leaf tobacco cases 



Toy carts 

Toy furniture 

Treads, stair 

Trunks 

Vats 

Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wheels, water mill 
Wind chests, pipe organ 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 
Work boards, bar room 



Actions, piano players 

Antique furniture, hidden work 

Apparatus parts (electric) 

Armor boxes, steel foundry 

Automobile bodies 

Backing, furniture 

Backing, mirror 

Backing, refrigerators 

Backs, bureau 

Backs, carriage seat 

Backs, clock case 

Backs, china closet 

Backs, dental cases 

Backs, hat brush 

Backs, mirror 

Backs, piano 

Backs, toy pianos 

Backs, wagon seats 

Balusters, porch 

Balusters (stair) 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base boards, house interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base moulding, house interior 
trim 

Baskets, fruit and vegetable 

Bay brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Beds, light delivery wagon 

Bedsteads 

Bellows, organ 

Benches, wash 

Bevel siding, house 

Blinds 

Blind stop, house construction 

Blinds, window 

Blocks, brush 

Blocks, hat 

Blowers, organ 

Blowers, player piano 

Boards, bosom 

Boards, lap 

Boards, lapping 

Boards, wash 

Bobbins 

Bobs, fishing 

Bodies, buggy 

Bodies, carriage 

Bodies, cart 

Bodies, dump wagon 

Bodies, hearse 

Bodies, toy automobiles 

Bodies, wagon 

Bottom boards, wagon bodies 

Bottom rail, porch 

Bottom rails (sash) 

Bottoms, boys' express wagons 

Bottoms, buggy bodies 

Bottoms, buggy seats 

Bottoms, carriage bodies 

Bottoms, clock case 

Bottoms, drawer 

Bottoms, light vehicle bodies 

Boxboards. heavy vehicles 

Box shooks 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, butter 

Boxes, cake 

Boxes, coal sieve 

Poxes, cracker 

Boxes, creamery shipping 

Boxes, macaroni 

Boxes, packing 
Boxes, plug tobacc* 

Boxes, wagon 



POPLAR, YELLOW 

Boxes, weight (elevator) 

Braces, boat wheel 

Brackets, plate rail 

Brackets, porch 

Brackets, stair 

Brushes 

Brushes, dust 

Bungs 

Bureaus 

Butter workers, dairyman's 

Cabinets 

Cabinets, dental 

Cabinets, medicine 

Cabinets, scale 

Cabinets, towel 

Cabinets, type 

Cabins, canal boats 

Cabins, exterior, river craft 

Cabins, exterior, ships 

Cabins, exterior, yachts 

Cab parts, locomotive 

Cabs, locomotive 

Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strips, house interior 

trim 
Cars, ensilage 
Cases, blacking 
Cases, casket 
Cases, clock 
Cases, dental 
Cases, liquor 
Cases, optical 
Cases, packing 
Cases, silverware 
Casing 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Ceiling 

Ceiling, boats 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs, barber 
Chairs, kitchen 
Chests, organ 
Chiffoniers 

China closets, Interior 
Cigar boxes 
Clo? soles (shoes) 
Coffins 

Colonial columns 
Colonnades, house Interior trim 
Commodes 

Compartments, trunk 
Consoles 
Cores, veneer 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Cornice 
Costumers 
Counters, store 
Crates, beer 

Crates, fruit and vegetable 
Crates, mineral water 
Cresting, porch roof 
Cupboards, kitchen 
Cushion frames, vehicle 
Doors 

Desks, interior work 
Display forms, hosiery 
Display forras^ shoe 
Doors, folding 
Doors, sliding 
Drawers, interior 
Drain boards, sink 
Dressers 
Drip boards 



Dust cap, house interior trim 

Elevators, corn 

Elevators, feed mill 

Elevators, flour mill 

Electric cars, interior finish 

Excelsior 

Excelsior, packing 

Excelsior, ribbon (mattress 
stufling) 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Faucets 

Filletj house interior trim 

Finish, boats 

Firkins 

Fixtures, bank 

Fixtures, bar 

Fixtures, display windows 

Fixtures, laboratory 

Fixtures, office 

Fixtures, store 

Flasks, foundry 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Foot boards, wagon 

Front panels, light delivery 
wagons 

Fronts, kitchen cabinets 

Frames, billiard table 

Frames, camera 

Frames, coal sieves 

Frames, couch 

Frames, davenport 

Frames, door, house construc- 
tion 

Frames, mirror 

Frames, lounges 

Frames, organ interior 

Frames, picture 

Frames, upholstered furniture 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Furniture (hidden work) 

Furniture, inside 

Gates, farm 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grain drills, parts 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Hand rails, porch 

Handles, machine brushes 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Header parts 

Holders, Christmas tree 

Hoppers, flour mill machinery 

Ice boxes 

Interior finish, house 

Interior finish, pipe organ 

.Tambs, door 

Jambs (elevator) 

Keels, boat 

Key bottoms, piano 

lath 

Lids, water closet 

Lining, light delivery wagons 

Lining, refrigerator 

Lining, telephone boxes 

Litter carriers 

Lodge furniture 



173 



Mantels 

Mantels (painted work) 

Meeting rails (sash) 

Mirror doors, house 

Mixers, dough 

Models 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, piano case 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, porch 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Music cabinets, interior 

Mullions (sash) 

Novelties 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Organ parts, interior 

Outside finish (electric cars) 

Packing cases 

Paddle wheels excursion boats 

Pails, candy 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Panel sides, passenger cars 

Panels, veneer 

Panel work, wagon sides 

Paper pulp 

Panels, automobile bodies 

Panels, auto-truck bodies 

Panels, carriage bodies 

Panels, coach 

Panels, delivery wagon 

Panels (door) 

Panels, furniture sides 

Panels, light wagon bodies 

Panels, stair work 

Panels, truck sleigh bodies 

Panels, vehicle bodies 

Panels, wagon bodies 

Parting strip, house interior 
trim 

Partitions 

Partitions, wagon 

Parts, cider mill 

Parts, flour mill machinery 

Parts, railway motor cars 

Passenger cars, interior work 

Patterns 

Pedestals 

Peel blades 

Piano parts, interior 

Pilasters, mantel 



POPLAR, YELLOW— Continued 

Pins, clothes 

Pipe organs, interior parts 

Pipes, organ 

Pipes (pipe organ) 

Plate rail, dining room 

Poles, yarn 

Pool tables, hidden work 

Porch blinds 

Porch columns, built up 

Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, built up 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch posts 

Porch spandrels 

Posts (elevator) 

Posts, porch 

Pulpits, church 

Pumps 

Quill boards 

Racks, display 

Racks, roller towel 

Kails (door) 

Rails, porch 

Rails, stair 

Rails, table 

Reed organs, interior parts 

Reels, electric wire 

Reels, solder wire 

Refrigerators 

Refrigerators, exterior 

Rims, split wood pulleys 

Risers, stair 

Rollers, farm machinery 

Rosettes, wall (stairway) 

Ruling machines, bookbinders' 

Running boards, automobile 

.Sash 

Screens, door 

Screens, window 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Seat backs, buggy 

Seats, buggy 

Seats, automobile 

Seats, car 

Seats, carriage 

Seats, water closet 

vSewing machine parts 

Shelving 

Shelves, book. 

Shelves, cabinet 

Shelving, dental case 

Shoe rails (stair) 

Show cases 

Shuttles 

Sideboards, built in 

Sides, drawer 

Sides, farm machinery 

Sides, flour mill machinery 

Sides, threshing machine 

Sides, wagon bodies 

Sides, wagon box 

Siding 

Siding, house 

Siding, passenger cars 

Siding, railway freight cars 

Sidings (wagon beds) 



Sidings, wagon 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 

Slide, fly screen 

Spars, boat 

Spindles, porch 

Spools 

Spouting, flour mill 

Staging, boats 

Staves, cement barrels 

Staves, slack cooperage 

Steps, step ladder 

Stiles, door 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house Interior 

trim 
Straw carriers 
String boards (stair) 
Strips, weather 
Tables, cafe 
Tables, dining 
Tables, enameled library 
Tables, kitchen 
Tables, lunch room 
Tabourettps 

Top bonrds (pipe organs) 
Top rail, porch 
Top rails (sash) 
Top slate, light delivery wagon 

bodies 
Tops, table 
Toy carts 
Toy furniture 
Toy tops 
Toy wagons 
Transoms, row boat 
Traps, mouse 
Traveling' cases 
Trays, trunk 
Treads, stair ( . 
Troughs, bakers' 
Trunk boxes 
Type cases 
Upper panels, light delivery 

wagon bodies 
Vegetable slicers 
Veneer 

A'eneer cores, organ cases 
Veneer cores (piano cases) 
Veneer crossbanding 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting, outside (railway 

cars) 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Walkers, baby 
Wardrobes 

Wardrobes, inside finish 
Wheelbarrows 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 
Wood pulleys 

Wood rolls, paper mill ma- 
chinery 



RATTAN 

Stocks, whip 

BBBt) 
Stocks, whip 



Astragals, folding door 

Balusters, porch 

Base blocks, house interior trim 

Base board, house Interior trim 

Base corners, house interior 
trim 

Base monlding, house interior 
trim 

Bay brackets, honse construc- 
tion 

Beams, dining room ceiling 

Bevel siding, honse 

Bottom rail, porch 

Brackets, porch 

Brackets, porch rail 



REDWOOD 

Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 
Caskets 
Cases, coflBn 
Cases, casket 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Coffins 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Cornice 

Cresting, porch roof 
Cross-ties, railroad 
Doors, sliding- >' ...,. 



Dust cap, honse interior trim 

Face brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Flat battens, house interior trim 

Frieze rail, porch 

Gable bra^ckets, house construc- 
tion 

Gable ornaments, bouse con- 
struction 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, liouse interior trim 

Incubators 

Jambs, door 

Mirror doors, bouse 



174 



Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Molding, brick, house construc- 
tion 

Molding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Molding, cove 

Molding, crown, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, drip, cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 



REDWOOD— Concluded. 

Nosing, house interior trim 
Panel strips, house interior 

trim 
Parting stops, house interior 

trim 
Patterns 

Plate rail, dining room 
Porch columns, built up 
Porch columns, solid 
Porch nevpels, built up 
Porch nev?els, solid 
Porch spandrels 
Ruling machines, bookbinders 
Screens, door 
Screen, window 
Scroll sawed balusters, porch 
Shade hangers 



Siding, freight car 

Spindles, porch 

Staves, silo 

Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Stops, door, house interior trim 
Store fronts 
Top rail, porch 
Trays, incubator 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Backs, clothes brush 
Backs, hair brush 
Backs, nail brush 
Blocks, brush 
Bottlestoppers 
Clubs, policeman 



ROSEWOOD. 

Frames, mirror Panels, automobile bodies 

Frames, picture Parts (automobile bodies) 

Gavels Pilot wheels, ship 

Handles, drawing instruments Pilot wheels, yacht 

Handles, surgical instruments T-Squares (drawing) 

Levels, masons Veneer 



Knees, row boat 
Knees, river craft 



SASSAFRAS. 
Knees, ship 



Knees, yacht 



Balusters (stair) 

Bevel siding, house 

Bodies, electric cars 

Bodies, railway cars 

Booms, river craft 

Booms, ship 

Bottom boards, barge 

Bottom boards, foundry flasks 

Bottom boards, row boat 

Bottom boards, scow 

Bottom rail, sash 

Boxes, bottle 

Boxes, packing 

Brackets, stair 

Bridges, piano 

Cases, packing 

Ceiling, ship cabin 

Cornice, house 

Crating 

Cross arms, telegraph pole 

Cross-ties, railroad 

Diagonal sweeps, piano 

Easels, school blackboard 

Flasks 

Flasks, foundry 

Flooring, electric cars 

Flooring, freight cars 

Flooring, mine dump cars 

Flooring, railway passenger 

cars 
Frames, blackboard 
Frames, cold storage door 



SPRUCE. 

Frames, dumb waiter 

Frames, window 

Gunwales, canoe 

Gunwales, row boat (flat ISot- 
tom) 

Hatch covers, river craft 

Hatch covers, ship 

Hatch covers, yacht 

Interior trim, liouse 

Interior work, canal boat 
cahiins 

Keel strips, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 

Key bases, piano 

Ijadders, extension 

Ladders, river craft 

Ladders, ship 

Ladders, step 

Lath 

Leeboards, canoe 

Lining, refrigerator 

Masts, river craft 

Masts, ship 

Meeting rails, sash 

Mullion, sash 

Newel posts, angle 

Newel posts, starting 

Oars, row boat 

Packing cases, plate glass 

Paddles, canoe 

Planking, barge 



Planking, canoe 
Planking, railway cars 
Planking, scow 
Poles, tent 
Rails, stair 
Reels, cable 
Reels, wire rope 
Refrigerators 
Ribs, piano 

Risers, row boat (flat bottom) 
Risers, stair 
Rosettes, wall (stairway) 
Rough horses( stairway) 
Running boards (electric cars) 
Sash, window 
Scaffolding (painters) 
Rides, mine dump cars 
Sides, row boat 
Sounding board ribs, piano 
Sounding boards, piano 
Spars (ship) 
Staves, tight cooperage 
Stays, boat 
String boards (stair) 
Studding (ship building). 
Tanks, wooden 
Top rails, sash 
Transoms, row boat 
Treads, stair 

Uprights, row boat (flat bot- 
tom) 



Balusters, porch 
Base blocks, house interior trim 
Base board, house interior trim 
Base corners, house Interior 

trim , ■ 1. , 

Base moulding, house interior 

trim ,,. 

Beams, dining room celling 
Bfind stops, house construction 
Bottom rails, porch 
Brackets, plate rail 
Capping, sink, house interior 

trim , ^ , 

Carpet strip, house Interior 

trim 
Casing, window 
Chair rail, house interior trim 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Corner blocks, house Interior 

trim 
Cornice workv house 
Cresting, porch roof 



SPRUCE, SITKA. 

Decking, boat 

Doors, folding 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Fillet, house- interior trim 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Frieze rail, porch 

Front doors, house 

Gable brackets, house construc- 
tion 

Head blocks, house Interior 
trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Jambs, door 

Keels, boat 

Mirror doors, house 



Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, house Interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Mouldinff, drip cap, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, hous« 
construction 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Panel strips, house interior trim 

Parting stop, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house interior 
trim ■ 

Plate rail, dining room 

Porch colunnjs, built up 



175 



Porch columns, solid 

Porch newels, built up 

Porch newels, solid 

Porch spandrels 

Scroll sawed balusters, porch 

Seats, boat 

Siding, house 

Sinl£ aprons, house interior trim 

Slide, fly screen 

Spars, ship 



SPRUCE SITKA— Concluded. 

Spindles, porch Window apron, house interior 

Stops, door, house interior trim trim 

Stops, window, house interior Window stool, house interior 

trim trim 

Top rail, porch Poles, tent 

Wainscoting cap, house interior Rails, stair 

trim Reels, cable 

Wainscoting rail, house interior Reels, wire rope 

trim Refrigerator 
Bibs, piano 

SUMACH. 

Inlaid work, furniture 



Base blocks, house interior trim 

trim 
Base board, house interior trim 

trim 
Base corners, house Interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Basket parts 
Baskets, fruit 
Baskets, vegetable 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Blind stop, house construction 
Blocks, butcher 
Boat parts 
Bottoms, drawer 
Boxes, packing 
Boxes, plug tobacco 
Brackets, plate rail 
Buckets 
Cabinet work 
Cabins, interior, ships 
Cabins, interior, yacht 
Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Cases, reed organ 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs 

Colonnades, house interior trim 
Consoles 

Cooperage stock 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Crating 
Doors, folding 



Base blocks, house construction 
Base board, house interior trim 
Base corners, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Blind stop, house construction 
Brackets, plate rail 
Capping, sink, house interior 

trim 
Carpet strip, house interior 

trim 
Casing, door 
Casing, window 

Chair rail, house Interior trim 
Ceiling, house 

Colonnades, house interior trim 
Corner blocks, house interior 

trim 
Cross-ties, railroad 
Doors, folding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 
Excelsior 

Fillet, house interior trim 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring, boats 
Flooring, house 
Frames, door 



SYCAMORE. 

Doors, sliding 

Dust cap, house interior trim 

Fillet, house interior trim 

Fixtures, offlce 

Fixtures, store 

Flat battens, house interior 
trim 

Frames, door 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Front doors, house 

Furniture, case goods 

Gable ornaments, house con- 
struction 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Handles, hoe 

Handles, rake * 

Handles, saw 

Head blocks, house interior trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Hoppers, fruit 

Hoppers, vegetable 

Jambs, door 

Lath 

Mantels 

Meat blocks 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, brick, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, cap, house interior 
trim 

Moulding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 



TAMARACK. 

Frames, front door side light 

Frames, window 

Front doors, house 

Grilles, house interior trim 

Head casing, house interior 
trim 

Head blocks, house interior 
trim 

Jambs, door 

Keels, boat 

Knees, canal boat. 

Knees, river craft 

Knees, ship 

Knees, yacht 

Lath 

Mirror doors, house 

Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 

Moulding, cap, .house interior 
trim 

Motilding, cove 

Moulding, crown, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, picture 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Panel strips, house interior trim 



Moulding, plaster, house con- 
struction 

Moulding, quarter round 

Moulding, screen 

Moulding, spring cove, house 
construction 

Nosing, house interior trim 

Packages, fruit 

Packages, vegetable 

Pails, candy 

Panel strips, house interior 
trim 

Paper pulp 

Parting stop, house interior 
trim 

Partition moulds, house con- 
struction 

Parts, washing machine 

Plate rail, dining room . 

Reed organs, interior parts 

Refrigerators 

Sides, drawer 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 

Slide, fly screen 

Stools, foot 

Stops, door, house interior trim 

Stops, window, house interior 
trim 

Wainscot rail, house interior 
trim 

Wainscoting cap, house interior 
trim 

Window apron, house interior 
trim 

Window stool, house interior 
trim 

Veneer 

Venetian blinds 



Partition moulds, house con- 
struction 
Parting stop, house interior 

trim 
Plate rail, dining room 
Silos 

Sink aprons, house interior trim 
Slide, fly screen 
Stem pieces (boat) 
Stem posts, river craft 
Stem posts, ship 
Stem posts, yachts 
Stems, river craft 
Stems, yachts. 
Stems, ships 

Stops, door, hoi'se interior trim 
Stops, window, house Interior 

trim 
Stringers, boat 
Tanks 
Tubs 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Window aproB, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Armor backing, ship 
Armor blocking, ship 



TBAKWOOD. 



Cabins, interior, ship 
Cabins, interior, yacht 



Rails, yacht 
Rails, ship building 



176 

TUPELO. 

Cigar boxes 



Altars, church 

Arms, chair 

Bacl£ posts, chair 

Backs, clotnes brush 

Backs, hair brush 

Backs, nail brush 

Balusters (stairway) 

Base board, house interior 

trim 
Base moulding, house interior 

trim 
Beams, dining room ceiling 
Beds, folding exterior 
Bedsteads, exterior 
Benches, piano 
Bible stands, church 
Blocks, brush 
Bookcases, exterior 
Book racks, revolving 
Brackets, plate rail 
Cabins, interior ships 
Cabins, interior, yachts 
Cabinet making 
Cabinets, electrical work 
Cabinets, magazine 
Cabinets, phonograph 
Cabinets, smokers 
Carpet strip, house Interior 

trim 
Cases, casket 
Cases, clock 
Cases, coffin 
Cases, dental 
Cases, hall clock 
Cases, optical 
Cases, organ 
Cases, piano 
Cases, reed organs 
Casing, door 
Casing, pipe organ 
Casing, window 
Cellarettes 

Chair arms, Pullman coaches 
Chairs, arm 

Chair rail, house interior trim 
Chairs, morris 
Chests, hall 
Chests, medicine 
Chests of drawers, exterior 
Cheval mirrors 
Chiffoniers, exterior 
Commodes, exterior 
Colonnades, house interior trim 
Colonnades, Pullman coaches 
Consoles 



WALNUT, BLACK. 

Covers, switch box, Pullman 

coaches 
Cupboard doors, Pullman 

coaches 
Dash boards (automobile) 
Deck boards, automobile 
Desk chairs 
Doors, sliding 
Doors, folding 
Doors, upper birth (sleeping 

cars) 
Dust cap, house interior trim 
Fillet, house - interior trim 
Finish, interior (automobile 

bodies) 
Flat battens, house interior 

trim 
Flooring, parquetry 
Foot rests 
Foot stools 
Fore ends, gun 
Frames, mirror 
Frames, picture 
Furniture, church 
Grilles, house interior trim 
Grilles, puUman coaches 
Hall mirror hatracks 
Handles, rolling pin 
Handles, saddlers' tool 
Hand rails, stairway 
Head casing, house interior 

trim 
Heads, carpenter squares 
Heads, T-squares (draftsman) 
Interior finish, Pullman cars 
Legs, piano 
Lunch tables, portable, puUman 

coaches 
Mirror doors, house 
Mirror frames, pullman coaches 
Moulding, bed, house construc- 
tion 
Moulding cap, house interior 

trim 
Moulding picture 
Moulding, quarter round 
Moulding, screen 
Moulding, spring cove, house 

construction 
Mouldings, piano 
Music shelf, piano 
Nosing, house interior trim 
Panel strips, house interior trim 
Panel wainscoting, Pullman 

coaches 



Panels, case 

Panels, ceiling, Pullman 

coaches 
Panels, desk 
Panels, window, Pullman 

coaches 
Patterns 
Pews, church 
Pilasters (piano) 
Pillars, chair 
Pilot wheels, ship 
Pilot wheels, yacht 
Plate rail, dining room 
Princess dressers, exterior 
Push button frames, Pullman 

cars 
Rockers, chair 
Sash, Pullman coaches 
Screens, fire 
Seats, piano 
Settees 
Settles 

Sewing machine parts 
Shelves, book 
Showcases 
Spindles, chair 
Stands, chafing dish 
Sticks, toddy 
Stocks, air rifle 
Stocks, gun 
Stools, piano 
Stops, window, house interior 

trim 
Tables, dining room 
Tables, dropleaf 
Tables, exterior 
Tables, library 
Tables, parlor 
Tables, tea 

Throats, tennis racket 
Tops, counters 
Trays, serving 
Veneer 

Veneer, piano cases 
Wainscot rail, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting, house interior 

trim 
Wainscoting cap, house interior 

trim 
Wall cases 
Window apron, house interior 

trim 
Window stool, house interior 

trim 



Beds, exterior 
Bureaus, exterior 
Cabins, exterior, ships 
Cabins, interior, yachts 
Case work 



WALNUT, CIRCASSIAN. 

Chiffoniers, exterior 
Dash boards, automobile 
Fore ends, gun 
Frames, picture 
Panels, bedstead 



Panels, case 
Panels, desk 
Piano cases, veneer 
Stocks, gun 
Veneer 



Canes, walking 
Handles, parasol 



WBICHSBL ROOTS. 
Handles, umbrella 



Stems, smoking pipes 



Bate, baseball 



WILLOW, 
pyis, candy 



Pulp, paper 



177 

MANUFACTURERS. 
The names and addresses of the wood users furnishing the information for 
this report have been listed in arrangement and order corresponding with 
the industries appearing in the preceding pages. Where the name of a manu- 
facturer is given in several industries it is because he manufactures com- 
modities belonging to more than one industry. 



AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS 



Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville 

The A. B. Gaston Co., Cochranton 

Nonpareil Mfg. Co., Cochranton 

A. G. Anchey's Sons, Codorus 

Doylestown Agricultural Co., Doylestown 

Hobson & Co., Easton 

A. Buck's Sons Co., Elizabeth town 

Theo. J. Ely Mfg. Co., Erie 

George T. Sellers, Gap 

Hamburg Plow Works, Hamburg 

Hanover Bending and Mfg. Co., Hanover 

Musser Lbr. Co., Marietta 

J. H. Albright & Sons, Mifflinburg 

Mountville Mfg. Co., Mountville 

Miller Mfg. Co., Meyersdale 

Weaver & Co., New Oxford 

J. W. Connor, Orangeville 

C. P. Fox, Perkasie 



S. L. Allen & Co., Fifth St. & Glenwood Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Philadelphia Lawn Mower Co., Thirty -first & 

Chestnut Sts., Philadelphia 
Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks 
Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown 
I. T. Zerbe, Reamstown 
^\'m. H. Fisher, Kebuck 
Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion 
Messinger Mfg. Co., Tatamy 
Frank A. Rockwell, Troy 
Frick Co., Waynesboro 
John A. Hart, West Lebanon 
A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd., York 
Hench & Dromgold, York 
Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 
The Spangler Mfg. Co., York 
York Novelty Co., York 



BASKETS AND VENEER PACKAGES FOR FRUIT AND VEGETABLES 



Pape-Glair Wood Products Co., 
Pease & Covell, Conneautville 
J. B. Steel & Co., Coudersport 
W. R. Wilcox, Lawrenceville 



Brockwayville B. T. Steele & Sons, 122S Irwin Ave., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 
H. B. McConnell, Torpedo 



BOARDS— CLOTH, HOSIERY, ETC. 



A. H. Balliet, AUentown 

J. T. Hammond & Son, Inc., 4534 Hedge St., 

Frankford Sta., Philadelphia 
Herman MiUer, 214-216 W. Dauphin, Philadelphia 



Joseph T. Pearson, Kensington Ave., Cor. E. 

Boston, Philadelphia 
Phila. Packing Box Co., 2634 American St., 

Philadelphia 
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 



BOOT AND SHOE FINDINGS 



George E. H. Halliwell, 2451 Kensington Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Philadelphia Last and Pattern Co., 316-18 Cherry 

St., Philadelphia 



S. S. Rtdlfer & Co.. 139 Race St., Philadelphia 
Redifer's Last Works, 237 N. Fourth St., Phila- 
delphia 
William C. Root, 524 Race St., Philadelphia 



BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING 



Geo. M. Wechter, Akron 

Allentown Packing Box Co., AUentown 

AUentown Reed, Harness and Mill Supply Co., 

Allentown 
The Yeager Furniture Co., Allentown 
Penn. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona 
The Autocar Co., Ardmore 
IngersoU Rand Co., Athens 
Beaver Falls Planing Mill Co., Beaver Falls 
J. L. McLaughlin & Sons, Bedford 
Bullock Swing and Chair Mfg. Co., Inc., Belle- 

fonte 
P. B. Cridler & Son, Bellefonte 
Penn. Match Co., Bellefonte 
Blairsville Enameled Ware Co., Blairsville 
Columbia Plato Glass Co., Blairsville 
James Gardner, Jr., Co., Bolivar 
West Penn. Steel Co., Brackenridge 
Braddock Machine and Mfg. Co., Braddock 
Pitts Machine Tool Co., Braddock 
Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford 
Consolidated Window Glass Co., Bradford 
I F. March's Sons, Bridgeport 
Bristol Patent Leather Co., Bristol 
Standard Cast Iron Pipe and Foundry Co., 

Bristol 
Brockway Machine Bottle Co., Brockwayville 
Greer & Garroway, Butler 
Pittsburgh Hickson Co., Butler 
Standard Plate Glass Co., Butler 
Phoenix. Novelty Co., Cambridge Springs 
Nufer Cedar Co., Canonsburg 
The Belmar Mfg. Co., Canton 
Minnequa Furniture Co., Canton 
American Welding Co., Carbondale 

12 



Carbondale Machine Co., Carbondale 
H. Adler Co., Carnegie 
Superior Steel Co., Carnegie 
A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland 
C. B. Corry & Son, Center Road Sta. 
Chambersburg Engineering Co., Chambersburg 
Geo. A. Minnick & Son, Chambersburg 
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Charleroi 
.\merican Steel Foundries, Chester 
Federal Steel Foundry Co. , Chester 
James M. Hamilton, Chester 
Davis Lumber and Planing Mill, Christiana 
Gearhart Knitting Machine Co., Clearfield 
Harbison Walker Refractories Co., Clearfield 
Lukens Iron and Steel Co., CoatesviUe 
Freed Heater Co., Inc., Collegeville 
The Keeley Stove Co., Columbia 
N. H. Goodsell, Coudersport 
Penn Furniture Co., Conneautville 
Shamburg & Allen Mch. Co., Coraopolis 
Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton 
Dallastown Furniture Co., Dallastown 
Merchant Cigar Box Co., Dallastovra 
Pioneer Stea.m Cigar Box Factory, Dallastown 
H. L. Heiser, Denver 

DowningtowD Mfg. Co., East Downingtown 
Hobson & Co., Easton 
Pittsburgh Meter Co., East Pittsburgh 
Westlnghoue Elec. and Mfg. Co., East Pitts- 
burgh 
Westinghouse Machine Co., East Pittsburgh 
C. E. Myers, East Prospect 
The Eddystone Mfg. Co., Eddystone 
Tindel-Morris Co., Eddystone 
C. Prouty & Co., Bldrecl ^ 



178 



BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING— Continued 



A. Buck's Sons Co., Elizabethtown 

F. W. Crandall & Co., Elkland 

The Constable Bros. Co., Erie 

Theo. J. Ely Mfg. Co., Brie 

Erie City Mfg. Co., Brie 

Exiiibition Showcase Co., Erie 

A. B. Feljemaker Organ Co., Erie 

Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie 

H. N. Thayer Co., Erie 

Washburn Mfg. Co., Erie 

Smith & Spahr, Etters 

W. C. Laderer, Evans City 

Gray & Son Glass Co., Falls Creek 

Nufer Cedar Co., South Sharon, Farrell P. O. 

Felton Cigar Box Factory, Felton 

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Ford City 

Wm. Shinier Son & Co., Freemansburg 

Girard Wrech Mfg. Co., Girard 

Allegheny Plate Glass Co., Glassmere 

Pittsburgh Steel Foundry, Glassport 

Enterprise Furniture Co., Glen Rock 

S. R. Smith Co., Grantham 

Greensburg Glass Co., Greensburg 

Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg 

The Kelly & Jones Co., Greensburg 

McKay Carriage Co., Grove City 

Hamburg Plow Works, Hamburg 

H. E. Bair & Co., Hanover 

Hanover Cabinet Co., Hanover 

Hopkins Mfg. Co., Hanover 

Long Furniture Co., Hanover 

The W. 0. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg 

Union Planing Mill Co., Harrisburg 

Atkinson Box and Lumber Co., Hawley 

Hawthorn Bottle Co., Hawthorn 

Boyd Shick, Hawthorn 

S. M. Kann, Hellam 

Prairie State Incubator Co., Homer City 

Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale 

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana 

W. S. Wilcox, Jamestown 

T. H. Hazlett Lumber Co., Jeannette 

Pennsylvania Rubber Co., Jeannette 

Union Planing Mill and Lumber Co., Jeannette 

The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown 

Holgate Bros. Co., Kane 

Kane Blind and Screen Co., Kane 

Kane Flint Bottle Co., Kane 

Kane Window Glass Co., Kane 

Pennsylvania Window Glass Co., Kane 

The Kittanning Plate Glass Co., Kittanning 

Samuel B. Bailey, Lancaster 

Benner Mfg. Co., Inc., Lancaster 

Inland City Cigar Box Co., Lancaster 

Lancaster Leaf Tobacco Case Co., Lancaster 

Geo. B. Wlsner, Lancaster 

Dairymen's Supply Co., Lansdowne 

Herrman Aukam & Co., Lebanon 

Lebanon Valley Furniture Co., Lebanon 

Miller Organ and Piano Co., Lebanon 

H. M. Stauffer, Leola 

A. F. Heim Carriage Works, Lenhartsville 

D. M. Nesbit, Lewisburg 
Oneida Community, Ltd., Lititz 
Geo. R. Julius & Bros., Littlestown 

New York Standard Slate Works, Lynnport 

Crescent Bottle Co., McDonald 

Nufer Cedar Co., McKeesport 

W. S. RusseU Box and Lumber Co., McKees 

Rocks 
The Penn Box Co., Inc., McSherrystown 
Hires Condensed Milk Co., Malvern 
Musser Lumber Co., Marietta 
Mason town Glass Co., Masontown 
Reznor Mfg. Co., Mercer 
Mifflinburg Body and Gear Co., Mifflinbujg 
Ruhl & Watson, Millmont 
0. A. Swetland, Mills 
T. W. Waterhouse, Mill Village 
West Branch Novelty Co., Milton 

E. G. Werner & Sons, Mohnton 
Opalite Tile Co., Monaca 
Monessen Box Factory, Monessen 
Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery 
Crandall-Bennett-Porter Co., MontoursvlUe 
Willson-Bennett-Porter Co., MontoursvlUe 
Spring Brook Lumber Co., Moosic 
Robinson Mfg. Co., Muncy 

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Mnncy 
S. Liebovitz & Sons, Myerstown 
Nazareth Paper Box Co., Nazareth 
The New Castle Box Co., New Castle 
New Holland Machine Co., New Holland 
Commercial Box Co., New Kensington . 



S. J. Bailey, Nicholson 

W. K. Gresh & Sons, Norristown 

Norris Pattern and Machine Co., Norristown 

The Eclipse Co., North Girard 

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City 

Oil Well Supply Co., Oil City 

United Lumber and Coal Co., Oil City 

Wightman Glass Co., Parkers Landing 

TretUaway Bros., Parsons 

Patton Clay Mfg. Co., Patton 

The Pen Argyle Clock Case Co., Pen Argyle 

Martin & Co., Petersburg 

The Albro-CIem Elevator . Co., Seventh St. and 

Glenwood Ave:, Philadelphia 
American Cuckoo Clock Co., 1665 RufCner St., 

Philadelphia 
American Steel Foundries, Fifth and Highland 

Aves., Philadelphia 
The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 500 North Broad 

St., I'hiladelphia 
James Barker, Inc., Sixth and Cayuga, Phila- 
delphia 
The Belber Trunk and Bag Co., 1641 N. Hancock 

St., Philadelphia 
Bodenstein & Kuemmerle, Inc., Lawrence St. 

and Girard Ave., Philadelphia 
J. G. Brill Co., Sixty-second and Woodland 

Aves, Philadelphia 
Carlson Wenstrom Mfg. Co., 2555-59 N. Syden- 
ham St., Philadelphia 
Carmarth Bell & Co., 613-15 Cherry St., Phila- 
delphia 
James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Chas. F. Datz Co., Inc., 482-84 N. Fifth St., 

Philadelphia 
D. H. Davidson, 2005 Washington Ave., Phila- 
delphia 
Paul H. Deigendesch, 145 Florist St., Philadel- 
phia 
Devlin & Heron, 225 N. Juniper St., Philadel- 
phia 
Estate John Galbraith, 619 Commerce St., Phila- 
delphia 
Conrad Gottlieb, 64 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia 
J. T. Hammond it Son, Inc., 4534 Hedge St., 

Frankford Sta., Philadelphia 
Edw. Harrington Son & Co., Seventeenth and 

Callowhill Sts., Philadelphia 
Samuel Jones & Sons, 2230 Hamilton St., Phila- 
delphia 
William J. Kees. Ill N. Orianna St., Philadel- 
phia 
Ferdinand Keller, 216-24 S. Ninth St., Philadel- 
phia 
Keystone Box Mfg. Co., 701-05 East Girard St., 

Philadelphia 
Geo. W. Kugler & Sons Co., Inc., 919 New 

Market St., Philadelphia 
A. H. & F. H. Lippincott, Inc., Twenty-fourth 

and Locust Sts., Philadelphia 
T. B. Luzier & Son, 1645 N. Tenth St., Phila- 
delphia 
J. & W. McOauley, 636-38 Filbert St., Philadel- 
phia 
John Martin. 1436 N. 6th St., Philadelphia 
John MaxweU Estate, 425 Locust St., Philadel- 
phia 
Geo. Meisle & Bro., 217 New St., Philadelphia 
S. B. Mench, 2031 B. Fletcher, Philadelphia 
Joseph Miles, River Road, Manayuuk Sta., Pliil- 

adelphia 
Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1301 N. Eighth St., 

Philadelphia 
William Myers, Quarry St., Philadelphia 
Clayton W. Nichols,. 91S Beach St., Philadelphia 
Page & Rainy, 230 S. Second St., Philadelphia 
Joseph T. Pearson. Kensington Ave., Cor. E. 

Boston, Philadelphia 
Pennsylvania Box and Lumber Co., American 

and Cumberland, Philadelphia 
Frank Pettit Ornamental Iron Works, 809 Master 

St., Philadelphia 
Fhilndelphia Packing Box Co., 2634 American 

St., Philadelphia 
Provident Lumber Co., Water & Dickinson Sts., 

Philadelphia 
T. B. Rice & Sons Co., Mifflin St. Wharf, Phila- 
delphia 
Scott Paper Co., Seventh and Glenwood Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., Erie Ave. and Sep- 

viva St., Philadelphia 

Thos. D. Shoemaker i 12^ Day St., Philaaelphia. 



179 



BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING— Continued 



Tait Bros., 917 E. Montgomery Ave., Philadel- 
phia 

H. Tledemann, N. W. Cor. Nineteenth and 
Washington Ave., Philadelphia 

Tioga Foundry Co., Twenty-second and Alle- 
gheny, Philadelphia 

Treen Box Co., Tioga and Memphis Sts., Phila- 
delphia 

Emil Walther, 1106 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia 

Joseph T. Ward, 5809-19 Baynton St., Philadel- 
phia 

Robert Ward, 115 Cuthbert St., Philadelphia 

Weskott & Thomson, 112-114 N. Twelfth St., 
Philadelphia 

Westmoreland Packing Case Co., 1932 B. West- 
moreland St., Philadelphia 

Wm. Wharton, Jr., & Co., Inc., 25th St. and 
Washington Ave., Philadelphia 

Andrew Wilson, Wilde and Krams, Manayunk 
Sta., Philadelphia 

The Winner Co., 2035-45 N. Seventh St., Philadel- 
phia 

Wirt cfe Knox Mfg. Co., 22-24 N. Fourth St., 
Philadelphia 

Wm. Woodward, 3017 N. Lambert St., Philadel- 
phia 

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks. 

American Steel Foundries, Thirty-sixth St. and 
A. V. Ry., Pittsburgh 

American Window Glass Co., Farmers' Bank 
Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Anchor Box and Lumber Co., 112 Lincoln Ave., 
Millvale 

Axthelm Mfg. Co., 242 Third Ave., Pittsburgh 

Briggs Machinery Co., 238 Second Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

A. M. Carrow Co., Penn and Third St., Pitts- 
burgh 

The Chaplin-Fulton Mfg. Co., 28-34 Penn. Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

Conroy Prugh Co., 1430-36 Western Ave., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 

Crescent Bottle Co., Pittsburgh 

D. 0. Cunningham Glass Co., Twenty-second and 
Jane St., S. S., Pittsburgh 

Dauler, Close & Johns, 636 Smithfleld St., Pitts- 
burgh 

John Dunlap Co., P. 0. Box 1023, Pittsburgh 

Eller Lumber and Mill Co., S. Twenty-third St., 
Pittsburgh 

EppingCarpenter Co., Forty-first and A. V. 
Ky., Pittsburgh 

Fawcus Machine Co., 2S28 Smallman St., Pitts- 
burgh 

Getty Fender & Sons, 278 Woodville Ave., Pltts- 
burch 

Bernard Gloekler Co., 1127-33 Penn Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

Iron City Sanitary Mfg. Co., 1514 Oliver Bldg, 
Pittsburgh 

F. J. Kress Box Co., 2920 Liberty Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

McConway & Tooley Co., 48th St. and A. V. Ry. 
Co , Pittsburgh 

Macbeth-Evans Glass Co., 410 Liberty Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

The Marine Mfg. and Supply Co., Water St., 
Pittsburgh 

The Morris and Bailey Steel Co. at Wilson, 
Pittsburgh 

Mortimer Glass Co., 409 Lewis Bldg, Pittsburgh. 

Phoenix Glass Co., P. O. Box 757, Pittsburgh 

Piccardo Macaroni Co., 179-187 Forty-first St., 
Pittsburgh 

H. K. Porter Co., 49th St. and A. V. Ky., Pitts- 
burgh 

RichardPon Mfg. Co., 855-57 Progress St., Pitts- 
burgh 

F. P. Schlelein Machine Co., 32 W. Parkway, 
Pittsburgh 

A. F. Schwerd Mfg. Co., 145 McClure Ave., N. 
S., Pittsburgh 

Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor. Garrison 
PI. and Duijuesne Way, Pittsburgh 

The Simonds Mfg. Co., Twenty-fifth and Liberty 
Sts., Pittsburgh 

Sommerfield Machine and Mfg. Co., 216 Second 
Ave., Pittsburgh 

The Standard Scale and Supply Co., 243 Water 
St., Pittsburgh 

U. S. Glass Co., Ninth and Bingham Sts., Pitts- 
burgh 

U. S. Sanitary Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh 

Federated Glass Co., Point Mariw 



Jeannette Window Glass Co., Point Marion 

The Morris Glass Co., Point Marion 

Point Marion Window Glass Co., Point Marion 

Alleghany Window Glass Co., Port Alleghany 

Mississippi Glass Co., Port Alleghany 

The Clean Glass Co., Port Alleghany 

Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown 

Roberts, Winner & Co., Quakertown 

Sieling Furniture Co., Railroad 

Anchor Bending Works, Reading 

Biehls' Carriage and Wagon Works, Reading 

Abnpr S. Peysher, Reading 

Leinbach Box Co., Reading. 

Nolde & Boost Co., Reading 

I;esher-Kaig Knitting Co., Ltd., Reamstown 

Miller Bros., Red Lion 

Red Lion Furniture Co., Red Lion 

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion 

Oil City Asbestos Co., Reno 

Jefferson Macaroni Co., Reynoldsville 

Landis Bros., Rheems 

M. H. Wiest & Son, Richland 

Victor Box Mfg. Co., Richland Center 

B. H. Harman. Rock Glen 

Emanuel G. Fry, Rothsville 

Buekwalter Stove Co., Royersford 

Diamond Glass Co., Royersford 

Grander Stove Co., Royersford 

Keystone Meter Co., Royersford 

W. H. Newborn & Co., Royersford 

Royersford Spring Bed Co., Royersford 

Jno. P. Fitzimons, Schellburg 

Meek & Keever, Schuylkill Haven 

Noah Law Box Factory, Seven Valleys 

Harper Bros., Shade Gap 

The National Malleable Castings Co., Sharon 

Nufer Cedar Co., Sharon 

Sheffield Glass Bottle Co., Shefiield 

Elk Flint Bottle Co., Shinglehouse 

Boher & Phillips, Shippensburg 

Peerless Furniture Co., Shippensburg 

Shrewsbury Furniture and Mfg. Co., Shrewsbury 

American Slate Works, Slatington 

National School Slate Co., Slatington 

Thomas Zellner, Slatington 

Empire Glass Co., Smethport 

Smethport Glass Co., Smethport 

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 

The Graves & Eighmy Co., Springboro 

Keystone Stove Foundr.v, Spring City 

Spring City Glass Vi-'orks, Ltd., Spring City 

Becker Novelty Co., Spring Creek 

Milton E, Shick, Stevens 

Stewartstown Furniture Co., Stewartstown 

Sunhury Table Works, Sunbury 

Fidelity Glass Co., Tarentum 

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Tarentum 

Messinger Mfg. Co., Tatamv. 

Titusville Handle Co., Titusville 

J. 0. Frost's Sons, Towanda 

Frank A. Rockwell, Troy 

Troy Engine and Machine Co., Troy 

Hanson Furniture Co., Union City 

Loomis Table and Furniture Co., Union City 

The Novelty Wood Works Co., Union City 

The Star Handle Co., Union City 

Keystone Bottle Mfg. Co., Uniontown 

Verona Tool Works, Verona 

Granville Hahn, Walnutport 

Griffiths Charcoal Iron Mills, Washington 

Highland Glass Co., Washington 

Washington T^in Plate Co., Washington 

Emmert Mfg. Co., Waynesboro • - 

Frick Co., Waynesboro . . 

Landis Machine Co., Waynesboro 

Landis Tool Co., Waynesboro 

Osterberg Tin Plate Co.. ' Waynesburg 

D. W. Frazee, Wellsboro 

Hoopes Bro. & Darlington, Inc., West Chester 

W. B. Bertels & Son Co., Wilkes-Barre 

George B. Breon, Willlamsport 

A. H. Heilman & Co., Williamsport 

National Furniture Co.. Williamsport 

J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport 

West Branch Box and Lbr. Co., Williamsport 

Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Wllmerding 

Arnold & Tschop, Windsor 

Williamson & Moyer, Womelsdorf 

Nufer Cedar Co., Woodlawn 

Cold Springs Bleaching and Finishing Works, 

Yardley 
H. E. Boring & Bro., York 
Aden Buser, York, R. D. 
A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd., TotS 



180 



BOXES AND CRATES, PACKING— Continued 



H. W. Heffner & Son, Tork 
A. Kauffman & Bro., York 
Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 
Marion H. I-ong, York 
The Martin Carriage Works, York 



Wallick & Gohn, York 

West York Furniture Mfg. Co., York 

Yoi-k Carriage Co., York 

York Wagon Gear Co., York 

Youngsvilie Mfg. Co., Youngsvllle 



BOXES, CIGAR 



Geo. M. Wecliter, Akron 

A. H. Balliet, AUentown 

F. S. Koons, Boj'ertown 

Monroe Jarrett, Cressman 

Merchant Cigar Box Co., Dallastown 

Pioneer Steam Cigar Box Factory, Dallastown 

H. L. Heiser, Denver 

John J. Hillegrass, East Greenville 

C. E. Myers, East Prospect 

M. Kinports, Ephrata ' 

Smith & Spahr, Etters 

Felton Cigar Box Factory, Felton 

Arthur C. Brown, Freeburg 

H. E. Bair & Co., Hanover 

S. M. Kann, Hellam 

F. A. Helm & Bros., Lancaster 

Inland City Cigar Box Co., Lancaster 

Geo. E. Wisner, Lancaster 

Geo. K. Julius & Bros., Littlestown 

Penn Box Co., Inc., McSherrystown 

C. Bear, Manheim 

Geo. W. Holtzman, Myerstown 

New Cumberland Box Co., New Cumberland 

W. K. Gresh & Sons. Norristown 

E. H. Leaman, Paradise 

F. Brecht's Sons, 109 N. Orianna, Philadelphia 
Gegner & Klingler, 223 S. American St., Phila- 
delphia 

H. W. Jarrett & Co., 2200 Marshall St., Phila- 
delphia 

Quaker City Cigar Box Co., 220 N. 2d St., Phila- 
delphia 



Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. E. Cor. 6th St. and 

Columbia Ave., Philadelphia 
Sheip & Vandergrift, Inc., 814-832 N. Lawrence, 

Philadelphia 
Keystone Box Co., 19 Miller, Pittsburgh 

D. J. Rex & Co., Boyd and Locust Sts., Pitts- 
burgh 

P. C. Smith & Bros., Corry and Kilbrick Sts., 

Pittsburgh 
Joseph Wasser, No. 1 Miller St., Pittsburgh 
Womer & Bock, Pottsville 
W. B. Fichthorn, Reading 
L. B. Miller, Red Hill 
J. E. Detwiler, Red Lion 
Miller Bros., Red Lion 
M. H. Wiest & Son, Richland 
Victor Box Mfg. Co., Richland Center 
W. A. Kalbach & Sons, Robesonia 
Emanuel G. Fry, Rothsville 
Samuel Hauser, Schaefferstown 
Monroe D. Sellers, Sellersville 
Noah Law Box Factory, Seven Valleys 
H. S. Souder, Souderton 
Ertel Bros., Williahisport 
Arnold & Tschop, Windsor 
Williamson & Moyer, Womelsdorf 
James R. Huthmaker, Wyoming 
Aden Buser, York 
H. W. HefCner & Son, York 
A. Kauffman & Bros.. York 

E. Myers & Co., York 
Wallick & Gohn, York 



BRUSHES 



H. Weitzer, Braman 
Barle Brush Co., Columbia 
C. A. Mahle & Son, Corry 
August Fligge, Hecla 
Holgate Bros. Co., Kane 
H. A. Williams, Lake Como 
Elder & Jenks, 415 Vine St., Philadelphia 
Thomas J. Fleming, 131 N. Tenth St., Philadel- 
phia 



Theo. A. Gerike, 205 Quarry St., Philadelphia 
The Harvey & Watt Co., 1822 E. Venango St. 

Philadelphia ' 
Nelms & Co., 407 Commerce St., Philadelphia 
Thomas Ott & Co., 1124-1132 Washington Ave. 

Philadelphia 
Leon Kozzen, 1003 N. Second St., Philadelphia 
A. Steiert & Son, 1406 S. Front, Philadelphia 



BUTCHERS' BLOCKS AND SKEWERS 



P. B. Crider & Son, Bellefonte 
Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading 



Patterson Bros. Co., Wellsboro 



CAR CONSTRUCTION 



Adamsburg Gas Coal Co., Adamsburg 

Alden Coal Co., Alden Station 

W. Harry Brown, Alicia 

Bellfield Coal and Coke Co., Altoona 

Dunbar Coal Mining Co., Altoona 

Latrobe Coal Co., Altoona 

Lilly Coal Co., Altoona 

Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 

East Penn. Lumber Co., Inc., Analomink 

Fall Brook Coal Co., Antrim 

West Penn. Coal Mining Co., Apollo 

Neelir Coal Co., Argentine 

Central R. K. Co. of New Jersey, Wilkes 

Barre. Ashley Br. P. 0. 
Mrs. Louise Mensch, Auburn 
Pittsburgh and Southwestern Coal Co., Avella 
Charles M. Dodson & Co., Beaver Brook 
Beaver Run Coal Co., Beaverdale 
A. Davidson, Beaver Falls 
Penn. R. R. Co., Bellwood 
Geo. P, Brubaker, Berlin 
Connell Anthracite Mining Co.. Bernice 
Wachua-Taylor Anthracite Coal Co., Bernice 
American Car and Foundry Co., Berwick 
Lehigh and New England B. R., Bethlehem 
Kettle Creek COal Mining Co., Bitumen 
Bells Mill Coal Co., Blairsvllle 
Blairsville Coke Co., Blairsville 
Conemaugh Coal Co., Blairsville 
Graff Coal Co., Blairsvillfe 
Kiskiminitas Coal Co., Blairsville 
Maher Coal and Coke Co., Blairsville 



Roaring Run Mining Co., Blairsville 
American Car and Foundry Co., Bloomsburg 
Bloomsburg Car and Equip. Co., Bloomsburg , 
Herman & Hassert, Inc., Bloomsburg 
Blossburg and Coal Run Coal Co., Blossburg 
Jenkins Bros., Blossburg 
Terry Coal Co., Blossburg, R. D. 
Improved Traction Eng. Co., Boynton 
McClane Coal Co., Bridgeville 
Franklin Coal Mining Co., Brisbln 
Brier Hill Coke Co., Brier Hill 
Schuylkill Lehigh Coal Co., Brockton 
Toby Coal Mining Co., Brockwayville 
Monongahela R. K. Car Repair Shops, Browns- 
ville 
Union Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville 
Lake Shore Gas Coal Co., Buena Vista 
Cascade Coal & Coke Co.. Buffalo, N. Y. 
Standard Steel Car Co., Butler 
Bast Mountain Coal Co., Carbondale 
Wm. JI. Cole, Carnegie 
P. & R. R. R. Repair Shops, Catawissa 
H. K. Wick & Co., Catfish 
Cumberland Valley B. R. Co., Chambersburg 
Cheat Haven Coal & Coke Co., Cheat Haven 
Cherry Tree Iron Works, Cherry Tree 
Hastings Coal & Coke Co., Cherry Tree 
H. J. Stone Coal Co., Childs 
Clearfield Bituminous Coal Corp., Clearfield 
Clearfield Clay Working Co., Clearfield 
Goshen Coal Co., Clearfield 
P, F. Gullch, Clearfield, K. O. 



181 



CAR CONSTRUCTION— Continued 



Clermont Sewer Pipe Co., Clermont 

Blain Run Coal Co., Coalport 

Evans Coal & Coke Co., ConnellsvlUe 

Francis Coal Co., Conneltou 

Pittsburgh Coal Co., Coraopolis 

Jos. Walton. Pittsburgh, Crafton Br. P. O. 

McFetridge Bros. Coal Co., Creighton 

Pittsburgh Plate Glass Co., Creighton 

Penna. R. R. Co., Cresson 

Ford Colliers Co., Curtisville 

Washington Coal & Coke Co., Dawson 

Dixonville Coal Co., Dixonville 

George Minus, Jr., DuBois 

Reed Colliery Co., Dudley 

Dunbar Furnace Co., Dunbar 

H. V. Lukens, Duncannon, R. D. 

Oak Hill Coal Co., Duncott 

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Scranton, Dunmore 

Br. P. O. 
Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore Br. P. O. 
Keystone Mining Co., East Brady 
Monarch Coal Co., East Brady 
Springfield Coal Mining Co., Ebensburg 
Boynton Coal Co., Elk Lick 
Brie Car Works, Erie 
Mizener Coal Co., Erie 
Pittsburgh & Erie Coal Co., Erie 

F. H. Campbell, Espyville 

The Edward Dambach Co., Evans City 

Jos. E. Thropp, Everett 

E.xport Coal Co. (Hdqrs. Pittsburgh), Export 

The Struthers Coal & Coke Co., Fairbank 

Eagle Coal Co., Fredell 

Ben Franklin Coal Co., Freeport 

Kerr Coal Company, Freeport 

Buffalo & Susquehanna R. R., Galeton 

The Taylor .t McCoy Coal & Coke Co., Gallitzin 

Enterprise Coal Co., Garrett 

W. A. Merrill & Co., Garrett 

W. It. McTurk Coal Co., Girardville 

Cornell Coal Co., Glassmere 

Graceton Coke Co., Graceton 

Apollo Coal Co., Greensburg 

Atlantic Crushed Coke Co., Greensburg 

Jamison Coal &• Coke Co., Greensburg 

Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg 

J. C. Reed, Greensburg 

Donohoe Coke Co., Greenwald 

Mutual Coal Mining Co., Grove City 

Standard Coal Mining Co., Grove City 

Harleigh Broadwood Coal Co., Harleigh 

Pond Creek Coal Co., Harleigh 

Penna. R. R. Co., Harrisburg 

Western Maryland Railway Co., Harrow 

Red Top Coal Co., Hastings 

Rich Hill Coal Co., Hastings 

J. S. Wentz & Co., Hazelbrook 

Evans Colliery Co., Hazleton 

Harwood Coal Co., Hazleton 

Hazle Mountain Coal Co., Hazleton 

A. Pardee & Oj., Hazleton 

Estate of A. S. Van Wiekle, Hazleton 

Penn-Mary Coal Co., Heilwood 

Hormel Coal Co., Hickman 

Maple Ridge Coal Co., Holsopple 

W. S. B. Hays. Homestead 

Knickerbocker Smokeless Coal Co., Hooversville 

Somerset Mining Co., Hooversville 

Frelin Coal Co., Houtzdale 

Ziegler Coal Co., Houtzdale 

The Huntingdon & Broad Top M. R. R. & O. 

Co., Huntingdon 
Huntingdon Coal Co., Huntingdon 
John Langdon, Huntingdon 
Irwin Foundry & Car Co., Irwin 
Broad Top Coal & Mineral Co., Jacob 

G. B. Markee Co., Jeddo 

N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. Co., Jer.sey Shore 
Humbert Coal Co., Jessup 
Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown 
Citizens' Coal Co., Johnstown 
A. J. Haws & Sons, Johnstown 
The Jjorain Steel Co., Johnstown 
Smokeless Coal Co., Johnstown 
Somerset & Canibria Coal Co., Johnstown 
Suppes Coal Co., Johnstown 
Great Lakes Coal Co., Kaylor 
Reading Iron Co., Kimmelton 
East Boston Coal Co., Kingston 
The Kingston Coal Co., (Wilkes-Barre) , Kings- 
ton Br. P. O. 
Allegheny River Mining Co.. Kittanning 
Stewart Coal Co., Knox Dale 
Orenstein-Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel 
Clearfield & Cambria C. & C. Co., LaJose 



F. A. Lane, Lanes Mills 

Geo. W. Swartz, Langdondale 

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford 

Latrobe-Connellsville Coal & Coke Co., Latrobe 

Ligonier Coal Co., Latrobe 

L'nity Coal Co., Latrobe 

Unity -Connellsville Coke Co., Latrobe 

Widnoou Coal Mining Co., Lawsonham 

Armstrong County Coal Co., Leechburg 

West Leechburg Steel Co., Leechburg 

Atlas Coke Co., Leetonia 

Leetonia Lumber Co., Leetonia 

Leetonia Railway Co., Leetonia 

W. E. Brown & Co., Ligonier 

Jas. Harris & Sons, Lilly 

Leahey Coal Mining Co., Lilly 

Meyersdale Coal Co., Listie 

Lloydell Coal Mining Co., Lloydell 

Logansport Coal Co., Logansport 

Raridan & East Brady C. Co., Logansport 

Northern Anthracite Coal Co., Lopez 

Loyalhauua Coal & Coke Co., Loyalhanna 

Brothers Valley Coal Co., Macdonaldton 

Puritan Coke Co., McClellandtown 

Bowman Bros. Co., McKeesport 

Gatehouse & Shaft Coal Co., Madera 

Thos. McGlynn, Madera 

Johnetta Fdy. & Machine Co., Marianna 

Pittsburgh & Butler Street Railway Co., Mars 

Moosic Mountain Coal Co., Marshwood 

Maryland Coal Co., Maryland 

Spring Hill Coal Co., Mayfleld 

T. H. Wachua, Mayfield 

Sharon Coal & Limestone Co., Mercer 

Atlantic Coal Co., Meyersdale 

Phillips Bros., Middleport • 

Middletown Car Co., Middletown 

American Car & Foundry Co., Milton 

Buck Run Coal Co., Minersville 

Darkwater Coal Co., Minersville 

Pine Hill Coal Co., Minersville 

West End Coal Co., Mocanaqua 

Wenona Coal Co., Monessen 

Monongahela Saw & Pig. Mill Co., Monongahela 

Dodson Coal Co., Morea Colliery 

National Mining Co., Morgan 

Morrisdale Coal Co., Morrisdale Mines 

Penna. R. R. Co., Morrisdale 

Shade Coal Mining Co., Mount Pleasant 

E. J. Goodyear & Sons. Munson 

Jim Ackley, New Albany 

Fairmount Coal Co., New Bethlehem 

The Leesburg Coal Co., New Castle 

Standard Steel Car Co., New Castle 

Valley Camp Coal Co., New Kensington 

Fayette Coke Co., New Salem 

Thompson C'ville Coke Co., New Salem, R. D. 

Penna. R. R. Co., Northumberland 

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City 

East Broad Top R. R. & Coal Co., Orbisonia 

Ghem Coal Co., Osceola Mills 

Osceola Silica & Fire Brick Co., Osceola Mills 

S. B. Stine, Osceola Mills 

Lehigh Valley R. R. Co., Packerton 

New Jersey Zdnc Co.. Palmerton 

The Hedstrom Coal Mining Co., Parkers Landing 

Good Clay & Coal Co., Patton 

Mount Jessup Coal Co., Peckville 

Peucovd Iron Works, Pencoyd 

Penfield Coal & Coke Co., Penfield 

Hockensraith Wheel & Mine Car Co., Penns Sta- 
tion 

Alliance Coal Mining Co., 437 Chestnut • St., 
Pliiladelphia 

The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 500 N. Broad 
St., Philadelphia 

The T. G. Brill Co., 62nd & Woodland Ave., 
Philadelphia 

Chestnut Ridge Coal Co., West End Trust Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Colonial Collieries Co., North American Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Cymbria Coal Co., 1000 Franklin Bank Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Dixon Coal Co., 727 Land Title Bldg., Philadel- 
phia 

Ebensburg Coal Co., 727 Land Title Bldg., Phila- 
delphia 

Forge Coal Mining Co., 1000 Franklin Bank 
Bldg., Philadelphia 

Glenwood Coal Co., lOOO Franklin Bank Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Hale & Kilburn Co.. ISth St. & Lehigh Ave.. 
Philadelphia 



182 



CAR CONSTRUCTION— Continued 



Highland Coal Mining Co., Real Estate Trust 
BIdg., Philadelphia 

Logan Coal Co., Harrison Bldg., Philadelphia 

Loyalhauna Coal & Coke Co., Land Title Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., 716 Reading 
Terminal, Philadelphia 

Nanty Glo Coal Mining Co., 727 Land Title Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Northern Central Railway, Philadelphia 

Pennsylvania R. K., West Philadelphia, Phila- 
delphia. 

Philadelphia Rapid Transit Co., Land Title 
Bldg. , Philadelphia 

Phila. & West Chester Railway Co., Philadel- 
phia 

W. H. Piper & Co., Real Estate Trust Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Plymouth Coal Mining Co., Real Estate Trust 
' Bldg.. Philadelphia 

Shoemaker Coal Mining Co., 1507 Real Estate 
Trust Bldg., Philadelphia 

South Pork Coal Mining Co., Bullitt Bldg., 421 
Chestnut St., Philadelphia 

Sterling Coal Co., 421 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 

Urey Ridge Coal Co., lOOO Franklin Bank Bldg., 
Philadelphia 

Ashman CJoal Co., Phllipsburg 

Atherton-Barnes Co., Philipsburg 

Madeira-Hill Coal Mining Co., Philipsburg 

R. H. Mull, Philipsburg 

Victoria Coal Mining Co., Philipsburg 

Wicks Bros. Coal Co., Pliilipsburg 

Pennsylvania Railroad, Pitcairn 

Aliquippa & Southern R. R. Co., Second Ave. 
& Ross St., Pittsburgh 

Baltimore & Ohio R. R. Co., Glenwood Shops, 
Pittsburgh. 

Bessemer Coal & Coke Co., 2212 Oliver Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

Bessemer Coke Co., Oliver Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Blaine Coal Co., Pulton Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Bolivar Coal & Coke Co., Pittsburgh 

Buffalo, Rochester cfe Pittsburgh Ry. Co., Pitts- 
burgh 

Carnegie Coal Co., 1315 Paix Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Diamond Coal & Coke Co., 1110 House Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

The Fayette Coal Co., Fourth Ave. & Wood St., 
Pittsburgh 

James T. Fox, 121 Wabash St., Pittsburgh 

H. C. Prick Coke Co., Pittsburgh 

John M. Greek & Co., 510 Park Bldg., Pittsburgh. 

Hostetter Connellsville Coke Co., Pittsburgh. 

Isabella Connellsville Coke Co., Fifth Ave. & 
Wood St., Pittsburgh 

Jenner-Quemahoning Coal Co., First Nat'l Bank 
Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Middletown Car Co., Prick Bldg., Pittsburgh. 

Montour R. R. Co., Pittsburgh 

Mononcahela River Cons. Coal & Coke Co., 
Smithfield St.. Pittsburgh 

Mountain Smokeless Coal Co., 2204 Oliver Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

Naomi Coal Co., First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Pitts- 
burgh 

Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., South Tenth & Muriel 
Sts., Pittsbi-rgh 

Penn. & Lake Erie R. R., Pittsburgh 

Pennsylvania Railroad, 32nd & Carson Sts., 
Pittsburgh 

Phillips Mine & Mill Supply Co., 2227 Jane St., 
S. S., Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh-Baltimore Coal Co., First National 
Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh-Buffalo Co., Fourth floor Frick Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgli Coal Co., Smithfield St., Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Co., Pulton Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

H. K. Porter Co., 49th St. & A. V. Ry., Pitts- 
burgh 

Preston Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Pressed Steel Car Co., Pittsburgh 

J. H. Sanford Coal Co., 1315 Park Bldg., Pitts- 
burgh 

Somerset-Smokeless Coal Co., First Nat'l Bank 
Bldg., Pittsburch 

United Coal Co., First Nat'l Bank Bldg., Pitts- 
burgh 

United Connellsville Coke Co., Oliver Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

The ^V^ta Coal Co., Third Ave. & Ross St., 
Pittsburgh 

Wabash Pittsburgh Ter. Ry. Co., Liberty & Ferry 
Sts., Pittsburgh 



James Walton, Crafton (Br. P. O.), Pittsburgh 

McCauley Coal Co., Pittston 

Yost Mining Co., Pittston 

Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth 

The Penker Coal Co., Portage, R. D. 

Union Railroad Co., Port Perry 

Penna. R. R. Co., Pottsville 

The Phila. & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Potts- 
ville 

Anita Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney 

Bowersville Coal Co., Punxsutawney 

John McLeavy & Co., Punxsutawney 

Punxsutawney Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney 

Punxsutawney Fdy. & Machine Co., Punxsu- 
tawney 

Colonial Coal Co., Puritan 

Geo. Pearce & Sons, Puritan 

Bulah Shaft Coal Co., Ramey 

Girard Mammoth Coal Co., Ravenrun 

Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co., Reading 

.Termyn & Co., Rendham 

Hugh McHugh. Rennerdale 

Penna. R. R. Co., Renovo 

Russell Car & Iron Plow Co., Ridgway 

Brandenburg Coal Mining Co., Rockwood 

Irvona Coal & Coke Co., Rose Bud 

Butcher Creek Coal Co., Saint Clair 

Mount Hope Coal Co., Saint Clair 

Saint Clair Coal Co., Saint Clair. 

Shawmut Mining Co., Saint Marys 

Cochran Coal Co., Salina 

Bowman Coal Mining Co., Saltsburg 

M. S. Kemmerer & Co., Sandy Run 

E. Eichelberger & Co., Saxton 

Lehigh Valley Railroad Co., Sayre 

Lincoln Coal & Coke Co.. Scottdale 

Bulls Head Coal Co., Seranton 

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Dunmore, Seranton 

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R. Co., 
Seranton 

Dolph Coal Co., Ltd., Seranton 

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore, Seranton 

Lackawanna & Wyoming Valley R. R. Co., 
Seranton 

Nay Aug Coal Co., Seranton 

Pennsylvania Coal Co., Dunmore, Seranton 

People's Coal Co., Seranton 

Seranton Coal Co., Seranton 

Traders' Coal Co., Seranton 

Oxford Coal Co., Shaft 

H. H. Smith Co., Shaft 

Greenough Red Ash Coal Co., Shamokln 

Shipman Coal Co.. Shamokln 

Pardee Coal Co., Sharon 

Westerraan Filer Co., Sharon 

Shawmut Vitrified Paving Brick Works, Shaw- 
mut 

Tionesta Valley Railroad Co., Sheffield 

Thomas Colliery Co., Shenandoah 

James M. Mclntyre, Six Mile Run 

Schipper Bros Coal Mining Co., Six Mile Run 

Baxter Ridge Coke Co., Smithfield 

H. R. Saekett C. & C. Co., Smithfield 

Smithfield Coal & Coke Co., Smithfield 

Clark Bros. Coal Mining Co., Smokerun 

Leland Coal Mining Co., Smokerun 

W. A. Barron. Soraerset, R. D. 

Consolidation Coal Co., Somerset 

Sonnian Shaft Coal Co., Sonraan 

H. C. Stineman, South Fork 

O. M. Stineman, South Fork 

Detinger Bros., Spangler 

Woodland Coal & Coke Co.. Spangler 

Mercer Iron & Coal Co., Stoneboro 

H. K. Underwood, Strattonville 

New York, Susquehanna & Western R. R. Co., 
Stroudsburg 

Moses Ne.ver, Summithill 

East Deer Coal Co., Tarentum 

Price-Pancoast Coal Co., Throop 

Susquelianna &• New York R. R. Co., Towanda 

Upper Lehigh Coal Co., Upper Lehigh 

Browning Coke Co., Uniontown 

Brownsville Coke Co., Uniontown 

Hustead-Semans Coal &: Coke Co., Uniontown 

Masree Coke Co., Uniontown 

Mount Hope Coke Co., Uniontown 

Newcomer Coke Co.. Uniontown 

W. J. Parshall, Uniontown 

Prospect 0. & C. Co., Uniontown 

Shannon C. it C. Co., Uniontown 

South Fayette Coke Co., Uniontown 

Sunshine Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown 

Tower Hill Connellsville Coke Co., Uniontown 



183 



OAR CONSTRUCTION— Continued 



Waltersburg Coke Co., Uniontown 

WLyel Coke Co., Uniontown 

Pennsylvania R. R., Verona 

\'inton Colliery Co., Vintondale 

Oakes Bros. Coal Co., Volant, K. D. 

Genuine Connellsville Coke Co., Waltersburg 

Beaver Coal & Coke Co., Wampum 

Waynesburg & Washington Railroad Co., Waynes- 
burg 

Ijaekawanna Coal & Coke Co., Wehrum 

A. J. Luudquist & Co., Wellsboro, R. D. 

Midvalley Coal Co., Wilburton 

Standard Moshannon Coal Co., Williamsport 

Central R. R. Co. of New Jersey, Ashley, 
Wilkes-Barre 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co. & Coxe Bros. & Co., 
Inc., Wilkes-Barre 

Morris Run Coal Mining Co., Wilkes-Barre. 

W. H. Shepherd & Son, Wilkes-Barre 

Susquehanna Coal Co., Wilkes-Barre 

Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre 

The Shenango Furnace Co., Wilpen 



Berwlnd-White Coal Mining Co., Windber 

Rummel Coal Mining Co., Windber 

Carnwath Coal Co., Winburne 

*Cascade Coal & Coke Co. (Mines at Tyler and 
Sykesville, Penn.), Buffalo, N. T. 

* Jefferson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Co., Roch- 
ester, N. y. 

^Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co., Roch- 
ester, N. T. 

'Allegheny Coal Co. (Mines at Cheswick, Penn.), 
Cleveland, Ohio 

*Warren-Leonard Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio. 

*Warner-Youghiogheny Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio 

*The Youghiogheny & Ohio Coal Co., Cleveland, 
Ohio 

"Island Run Coal Co., East Liverpool 

*Atlas Coke Co. (Works at Helen, Penn.), Lee- 
tonia, Ohio 

*McKeefrey Coal Co., Leetonia, Ohio 

*LaBelle Coke Co., Steubenville, Ohio 

*The Witch Hazel Coal Co., Youngstown, Ohio 



CASKETS AND COFFINS 



Bangor Casket Mfg. Co., Bangor 

Boyertown Burial Casket Co., Boyertown 

Erie Burial Case Co., Erie 

F. H. Campbell, Espyville 

The Freedom Casket Co., Freedom 

Harrlsburg Burial Case Co., Harrisburg 

Hazleton Mfg. Co., Hazleton 

J. S. Claypool Lbr. Co., Kittanning 

J. D. Bowers, New Holland 

J. C. Henninger, New Holland 

Penua. Burial Case Co., Keynoldsville 

Riegelsville Mfg. Co., Riegelsville 

C. L. Wilmot, Rome 



A. & J. Janton, 140S-10 N. Eleventh St., Phila- 
delphia 

The Paxson & Comfort Co., 529 Arch St., Phila- 
delphia 

National Casket Co., 733 Chartiers St., North 
Diamond Sta., Pittsburgh 

C. G. Sellers, Saint Thomas 

United States Casket Co., Scottdale 

.Tohn Benore, Scranton 

Sunbury Coffin and Casket Co., Sunbury 

Suuderland Lumber Co., Sunbury 

Bischoff Estate, Tamaqua 

Charles Fritz, Weisenburg 

L. B. Lacey, West Auburn 



CHAIRS. AND CHAIR STOCK 



Boehm & Spiegel Co., AUentown 

.Johnston &. Swartz, AUentown 

The Yeager Furniture Co., AUentown 

A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland 

Clearfield Wooden- Ware Co., Inc., Clearfield 

Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Ooraopolis 

Corry Chair Co., Corry 

U. S. Chair Co., Corry 

Keystone Handle Co., Corydon 

J. D. Westeott & Son, Endeavor 

E. T. Beers, Fallentimber 

Kurtz Furniture Co., Fullerton 

Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg 

American Chair Manufacturing Co., Hallstead 

Wm. Kemper, Hampton 

.Tesse Wolford, Hunterstown 

Indiana, Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana 

W. DeFrehn & Sons, Johnstown 

Emporium Lumber Co., Keating Summit 

Salmon Creek Lumber Co., Kellettville 

Penn. Swing & Ladder Co., Lancaster 

Lewisburg Chair Co.,, Lewisburg 

Lehentaler Bros., Loleta 

Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen 

Willson-Bennett-Porter Co. , Montoursville 

James Barker, Inc., Sixth & Cayuga, Phila 

delphia 
Bloch Go-Cart Co., 113G-4S N. American St., 

Philadelphia 

CL 

Then Pen Argyl Clock Case Co., Pen Argyl 
American Cuckoo Clock Co., 1665 Ruffner St., 
Philadelphia 



Bodenstein & Kuemmerle, Inc., Lawrence St. & 

Girard Ave., Philadelphia 
James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Jolin Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 

Philadelphia 
J. Hetherington, 206 Quarry St., Philadelphia 
Sikes Furniture Co., 23rd & Passyunk, Phila- 
delphia 
I. H. Wisler & Son, 223 & 225 N. Sixth St., 

Philadelphia 
A. G. Pera, 595S Baum St., Pittsburgh 
Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 34 Water 

St., Pittsburgh 
AI. M. Whetstone, Schellsburg 
Mayes Novelty Factory, Sonestown 
Tlie Tidioute Rocker Co., Ltd., Tidioute 
Titusville Elastic Chair Co., Titusville 
Titusville Handle Co., Titusville 
The Shreve Chair Co., Union City 
Standard Chair Co., Union City 
The Union City Chair Co., Union City 
Variety Turning & Furn. Mfg. Co., Union City 
Samuel Peterson, Warren 
F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg 
J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport 
Simmons Wood Working Co., Williamsport 
, D. N. Byers, Woodbury 

OOKS 

Fred Frick Clock Co., Waynesboro 



DAIRYMEN'S, POULTERERS' AND APIARISTS' SUPPLIES 



Charles Incubator Co., Columbia 

F. E. Westby, Corry 

Prairie State Incubator Co., Homer City 

W. S. Wilcox, Turnersville, Jamestown P. O. 

Dairymen's Supply Co., Lansdqwne 



W. R. Wilcox, Lawrenceville 

Roller Tray Incubator Co., Northampton 

Phoenixville Mch. Co., Phoenixville 

The Sharpies Separator Co., West Chester 

H. W. White, Whites Valley 



ELEVATORS 



Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy 

The Albro-Clem Elevator Co., Seventh St. & 
Glenwood Ave., Philadelphia 

Atlas Elevator Co., 611 Cherry St., Philadelphia 

Eastern Elevator Co., 228 Callowhill, Philadel- 
phia 



Energv Elevator Co., 21S New St., Philadelphia 
Walter E. Goodman, 922 Callowhill, Philadelphia 
Independence Elevator Co., 710 Cherry, Phila- 
delphia 
Keystone Elevator Co., 23rd & Sansom Sts., 
Philadelphia 



*These companies have collieries in Pennsylvania. 



184 

ELEVATORS— Continued 

Oneida Elevator. Co., 733 Cherry St., Philadel- Supplee Elevator Co., 3207 Spring Garden, Phila- 

phia delphia 

O'Neill Elevator Co., 628 Cherry St., Philadel- Marshall Bros. 21st & Mary Sts., S. S., Pitts- 

phia burgh 

Otis Elevator Co., 1106 Prankford Ave., Phila- .lohn G. Speidel, Reading 

delphia 



EQUIPMENT, PLAYGROUND 



Xoll Bros. & Smith, Bausman 

Bullock Swing & Chair Mfg. Co., Inc., Belle- 

fonte 
Hertzler ic Zook Co., Belleville 
Clearfield Novelty "Works, Clearfield 
Clearfield Woodenware Co., Inc., Clearfield 
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis 
Standard Novelty Works, Duncannon 
East Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville 
A. Buch's Sons Co., Elizabethtown 
Greensburg Swing Co., Greensburg 



McKay Gilmore Furniture Co., Grove City 
Penn Swing & Ladder Co., Lancaster 
Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen 
Eclipse Pulley Co., Meyersdale 
Penn Wheelbarrow Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts- 
burgh 
R. M. Bowser & Son, Renfrew 
The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville 
J. C. McQuaid, West View 
Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 



J. K. Hornbeck, Equinunk 
Hotchkiss & Son, Lawrenceville 
Gorrnley Brothers, Hoadleys 



EXCELSIOR 



Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks 
Pronipton Excelsior Co., Prompton 
M. Elmore, White Mills 



FIXTURES 



Anton Loeper, Ashland 

Adam Waldner, Ashland 

Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 

Kurtz Bros., Bethlehem 

Hoover Bros. Mfg. Co., Berrysburg 

A. B. Hartman, Bloomsburg 
Federal Equipment Co., Carlisle 
Walton Lumber Co., Charleroi 

St. Francis Industrial School, Eddington 

Exhibition Show Case Co., Erie 

Johannesen Mfg. Co., Erie 

M. Schultz, Gallitzin 

Glen Mfg. Co., Glen Bock 

L. B. Walbert, Hancock 

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning 

The Wohlsen Planing Mill Co., Lancaster 

H. E. Walters, Middleburg 

Middletown Furniture Co., Middletown 

Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery 

Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery 

Basch & Co., 402 Cherry, Philadelphia 

B. Bernheim & Sons, 1401 N. Third St., Phila- 
delphia 

Meyer Cossoy, 624 Filbert St., Philadelphia 

John Ernst & Co., 2208 Germantown Ave., Phila- 
delphia 

J. Fisher & Co., 1216-18 N. Fifth St., Philadel- 
phia 

Chas. C. Geissler, 62 N. Fourth St., Philadelphia 

Interior Milling Co., 2531 Poplar St., Philadel- 
phia 

Irons Co., 1401 Germantown Ave., Philadelphia 

Karcher & Behn Co., Twelfth & Hamilton Sts., 
Philadelphia 

Kasansky & Bloom, 231-33 N. Lawrence St., 
Philadelphia 

Stephen F. Ketran, 12 S. 24th St., Philadelphia 

Keystone Display Rack Co., 1132 Parrish, Phila- 
delphia 

.T. Kirchhof & Co., 448 N. Twelfth St., Phila- 
delphia 

Francis D. Kramer, 1601 Spring Garden St., 
Philadelphia 

A. H. & F. H. Lippincott, Inc., 24th & Locust 
Sts., Philadelphia 

George E. Lucas, 2013 Montgomery Ave., Phila- 
delphia 

.Tohn J. McCloskey, 149 N. Fourth St., Phila- 
delphia 

Mallock & Coddlngton, 611 Cherry St., Phila- 
delphia 

Miller & England Co., 1124-32 Washington Ave., 
Philadelphi.i 

Northern Central Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon 
Car Slinji, Haltimore, Md.), Philadelphia 

Pennsylviiniii Store Fixture Co., 1304 N. Second 
St., Philadelphia 

.Tulius A. Raith's Sons, 304 Master St., Phila- 
delphia 

Rldgway Refrig. Co.. 3519 N. Lawrence St.. 
Philadelphia 

William Russell Woodworking Co., 3015-29 Chest- 
nut St., Philadelphia 



Harrv R. Rust, 724-26 Ludlow St., Philadelphia 

Sanitary Specialties Co., 1824 E. Clearfield St., 
Philadelphia 

C. J. & A. Schad, 519 Bainbridge St., Phila- 
delphia 

Segall & Son, 720 Jefferson St., Philadelphia 

Louis Sher. 2132 S. Eighth St., Philadelphia 

Sillierman & Fleisher, 1218 Mascher, Philadelphia 

John E. Sjostrom Co., Inc., 1719 N. Tenth St., 
Philadelphia 

Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts., Phila- 
delphia 

H. Dan'l Sorg, S. W. cor. Front & Montgomery 
Aves., Philadelphia 

Robert Tarlo & Son, 413-17 S. Fifth St., Phila- 
delphia 

H. Tiedemann, N. W. cor. Nineteenth St. & 
Washington Ave., Philadelphia 

V. W. Mfg. Co. (John B. Vernon, Partner), 
1616 North St., Philadelphia 

Harry Walter, 1711 N. 31st St., Philadelphia 

Weisner, Weis & Co., 240 Cherry St., Philadel- 
phia 

A. Wilt & Sons, 721 N. Front St., Philadelphia 

Frederick V. Yeager, 9-13 S. 36th St., Phila- 
delphia 

P. R. R. Co., Pitcairn 

Barnes Safe & Lock Co., 327 Third Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

S. Delp's Sons, Fourth & Liberty, Pittsburgh 

Bernard Gloekler Co., 1127 Pennsylvania Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

Kates & Co., Grant Block, Pittsburgh 

Kund & Eiber Mfg. Co., 204-24 Warrington Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

Geo. B. Monks Co., 8-10 Ketchum, Pittsburgh 

National Electric Shoe Shining Mch. Co., 422 
First St.. Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 33-34 Water 
St.. Pittsburgh 

P. & L. E. R. R., Pittsburgh 

Union R. R. Co., Port Perry 

Josiah Frederick, Pottstown 

Penna. R. R. Co., Pottsville 

R. M. Bowser & Son. Renfrew 

The Woodwork Supply Co., Reynoldsville 

John Benore, Scranton 

BriTivn Bros., Scranton 

Peck Lbr. Mfg. Co., Scranton 

Valverde Mfg. Co., Scranton 

.T. R. Newbold & Co., Sellersville 

Tlu" National Malleable Castings Co., Sharon 

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 

Bischoff Estate, Tamaqua 

Penna. R. R., Verona 

Meas Furniture Co., Warren 

Warren Veneer & Panel Co., Warren 

E. T. Long & Co., Wilkes-Barre 

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg 
Dittmar Furniture Co., Williamsport 
Geo. W. Gilbert, York 

George A. Swartz, York 
Youngsville Mfg. Co., Youngsville 



185 



FRAMES AND MOLDING, PICTURE 



Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale 
William G. Hermann, 1111 Ridge Ave., Pliila- 

delpbia 
Kirkpatrick Mfg. Co., Third St. & Glenwood 

Ave., Philadelphia 
J. B. McClees & Co., 1507 Walnut, Philadelphia 



Connij- I'rugh Co., 1430-36 Western Ave., N. S., 

Pittsburgh 
American Slate Works, Slatington 
National Sc'hool Slate Co., Slatington 
L. M. Castner, Williarasport 



FURNITURE 



Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion 
G. H. Bear Furniture Co., Allentowu 
Gottlieb Buehler & Co., AUentown 
C. A. Dorney Furn. Co., Allentown 
Johnston & Swartz. Allentown 
E. J. Sehneck & Sons, Allentown 
The Yeager Furniture Co., Allentown 
Penna. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 
M. Poet & Son, Altoona 
John E. Caruso, Ardmore 
Athens Furniture Co., Athens 
Hoover Bros. Mfg. Co., Berrysburg 
A. B. Hartnian, Bloomsburg 
Hawley-Slate Furn. Co., Bloomsburg 

A. D. Deemer Furniture Co., Brookville 
H. Crawford & Sons, Canton 
Minnequa Furn. Co., Canton 

H. J. & W. A. Krumenacker, Carrolltown 

P. Nicklas' Sons, Chambersburg 

Henry Sierer & Co., Chambersbrug 

E. M. Smith, Chambersburg 

Keystone Cabinet Co., Chester 

The New Farson Mfg. Co., Chester 

Penn Furniture Co., Conneautville 

Coraopolis Mfg. Co.. Coraopolis 

K-P-L. Furniture Mfg. Co., Corry 

J. F. Else, Cowan 

Dallastown Furniture Co., Dallastown 

R. M. Prowles, Dry Run 

East Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville 

Rutter Bros., Turtle Creek, East Pittsburgh 

Brown Furniture Co., Bast Stroudsburg 

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber 
Kurtz Furniture Co., Fullerton 
Garland Furniture Co., Garland 
Reaser Furniture Co., Gettysburg 
Dise Furniture Co., Glen Rock 
Enterprise Furniture Co., Glen Rock 
Hess Brothers, Grantville 

J. C. Reed, Greensburg 

Daniel A. Burkey & Sons, Hamburg 

Hanover Cabinet Co., Hanover 

Long Furniture, Hanover 

Penna. R. R. Co., Harrisburg 

S. A. Huntslnger, Hegins 

Penwarden Mfg. Co., Honesdale 

Hughesville Furniture Co., Hughesville 

Indiana Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana 

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning 

Lebanon Valley Furniture Co., Lebanon 

Lehighton Lumber Co., Lehighton 

LeRaysville Furniture «& Toy Mfg. Co., LeRays- 

ville 
Lowry & Akenian, Ligonier 

C. F. Bucher, Littlestown 
Clinton Furniture Co., Lock Haven 
Wra. S. Clevenger, McConnellsburg 
M. T. Wertz, Malta 

Mansfield Novelty Works, Mansfield 

Clias. Neast & Co., Mauch Chunk 

Mill Run Lumber Co., Meadvllle 

West Branch Novelty Co., Milton 

Isaac C. Decker, Montgomery 

Montgomery I^ounge Co., Montgomery 

Montgomery Table Works, Montgomery 

Montgomery Mfg. Co., Montgomery 

Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery 

Berry Bros., Montoursville 

Crandall-Bennett-Porter Co., Montoursville 

Woolever Bros., Montoursville 

Mount Wolf Furniture Co., Mount Wolf 

Muncy Mfg. Co., Ltd., Muncy 

J. D. Bowers, New Holland 

J. C. Hennlnges, New Holland 

Lillo Bros. Co., Oakdale 

J. G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie 

American Cabinet Works, 227 Buttonwood St., 
Philadelphia 

James Barker, Inc., Sixth & Cayuga, Philadel- 
phia 

Jacob Behrend, 124 W. Allen St., Philadelphia 

George W. Brenn, 1306-08 N. Marshall, Philadel- 
phia 

Burt Brothers, 200O S. Ninth St., Philadelphia 

James W. Cooper Co., 1706-20 Washington Ave., 
Philadelphia 
Henry Dilg, 828 Wood St., Philadelphia 



Phlla- 
Phila- 



Jolm A. Dabs, :^ti9 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia 

Ebert Furniture Co., Si.xth & Moore Sts., Phila- 
delphia 

Christian Gebert, 141 E. Cumberland St., Phila- 
delphia 

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 
Philadelphia 

Hale & Kilburn Co., 18th & Lehigh Ave., Phila- 
delphia 

J. S. Hardig & Son, 5109 Germantown Ave., 
Germantown, Philadelphia 

Iloehling Bros., 314 S. Lawrence. Philadelphia 

G. Horn & Co., 422 N. Orianna St., Philadelphia 

Walter E. Hunt, 1615 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 

Peter Josten, 1014 N. Third Ave., Philadelphia 

Kasansky •& Bloom, 231-233 Lawrence St., Phila- 
delphia 

Kaufmann Mfg. Co., 710-12 N. Percy St., Phila- 
delphia 

Ferdinand Keller, 216-24 S. Ninth St., 
delphia 

John Knoell & Sons, 171 Jefferson St., 
delphia 

Henry Krann Furniture Co., Sixth & Master 
Sts., Philadelphia 

Lincoln Furniture Co., 415 Brown St., Philadel- 
phia 

McCracken & Hall, 1120 Washington Ave., Phila- 
delphia 

Tlios. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1301 N. Eighth St., 
Philadelphia 

Peter C. Osada & Co., 1422 S. Front St., Phila- 
delphia 

Page & Rainey, 230 S. Second St., Philadelphia 

Morris Piatt & Co., 1406 S. Front St., Phila- 
delphia 

Pooley Furniture Co., Indiana Ave., 16th & 17th 
Sts. . Philadelphia 

John H. Ragatz & Son. 212 Chancellor St., Phila- 
delphia 

Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. E. Cor. Sixth St. 
& Columbia Ave., Philadelphia 

A. Wagenbaur. 534 N. Second St., Philadelphia 

The Winner Co., 2035-45 N. Seventh St., Phila- 
delphia 

Burrows Bros. & Co., Ltd., Picture Rocks 

John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks 

Colonial Art Furniture Co., 3906 Fifth Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

Dauler, Close & Johns, 636 Smithfield St., Pitts- 
burgh 

D. DeSimone, 230 Lorimer Ave., Pittsburgh 

Julius Eisenberger, 560 Homewood Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

Kastend Art Furniture Co., 4524 Forbes St., 
Pittsburgh 

A, G. Pera, 5658 Baum St., Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh Hardwood Working Co., 33-34 Water 
St., Pittsburgh 

H. N. Twitmyer, Pleasant Gap 

Sieling Furniture Co., Railroad 

Philadelphia & Reading R. R. Co., Reading ' 

Red Lion Furniture Co., Red Lion 

Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion. 

C. G. Sellers, Saint Thomas 

M. M. Whetstone. Schellsburg 

Charles S. Metzgar, Sciota 

lioliinson Bros., Sharpsville 

Boher & Phillips, Shippensburg 

Peerless Furniture Co., Shippensburg 

Shippensburg Table & Mfg. Co., Shippensburg 

Shrewsbury Furniture & Mfg. Co., Shrewsbury 

Pennsylvania State College, State College 

Stewartstown Furniture Co., Stewartstown 

Tillman Hontz, Summithill 

Sunbury Table Works, Sunbury 

Tidioute Furniture Mfg. Co., Tidioute 

J. O. Frost's Sous, Towanda 

Benj. Danahower, Trexler 

W. F. Dildine, Turbotville 

Rutter Bros., East Pittsburgh, 
P. O. 

Loomis Table & Furniture Co. 

The Novelty Wood Works Co., 

Variety Turning & Furniture Mfg. 
City 



Turtle Creek Br. 

Union City 
Union City 

Co., Union 



186 



FURNITURE— Continued 



Elmer Tingling, Waynesboro 

Conewango Furniture Co., Warren 

Geo. L. Folkman. Warren 

Meas Furniture Co., Warren 

Phenix Furniture Co., Warren 

Warren Table Works, Warren 

Watsontown Table & Furniture Co., Watsontown 

Eureka Mfg. Co., Weissport 

F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg 

A. n. Heilman & Co., Williamsport 

Keystone Furniture Co., Williamsport 



National Furniture Co., Williamsport 

J. K. Rishel Furniture Co., Williamsport 

Williamsport Furniture Co., Williamsport 

D. N. Byers, Woodbury 

H. E. Boring & Bro., York. 

Home Furniture, York 

Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 

Pa. Furniture Co., York 

West York Furniture Mfg. Co., York 

Forest Furniture Mfg. Co., Youngsville 

Youngsyille Mfg. Co., Youngsville 



GATES AND FENCING 



Chester Fence Co., Chester Heights 
Rutter Bros., Turtle Creek, East Pittsburgh 
Evan Moore, Elwyn 

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning 
Northern Central Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon 
Car Shop, Baltimore, Md.), Philadelphia 



East End Planing Mill Co., Sexton 

Rutter Bros., Bast Pittsburgh, Turtle Creek 

Br. P. O. 
Geo. W. Gilbert, York 



Penna. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 

J. L. McLaughlin & Sons, Bedford 

Hertzler & Zook Co., Belleville 

Cumlierland Valley R. R. Co., Chambersburg 

M. B. Landis & Co., Coopersburg 

C'odorus Handle Co., Codorus 

Kevstone Handle Co., Corydon 

r:. 'H. Leathers, Curtin 

Ringer & Co., Delmont 

C. Proutv & Co., Eldred 

J. H. Young Tiumber Co.. Emlenton 

J D. Westeott & Son, Endeavor 

Theo. J. Ely Mfg. Co., Erie 

Brie City Mfg. Co., Erie 

Washburn Mfg. Co., Erie 

F. H. Campbell, Bspyville 

Penna. Saw Co., Frackville 

Marsteller Bros. Lumber Co., Fredonia 

Girard Wrench Mfg. Co., Girard 

M. D. Hoke, Hokes Mills 

Howard Handle & Spoke Co., Howard 

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana 

Robinson & Stryke, Keating Summit 

Sheldon Handle Co., Kinzua 

Lelientaler Bros., Loleta 

American Fork and Hoe Co., North Girard 

Penn Mfg. Co., North Girard 

Hammond & Son, Ogontz 

,T G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie 



The John Buckley Hub, Spoke & Wheel Co., 

969-975 N. Second St., Philadelphia 
Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2235 Wood St., Philadelphia 
Germantown Tool Works, 518 Commerce St., 

Philadelphia 
John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 

Philadelphia 
Nelms Co., 40'7 Commerce St., Philadelphia 
N. C. Railway (Address, Mt. Vernon Car Shop, 

Baltimore, Md.), Philadelphia 
Thomas Ott & Co., 1124-1132 Washington Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Leon Rozzen, 1003 N. Second St., Philadelphia 
Handle & Excelsior Co., Picture Rocks 
The J. C. Russell Shovel Co., 336 Fourth Ave., 

Pittsburgh 
F. F. Chllds, Pittsfield 
Oolebrookdale Iron Co.. Pottstown 
Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading 
Wm. Rose & Bros., Sharon Hill 
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 
Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 
L. Hammond, Spangler 
Titusville Handle Co., Titusville 
Fred Caflisch, Union City 
The Star Handle Co., Union City 
Union Fui-nace Handle Co., Union Furnace 
Samuel Peterson, Warren 
Chas. Fritz, Weisenburg . 
F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg 



INSTRUMENTS, MUSICAL 



A. B. Feljemaker Organ Co., Erie 

A. Gottfried & Co., Erie 

Kellmer Piano Co., Hazleton 

Miller Organ «: Piano Co., Lebanon 

Bates & Cullev, 706-18 Mercy St., Philadelphia 

Cunningham Piano Co., 4948 Parkside Ave.. 

Philadelphia 
C. S. Haskell, 1520-22 Kater St., Philadelphia 



Kinetic Engineering Co., 60th & Baltimore Ave., 
Pliiladelphia 

The Lester Piano Co., 1306 Chestnut, Philadel- 
phia 

Painter & Swing, 1105 Spring Garden, Philadel- 
phia 

Chas. F. Durner, Quakertown 

Weaver Organ & Piano Co., York 



INSTRUMENTS, PROFESSIONAL AND SCIENTIFIC 



Penna. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona 

Logan Iron & Steel Co., Burnham 

Theo. Alteneder & Sons, 945 Ridge Ave., Phila- 
delphia 

Charles A. Anderson, 1629 N. Tenth St., Phila- 
delphia 

Nathan Cohen, 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia 

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 
Philadelphia 

T. H. Grigg, Lancaster Ave. & Baring St., 
Philadelphia 



Joseph B. Levy, 1429 21st St., Philadelphia 

Lippincott Pencil Co., 220 N. 23rd St., Phila- 
delphia 

Thos. Mills .t Bro., Inc., 1301 N. Eighth St., 
Philadelphia 

Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts., Frank- 
ford, Philadelphia 

Martin H. Walrath, Broad & Cambria Sts., 
Philadelphia 

Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 

Verona Tool Works, Verona 



INSULATOR PINS AND BRACKETS 



The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana 
Roblnia Pin Co., Newville 



S. J. Bailey, Nicholson 
J. W. Endsley, Somerfield 



Appolo Step Ladder Co., Appollo 
Covnopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis 
American Mfg. & Novelty Co., Brie 
Indiana Bent Rung Ladder Co., Indiana 
Penna. Swing and Ladder Co., Lancaster 
Pencoyd Iron Works, Pencoyd 



LADDERS 

Nathan Cohen 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia 
John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks 
.Acme Mfg. Co., Marshall Ave., N. S., Pitts- 
burgh 
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 



187 



LAUNDRY APPLIANCES 



Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion 

Apollo Step Ladder Co., Apollo 

Clearfield Wooden-Ware Co., Inc., Clearfield 

Coudersport Mangle Roller Mfg. Co., Couders- 

port 
East Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville 
American Mfg. and Novelty Co., Erie 
Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie 

The Wagner Curtain Stretcher Co., Greensburg 
Wyman Kimble Planing Mill, Honesdale 
S. H. Everett. McEwensville 
Motz Lumber Co., Monessen 
Stokes Mfg. Co., Montgomery 
Miller Mfg. Co., Myerstown 
The Eclipse Co., North Girard 
The Empire Co., North Girard 



Gen. Mfg. Co., North Girard 

Frank Hopkins, North Girard 

L. Hopkins Mfg. Co., North Girard 

Penu. Mfg. Co., North Girard 

J. T. Hammond & Son, Inc., 4534 Hedge St., 

Prankford, Philadelphia 
John P. Little Co., Picture Rocks 
Acme Mfg. Co., Marshall Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh 
Josiah Frederick, Pottstown 
Household Mfg. Co., Royersford 
Mayes Novelty Factory, Sonestown 
Sonestown Mfg. Co., Sonestown 
The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville 
D. W. Frazee, Wellsboro 
Atlas Wooden Novelty Co., Williamsport 
Sonestown Manufacturing Co., Williamsport 



MACHINERY AND APPARATUS, ELECTRICAL 

Penna. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona Standard Underground Cable Co., Westinghouse 
Westinghouse Elec. Mfg. Co., East Pittsburgh Bldg., Pittsburgh 

Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2235 Wood St., Philadelphia The Union Switch and Signal Co., Swissvale, 
Louis Kirchgraber, 613-15 Cherry St., Philadel- Pittsburgh 

phia Hazard Manufacturing Co., Wilkes-Barre 



MACHINE CONSTRUCTION 



S. Flory Mfg. Co., Bangor 

Keystone Driller Co., Beaver Falls 

Blaisdell Machinery Co., Bradford 

Boviard & Seyfang Mfg. Co., Bradford 

Carbondale Mch. Co., Carbondale 

The Wolf Co., Chambersburg 

P. G. Frederick & Co., Chicora 

Wangaman Mfg. Co., Clarendon 

Clearfield Machine Shops, Clearfield 

Downingtown Mfg. Co., Downingtown 

The Eddy stone Mfg. Co., Eddystone 

Wilniot Engineering Co., Hazleton 

McLanahan-Stone Machine Co., HoUidaysbuirg 

American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square 

Edwards Mfg. Co., Laceyville 

Curtis E. Showalter, I andisburg 

Rob'nson Mfg. Co., Muncy 

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy 

New Holland Machine Co., New Holland 

Weaver & Co., New Oxford 



Oil Well Supply Co., Oil City 

New Jersey Zinc Co., Palmerton 

James Barker, Inc., Sixth and Cayuga, Phila- 
delphia ■■ 

A,1ax Mfg. Co., 848 Jar'ville, N. S., Pittsburgh 

Thomas Carlins Sons Co., 1600 River Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., Twelfth and Etna, 
Pittsburgh 

Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor. Garrison 
Place and Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh 

Ellis Keystone Agl. Works, Pottstown 

Philadelphia & Beading R. R. Co., Reading 

Landis Bros., Rheems 

Mayes Novelty Factory, Sonestown 

H. C. Mapes, Tionesta 

Frick Co., Waynesboro 

Geiser Mfg. Co., Waynesboro 

A. B. Far'ouhar Co., Ltd., York 

Heneh & Drumgold, York 



MANUAL TRAINING PRACTICE (SLOYD) 



School, Altoona 

School, Beaver Falls 

School, Braddock 

School, Butler 

School, Conshohocken 

School, Corry 

School, DuBois 

School, Erie 

Technical High School, Harrisburg 

Schwab Industr'al School, Homestead 

School, Johnstown 



School, Lebanon 

School, Monessen 

School, New Castle 

Carnegie Tech. School, Pittsburgh 

Schools, Pittsburgh 

School, Reading 

Technical High School, Adams Ave., Scranton 

School, Sharon 

Penn. State College, State College 

Radnor Township High School, Wayne 

Schools, Williamsport 



MINE EQUIPMENT 



Alden Coal Co., Alden Station 

W. Harry Brown, Alicia 

Latrobe Coal Co., Altoona 

Fall Brook Coal Co., Antrim 

Lake Ariel Lumber Co., Ariel 

Pittsburg & Southwestern Coal Co., Avella 

Charles M. Dodson & Co., Beaver Brook 

Beaver Run Coal Co., Beaverdale 

Connell Anthracite Mining Co., Bernice 

Big Run Mfg. Co., Big Run 

Bells M'll Coal Co., Blairsville 

Blairsville Coke Co., Blairsvile 

Conemaugh Coal Co., Blairsville 

Graff Coal Co., Blairsville 

Maher Coal & Coke Co., Blairsville 

Roar'ng Run Mining Co., Blairsville 

Blossburg & Coal Run Coal Co,. Blossburg 

Jenkins Bros., Blossburg 

Terry Coal Co., Blossburg R. D. 

McClane Coal Co., Bridgeville 

Brier Hill Coke Co.. Bridseville 

E. J. Walker & Co., Brisbin 

Schuylkill lehigh Coal Co.. Brockton 

McKnight Coal Co., Brockwayville 

Champion Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville 

Union Connellsville Coke Co., Brownsville 



Lake Shore Gas Coal Co., Buena Vista 
East Mountain Coal Co., Carbondale 
Casey Coal Co., Carnegie 
Cheat Haven Coal & Coke Co., Cheat Haven 
Clearflelrl Bituminous Coal Corp., Clearfield 
Clearfield Clay Working Co., Clearfield 
Goshen Coal Co., Clearfield 
Blain Run Coal Co., Coalport 
Evans Coal & Coke Co., Connellsville 

R. Manetta Coal Co,, Connellsville 

Manetta Connellsville Coke Co.. Connellsville 

Pittsburg Plate Glass Co., Creighton 

E. H. Leathers, Curtin 

Ford Collieries Co., Curtisvllle 

Washina-ton Coal & Coke Co., Dawson 

Georsre Minns. .Jr., DuBois 

Oak Hill Coal Co., Duncott 

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Scranton, Dunmore 

Br. P. 0. 
Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Scranton, Dunmore 

Br. P. O. 
Keystone Mining Co., East Brady 
Monarch Coal Co.. Bast Brady 
Island Run Coal Co., East Liverpool 
Springfield Coal Mining Co., Ebensburg 
Ellsworth Collieries Co., Ellsworth 
Crescent Coal Co., Bpton -- , 



1S8 



MINE EQUIPMENT— Continued 



Export Coal Co., Export 

Clinton Falls Coal Co., Forest City 

Eagle Coal Co., Fredell 

Kerr Coal Co., Freeport 

H. D. Bradly, Gallitzin 

The Taylor & McCoy Coal & Coke Co., Gallitzin 

Enterprise Coal Co., Garrett 

W. R. McTurk Coal Co., Girardsville 

Cornell Coal Co., Glassmere 

Graceton Coke Co., Graceton 

Apollo Coal Co., Greensburg 

Atlantic Crushed Coke Co., Greensburg 

Keystone Coal & Coke Co., Greensburg 

Rich Hill Coal Co., Hastings 

J. S. Wentz & Co., Hazelbrook 

Harwood Coal Co., Hazleton 

Hazle Mountain Coal Co., Hazleton 

A. Pardee & Co., Hazleton 

Estate of A. S. Van Wickle, Hazleton 

Penn-Mary Coal Co., Heilwood 

McLanahan-Stone Mach. Co., Hollidaysburg 

Penna. Smokeless Coal Co., Hollsopple 

W. S. B. Hays, Homestead 

Huntingdon Coal Co., Himtingdon 

John Langdon, Huntingdon 

The L. C. Hasinger Co., Indiana 

Broad Top Coal & Mineral Co., Jacob 

G. B. Markee Co., Jeddo 

Humbert Coal Co., Jessup 

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown 

Suppes Coal Co., Johnstown 

Great Lakes Coal Co., Kaylor 

East Boston Coal Co., Kingston 

Allegheny River Mining Co., Kittanning 

Stewart Coal Co., Knox Dale 

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Lansford 

Latrobe-Connellsville Coal & Coke Co., Latrobe 

ITnity-Connellsville Coke Co., Latrobe 

Widnoon Coal Mining Co., Lawsonham 

Armstrong County Coal Co., Leechburg 

Jas. Harris & Sons, Lilly 

Lloydell- Coal Mining Co., Lloydell 

Logansport Coal Co., Logansport 

Raridan & East Brady C. Co., Logansport 

Northern Anthracite Coal Co., Lopez 

Puritan Coke Co., McClellandtown 

Bowman Bros. Co., McKeesport 

Moosic Mountain Coal Co., Marshwood 

Spring Hill Coal Co., Mayfield 

T. H. Wachua. Mayfield 

Atlantic Coal Co., Meyersdale 

Phillips Bros., Middleport 

Buck Run Coal Co., Minersville 

Darkwater Coal Co., Minersville 

P'ne Hill Coal Co., Minersville 

West End Coal Co., Mocanaqua 

Dodson Coal Co., Morea Colliery 

National Mining Co., Morgan 

The Leesburg Coal Co., New Castle 

Thompson Connellsville Coke Co., New Salem, 

R. T>. 
Olyphant Coal Co.. Olyphant, R. D. 
.The Hedstrom Coal Mining Co., Parkers Landing 
Mt. Jessup Coal Co., Peckville 
Penfleld Coal & Coke Co., Penfleld 
Colonial Collieries Co., Philadelphia 
Forge Coal Mining Co., lOOO Franklin Bank 

Bldg., Philadelphia 
Highland Coal Mining Co., Real Estate Trust 

Bldg., Philadelphia 
Lehigh & Wilkes-Barre Coal Co., 71S Reading 

Terminal, Philadelphia 
W. H. Piper & Co., Real Est. Trust Bldg., 

Philadelphia 
Shoemaker Coal Mining Co., 1507 Real Estate 

Trust Bldg., Philadelphia 
South Pork Coal Mining Co., Bullitt Bldg., 421 

Chestnut St., Philadelphia 
Bessemer Coke Co., Oliver Bldg.. Pittsburgh 
Blaine Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., Pittsburgh 
Carnegie Coal Co., 1315 Paix Bldg., Pittsburgh 
H. C. Friok Coke Co., Pittsburgh 
John M. Greek & Co., SIO Park Bldg., Pittsburgh 
Hostetter Connellsville Coke Co., Pittsburgh 
Monongahela River Consolidated Coal & Coke 

Co., Smithfleld St., Pittsburgh 
Mountain Smokeless Coal Co., 2204 Oliver Bldg., 

Pittsburgh 
Oliver & Snyder Steel Co., South Tenth & Muriel 

Sts., Pittsburgh 
Pittsburgh-Baltimore Coal Co., First National 

Bank Bldg.. Pittsburgh 



Pittsburgh Coal Co., Smithfield St., Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh-Westmoreland Coal Co., Fulton Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

Sampson & Hormel, Wilkinsburg, R. D., Pitts- 
burgh 

J. H. Sanford Coal Co., 1315 Park Bldg., Pitts 
burgh 

Somerset Smokeless Coal Co., First National 
Bank Bldg., Pittsburgh 

United Coal Co., First National Bank Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

United Connellsville Coke Co., Oliver Bldg., 
Pittsburgh 

The Vesta Coal Co., Third Ave. and Ross St., 
Pittsburgh 

McCauley Coal Co., Pittston 

Yost Mining Co., Pittston 

Roaring Run Mining Co., Plainsville 

Parrish Coal Co., Plymouth 

The Penker Coal Co., Portage, R. D. 

Philadelphia & Reading Coal & Iron Co., Potts- 
ville 

Anita Coal Mining Co., Punxsutawney 

Bowersville Coal Co., Punxsutawney 

Cortez Coal Co., Punxsutawney 

John McLeavy & Co., Punxsutawney 

Geo. Pearce & Sons, Puritan 

Bulah Coal Co., Ramey 

Bulah Shaft Coal Co., Ramey 

Girard Mammoth Coal Co., Ravenrun 

•Jermyn & Co., Rendham 

Irvona Coal & Coke Co., Rosebud 

Butcher Creek Coal Co., St. Clair 

Mount Hope, Coal Co.. St. Clair 

The St. Clair Coal Co., St. Clair 

Shawinut Mining Co., St. Marys 

Bowman Coal Mining Co., Saltsburg 

M. S. Kemmerer & Co., Sandy Run 

Liucolu Coal & Coke Co., Scottdale 

Carney & Brown Coal Co., Dunmore, Scranton 

The Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R. R 
Co., Mining Dept., Scranton 

Dolph Coal Co., Ltd.. Scranton 

Hillside Coal & Iron Co., Dunmore, Scranton 

Nay Aug Coal Co., Scranton 

Pennsylvania Coal Co., Dunmore, Scranton 

Peoples Coal Co., Scranton 

Scranton Coal Co., Scranton 

Oxford Coal Co., Shaft 

H. H. Smith & Co., Shaft 

Greenough Red Ash Coal Co., Shamokin 

Shipman Coal Co., Shamokin 

Thomas Colliery Co., Shenandoah 

J. B. Anderson & Son, Shickshinny 

Baxter Ridge Coke Co., Smithfield 

Leland Coal Mining Co., Smokerun 

Consolidation Coal Co., Somerset 

H. C. Stineman, South Fork 

O. M. Stineman, South Fork 

H. A. Underwood, Strattonville 

East Deer Coal Co., Tarentum 

D. L. Ruff, Tarrs 

Price Pancoast Coal Co., Throop 

Brownsville Coke Co., Uniontown 

Hope Coke Co.. Uniontown 

Hustpad-Semans Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown 

Olive Coal Co., Uniontown 

W. J. Parshall, TTniontown 

Prospect Coal & Coke Co., Uniontown 

South Fayette Coke Co., Uniontown 

W.nltersburg Coke Co., Uniontown 

Whyel Coke Co., Uniontown 

Vinton Colliery Co., Vintondale 

Genuine Cnunpllsville Coke Co., Waltersburg 

Lackawanna Coal & Coke Co , Wehrum 

A. J. Lundquist & Co., Wellsboro R. D. 

H. W. White. Whites Valley 

Mid valley Coal Co., Wilburton 

Coxe Bros. & Co., Inc., Wilkes-Barre 

I,ehiffh ^'alley Coal Co.. Wilkes-Barre 

Susouehanna Coal Co., W'lkes-Barre 

Sampson & Hormel, Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg 
Br. P. O. 

Borwind- White Coal Mining Co., Windber 

W. J. Stein, Woodville 

*Jeffprson & Clearfield Coal & Iron Co., Ro- 
chester, N. Y. 

■"Rochester & Pittsburgh Coal & Iron Co., Roch- 
ester. N. Y. 

*Warner-Leonard Coal Co., Cleveland, Ohio 

*.VtIas Coke Co., Works at Helen, Pa.. Leetonia. 
Ohio 



*These companies have collieries in Pennsylvania. 



189 



PATTERNS AND FLASKS 



International Motor Co., AUentown 

Penu. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona 

Penn. R. R. Co. (Juniata Shops), Altoona 

'llie Autocar Co., Ardmore 

S. Flory Mfg. Co., Bangor 

Keystone Driller Co., Beaver Falls 

Hertzler & Zoolj Co., Belleville 

Gruber Wagon Works, Bernville 

Blairsville Enamehvare Co., Blairsville 

Herman & Hassert, Inc., Bloomsburg 

Improved Traction Engine Co., Boynton 

West Penn. Steel Co., Braclienridge 

Braddocli Mactiine & Mfg. Co., Braddock 

Blaisdell Machinery Co., Braddock 

Bovaird & Seyfang Mfg. Co., Bradford 

Standard Cast Iron Pipe & B'oundry Co., Bristol 

Logan Iron & Steel Co., Burnham 

Standard Steel Works Co., Burnham 

California Foundry & Machine Co., California 

American Welding Co., Carbondale 

The Carbondale Mch. Co., Carbondale 

Ghambersburg Engineering Co., Chambersburg 

The Wolf Co., Chambersburg 

Cherry Tree Iron Works, Cherry Tree 

American Steel Foundries, Chester 

Federal Steel Foundry Co., Chester 

Penn. Steel Casting & Machine Co., Chester 

Clearfield Fire Brick Co., Clearfield 

Clearfield Machine Shops, Clearfield 

Harbison Walker Ref. Co., Clearfield 

Luckens Iron & Steel Co., Coatesville 

Freed Heater Co., Inc., CoUegeville 

The Keeley Stove Co., Columbia 

Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis 

Shamburg & Allen Mach. Co., Coraopolis 

Downingtown Mfg. Co., Downingtown 

Westinghouse Electric Mfg. Co., East Pittsburg 

Pennsylvania Iron Works Co., Eddystone 

The Eddystone Mfg. Co., Eddystone 

A. Buch's Sons Co., Elizabethtown 

L. L. Fisk, Emporium 

General Electric Co., Erie 

National Foundry Co., Erie 

Frank R. Glisson, Exton 

Fleetwood Metal Body Co., FleetvFOod 

American Steel Foundries, Franklin 

Wm. Shimer, Son & Co., Freemansburg 

Buffalo & Susquehanna R. R., Galeton 

Pittsburgh Steel Foundry, Glassport 

The Kelley & Jones Co., Greensburg 

The W. 0. Hickok Mfg. Co., Harrisburg 

Wilmot Engineering Co., Hazleton 

Mclyanahan-Stone Mach. Co., Hollidaysburg 

Hyde Park Foundry & Machine Co., Hyde Park 

Pa. Rubber Co., Jeannette 

F. & E. Trump, Jersey Shore 

Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown 

The Lorain Steel (5o., Johnstown 

American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square 

Orenstein Arthur Koppel Co., Koppel 

Crucible Steel Casting Co., Lansdowne 

Sanitary Co.. of America, Linfleld 

RoF-enfranz Machine Co., McKeesport 

Taylor-Wilson Mfg. Co., McKees Rocks 

Johnetta Fdy. & Machine Co., Marianna 

Robinson Mfg. Co., Muncy 

Sprout, Waldron & Co., Muncy 

Union Spring & Mfg. Co.. New Kingston 

The Alan Wood, Iron & Steel Co., Norristown 

Norris Pattern and Machine Co., Norristown 

National Transit Co. Shops, Oil City 

Oil Well Supply Co., Oil City 

Osceola Silica & Fire Brick Co., Osceola Mills 

S. B. Stine, Osceola Mills 

New Jersey Zinc Co., Palmerton 

American Bridge Co. and Pencoyd Iron Works, 

Pencoyd 
Geo. R. Allen, 13th & Buttonwood, Philadelphia 
American Pattern Works, 3336 Market St., Phila- 
delphia 
Edwin A. Anderson, 203 Quarry St., Philadelphia 
The Baldwin Locomotive Works, 500 N. Broad 

St., Philadelphia 
James Barker, Inc., Sixth & Cayuga, Philadel- 
phia 
Charles P. Biggin Co., 1829 Harlan St., Phila- 

de'.phia ^ 
E. Bromily & Son, Orthodox & Gaul, Philadel- 
phia 
Edw. L. Calely, 945 Ridge Ave., Philadelphia 
Clarks Iron Foundry, 35th & Grays Ferry Road 
Frank P. Cooper, 130 Reed St., Philadelphia 
Oliver I. Dill, 406 N. Tenth St., Philadelphia 
The Eynon Evans Mfg. Co., 15th & Clearfield, 
Philadelphia 



Fairmount Patterns Works, 1922 Brandywine 

St., Philadelphia 
Richard Fields, S14 Buttonwood, Philadelphia 
R. G. Fleischmann, 40V Cherry St., Philadelphia 
Girard Iron Works, 22d & Master Sts., Phila- 
delphia 
John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 

Philadelphia 
George u. Gumpert, 240 Cherry St., Phila. 
Hale & Kilburn Co., ISth & Lehigh Ave., 

Philadelphia 
William L. Halsam, 506 N. 12th St., Philadelphia 
Edw. Harrington, Son & Co., 17th and Callow- 
hill, Philadelphia 
William C. Horniel, 1407 Vine St., Philadelphia 
Humphreys Chr^stman Co., 635 N. Watt St., 

Philadelphia 
Thomas J. Hunter Co., 148 N. 7th St., Phila- 
delphia 
Walter S. Kalbach, 2227 Wood St., Philadelphia 
T. B. Luzier & Son, 1645 N. 10th St., Philadel- 
phia 
John McConville, 215 N. 2d St., Philadelphia 
H. A. May Foundry Co., 30th & Chestntit Sts., 

Philadelphia 
Meerbach & Schneider, 1612 Vandyke St., Phila- 
delphia 
Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1391 N. 8th St., Phila- 
delphia 
Frank Pettit Ornamental Iron Works, 809 Mas- 
ter St.. Philadelphia 
Quaker City Pattern Works, 504 N. 12th St., 

Philadelphia 
Isaac A. Sheppard & Co., Erie Ave. & Sepviva, 

Philadelphia 
J. Thompson & Co., Van Horn & Sophia Sts., 

Philadelphia 
Tioga Foundry Co., 22d & Allegheny, Philadel- 
phia 
Union Machine Works & Iron Fdy., 182a S 

Water St., Philadelphia 
V. W. Mfg. Co., 1616 North St., Philadelphia 
W. J. Webb, 821 Cherry St., Philadelphia 
Wm. Wharton, Jr. & Co., Inc., 2oth & Wash- 

nigton Ave., Philadelphia 
Wickes Bros., Philadelphia 
Phoenix Iron Co., Philadelphia 
Phoenix Machine Co., Phoenixville 
American Steel Foundries, 36th & A. V. Ry., 

Pittsburgh 
Axthelm Mfg. Co., 242 Third Ave., Pittsburgh 
Best Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh 

Thomas Carlins Sons Co., 1600 River Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 
Duquesne Steel Foundry Co., 1104 Arrott Bldg., 

Pittsburgh 
Epping-Carpenter Co.. 41st & A. V. Ry., Pitts- 
burgh 
Fort Pitt Mai. Iron Co., Box No. 10.54, Pitts- 
burgh 
Iron City Sanitary Mfg. Co., 1514 Oliver Bldg., 

Pittsburgh 
Lewis Foundry & Machine Co., Box. No. 1597, 

Pittsburgh 
McConway & Tooley Co., 4Sth & A. V. Ry., 

Pittsburgh 
McDowell & Co., Galveston & Western, N. S., 

Pittsburgh 
Mackintosh, Hemphill & Co., 12th & Etna Sts., 

Pittsburgh 
The Marine Mfg. & Supply Co., Water St., 

Pittsburgh 
The Phoenix Glass Co., Box 757, Pittsburgh 
Pittsburgh Elec. & Mch. Wks., Barker Place, 

Pittsburgh 
Pittsburgh Malleable Iron Co., Pittsburgh 
H. K. Porter Co.. 49th & A. V. Ry., Pittsburgh 
G. & J. Rieseck, 16th St., Pittsburgh 
Sigwart & Rolston Mch. Works, Cor. Garrison 

Place & Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh 
The Simonds Mfg. Co., 25 Liberty Sts., Pitts- 
burgh 
Slentz Mfg. Co., 326 3rd Ave., Pittsburgh 
Somnierflekl Mach. & Mfg. Co., 216 2d Ave., 

Pittsburgh 
Standard Pattern Co., 2.Sth St., Pittsburgh 
Union Fdy. & Machine Co., Pittsburgh 
Union Switch & Signal Co., Braddock Ave., 

Swissvale, Pittsburgh 
H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan 

.'\ves.. Pittsburgh 
Punxsntawney Fdry. & Machine Co., Punxsu- 

tawney 
Roberts, Winner & Co., Quakertown 



190 



PATTERNS AND FLASKS— Continued 



Philadelphia & Reading Ry. Co., Reading 

The S. G. V. Co., Reading 

John G. Speidel, Reading 

Buclvwalter Stove Co., Royersford 

Grander Stove Co., Royersford 

S. G. Barker & Son, Scranton 

Delaware, Lacliawanna & Western R. R. Co., 

Scranton 
The National Malleable Castings Co., Sharon 
Sharon Foundry Co., Sharon 
Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 
Keystone Stove Fdy., Spring City 
The Pennsylvania Steel Company, Steelton 
Union Switch & Signal Co., Pittsburgh, Swiss- 

valt Br. P. 0. 
Messinger iVIfg. Co., Tatamy 
The Westinghouse Machine Co., Trafford 



Verona Steel Castings Co., Verona 

Fricli Co., Waynesboro 

Ge^ser Mtg. Co., Waynesboro 

Landis Machine Co., Waynesboro 

Landis Tool Co., Waynesboro 

General Refractories Co., West Decatur 

Lehigh Valley Coal Co. & Coxe Bros. & Co. 

Inc., Wilkes-Barre 
Vulcan Iron Works, Wilkes-Barre 
Simmons Wood Working Co., Williamsport. 
Westinghouse Air Brake Co., Wilmerding 
Harbison-Walker Ref. Co., Woodland 
A. B. Farquhar Co., Ltd., York. 
Hench & Drumgold, York 
Pullman Motor Car Co., York 



PIPES, TOBACCO 



William Kaffer, 1128 N. Orianna, Philadelphia 
L. Nax, 146 Noble, Philadelphia 



Shaw & Leopold, Randolph & Montgomery, 
Philadelphia 



PLANING MILL PRODUCTS 
(Including Sash, Doors and Blinds, and General Millwork) 



W. M. Stover, Aaronsburg 

A. A. Albright & Son, Allentown 

Butz-Frederick & Co., Allentown 

Altoona Concrete Construction «& Supply Co., 

Altoona 
Altoona Construction Co., Altoona 
H. S. & C. S. Barthey, Altoona 
D. Counsman & Son, Altoona 
R. D. Elder Lumber Co., Juniata (Br. P. O.,) 

Altoona 
J. B. Fluke & Son, Altoona 
J. C. Ivory, Altoona 
Penn. Railroad Car Shops, Altoona 
Penn. Railroad Juniata Sho's, Altoona 
H. S. Nunemaker, Alum Bank 
Ohio Valley Lumber Co., Ambridge and Economy 
East Penn. Lumber Co., Inc., Analomink 

D. L. Saylor & Sons, Annville 
W. W. Wallace & Co., Apollo 
Adam Waldner, Ashland 
Babcock Lumber Co., Ashtola 

J. J. Weber, Ashville 

Comeby & Harris, Athens 

0. F. Thayer, Atlantic 

H. J. Hawthorn, Bainbridge 

Samuel F. Friedline, Bakersville 

John Stauffer, Bally 

Bangor Lumber Manufacturing Co., Bangor 

Wise Lumber & Coal Co., Bangor 

Barnesboro Lumber Co., Barnesboro 

T. F. Policy, Bear Lake 

Anrlerson & Cook. Beaver. 

Beaver Falls Planing Mill Co., Beaver Falls 

Commercial Sash & Door Co., Beaver Falls 

J. S. Mitclipll & Sons, Beaver Falls 

Rhodes & Garvin, Beaver Falls 

Reed & Spaid, Beavertown 

Arnold Plaining Mill, Bedford 

Bedford Plan n? Mill Co.- Bedford. 

Bellpfonte Lumber Co., Belief onte 

P. B. Crider & Son, Bellefonte 

T. R. Hamilton, Bellefonte 

Belle Vernon Planing Mill Co., Belle Vernon 

Joseph M. Young & Co., Belleville 

Jonas Benfer, Benfer 

R. T. Smith & Son. Benton 

Berwick Lumber & Supply Co., Berwick 

Harry Fahringer, Berwick 

Berwyn Millwork & Lumber Co., Berwyn 

E. L. Tawver, Biglerv'lle. 
Andre Lumber Co., Blairsville 
Columbia Plate Glass Co., Blairsville 
A. B. Hartman, Bloomsburg 
Rlchter Bros., Blossburg 

H. A. Cline, Bolivar 

S. W. McLean, Bolivar 

Eureka Lumber Co., Boswell 

Maust Lumber Co., Headquarters, Elk Lick, 

Boynton 
Brad dock Lumber Co., Braddock 
MoBride Bros., Braddock 
Price & Alman. Braddock 
H. C. Bemis, Bradford 
Tuna Manufacturing Co., Bradford 



W. H. Mellatt, Breezewood 

I. F. March's Sons, Bridgeport 

Anderson Lumber Co., Brookville 

J. C. Lucas, Brookville 

Vanleer Bros., Brookville 

Brownsville Construction Co., Brownsville 

Irwin Arnold, Buffalo Mills 

J. H. Patchiu, Burnside 

Butler Planing Mill Co., Butler 

Cornelius Lumber Co., Butler 

John R. Powell's Sons, California 

C. W. Bly stone & Son, Cambridge Springs 

Phoenix Novelty Co., Cambridge Springs 

G. M. Coon, Canton 

B. Crawford & Sons, Canton 
The Holt Lumber Co., Carbondale 
J. A. Hoole, Carbondale. 

Robert F. Nemire, Carbondale 
N. B. Robinson, Carbondale 
The Beetem Lumber & Manufacturing Co., Car- 
lisle 
Carnegie Mill & Lumber Co., Carnegie 
H. J. & W. A. Krumenacker, CarroUtown, B. D. 
G. M. Green, Cassville 
Franklin Goldsmith & Son, Catasauqna 
Zettle Bros., Center Hall 

A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland 
G. S. Cole, Center Road Station 

C. P. Blackburn, Cessna, R. D. 
Blair & Raifsnider, Chambersburg 
J. A. Hollinger, Chambersburg 

Geo. A. Minnick & Son, Chambersburg 
H. 0. Swartzwelder, Chaneysville 
Charleroi Lumber Co., Charleroi 
Walton I-umber Co., Inc., Charleroi 
J. A. Phillips & Co., Cheltenham. 
Stracey G. Glauser & Son, Chester 
James M. Hamilton, Chester 

B. W. Kinports, Cherry Tree 

E. Somerville, Cherry Tree 

P. G. Frederick Co., Chicora 

Davis Lumber & Planing. Mill, Christiana 

Waugaman Manufacturing Co., Clarendon 

J. C. McRlhattan, Clarion 

Summit Lumber Co., Clarks Summit 

F. J. Egan, Claysville 

Clearfield Millwork «S: Lumber Co., Clearfield 
Gearhart & Wrigley, Clearfield 
Samuel State, Cloe 
S. Hagarty's Sons, Coalport 
J. W. Meyer, Coburn 
Andrew Vonada, Coburn 
Shafer Bros. & Nelson, Cochranton 
J. Jay Wisler, Columbia 
E. E. Peckham, Columbia Cross Roads 
Confluence Lumber Co., Confluence 
R. H. DeArment, Conneaut Lake 
V. H. Dennis, Conneaut Lake 
Moss Bros, Conneaut Lake 
Connellsville Planing Mill Co., ConnellsvIlUe 
Fayette Lumber Co., Connellsville 
Keystone Planing Co., Connellsville 
South Connellsville Lumber Co., Connellsville 
Wm. Potts Jones, Conshohocken 
The A. L. Miller Co.. Conshohorken 
Isaac D. Shaffer, West Conshohocken Consho- 
hocken 



101 



PLANING MILL PRODUCTS— Continued 



The A. L. Miller Co., Constioliocken 

Wm. Stiilling, Cool Spring 

McKown & Beattle, Coraopolis 

H. A. Button, Coudersport 

James S. Swinley, Cowanesque 

Ingram Lumber & Supply Co., Pittsburgh, Graf- 
ton (Br. P. O.) 

Ed O'Brien, Cresson 

George C. Abraham, Damascus 

Danville Lumber Co. (Mill at Milanville), Dan- 
ville 

Colhusdale Milhvork Co., Darby. 

Stubbs & Gulp, Delta 

Denver Planing Mill, Denver 

Allen Lumber Co., Donora 

H. E. Quicliel, Dover 

Franli J. Gerlitzki, Doylestown 

F. L. Worthington, Doylestown 
J. C. Doyle, Dry Run 

A. D. Orner Woodworking Co., Dubois 

G. W. Piper Sons, Dubois 
George Smyers, Dubois 

George H. Bingham, Scranton, Dunmore (Br. 

P. 0.) 
Ziegler Lumber Co., Duquesne 
Graham Lumber Co., East Brady 
Fltzgerald-Speer Co., Easton 
J. Monroe Young, Easton 
Rutter Bros., 235 Monroeville Ave., Turtle 

Creek, East Pittsburgh 
Bast Stroudsburg Lumber Co., Inc., Bast 

Stroudsburg 
S. M. Milliken, East Waterford 
Ebensburg Planing Mill Co., Ebensburg 
Robert J. Wade, Bdinboro 
Elizabeth Planing Mill Co., Elizabeth 
H. H. Brant, Elizabethtown 
I. T. Bufflngton, Blizabethville 
National Supply & Construction Co., EUwood 

City 
Uriah Sloan's Planing Mill, Emlenton 
L. L. Fisk, Emporium 

B. T. Gealy, Enon Valley 
Ephrata Planing Mill Co., Bphrata 
George Carroll & Bro. Co., Erie 
The Constable Bros. Co., Brie 

A. A. Deming, Erie 
Lyman PelUeim, Erie 

.Tames D. Johnsou & Co., Erie. 

Kirehner Bros., Erie 

1). S. Milloy, Erie 

1). Schlosser Co., Erie 

Henry Shenk Co., Brie 

Collins Bros., Espyville 

The Edward Dambach Co., Evans City 

Earlston Planing Mill Co., Everett 

Everett Planmg Mill Co., Inc., Everett 

Export Lumber Co., Export 

MiCormick Lumber Co., Fairchance 

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber 

Falls Creek Planing Mill Co., Falls Creek 

Fawn- Grove Lumber Co., Fawn Grove 

James Patterson, Fayette City 

Finleyville Planing Mill Co., Finleyville 

A. T. Mulinx, Lincoln Palls, Forksville R. D. 

Joe S. Kotz, Fort Loudon 

Haupt Bros. & Co., Fraekville 

American Steel Foundries, Franklin 

The James Lumber Co., Franklin 

Marsteller Bros. Lumber Co., Fredonia 

W^. T. Mohler, Freedom 

Preeport Planing Mills Co., Freeport 

A. King & Sons, Freeport 

Freidens Planing Mill Co., Friedens 

M. Schultz, Gallitzin 

Albert Adsit, Geneva 

W. L. Adsit, Geneva 

George W. Stolsmith, Gettysburg 

Glassport Lumber Co., Glassport 

Glen Manufacturing Co., Glen Rock 

Glen White Coal & Lumber Co., Glenwhite 

W. G. Doughman, Grampian 

Greencastle Elevator Co., Greencastle 

.T. C. Reed, Greenslsurg 

South Greensburs Lumber Co., Greensburg 

Struble & Walthour, Greensburg 

Chas. C. Baker, Greenville 

Heilnian Lumber Co., Greenville 

King Planing Mill & Supply Co., Grove City 

McKay Gilmore Furniture Co., Grove City 

L. B. Walbert, Hancock 

John F. Rohrbaugh & Co., Hanover 

Union Planing 5011 Co., Inc., Harrisburg 

E. B. Koons, Harveyville 

Stnttmatter Bros.. Hastings 

Atkinson Box & Lumber Co., Hawley 



H. F. Bright Lumber Co., Hazleton 
Hazletou Manufacturing Co., Hazleton. 
Kellmer Pmno Co., Hazleton 
Pennsylvania-Maryland Coal Co., Heilwood 
Herudon Manufacturmg Co., Herudon 
James B. Condron, Hollidaysburg 
M. S. Hunter & Sons, Hollidaysburg 
^oah utt, Hollsupple 
M. H. Risinger, Homer City. 
Feath & Kerr, Homestead 
George M. Hall & Co., Homestead 
Homestead Lumber Co., Homestead 
Pennarden Manufacturing Co., Honesdale 
H. G. Hamer, HooversviUe 
Chas. E. Fletcher, Howard 
Ai. GiUis, Hughesville. 

Huntingdon Mill work & Lumber Co., Huntine- 
don " 

W. J. O'Mara, Huntingdon 
W. F. Laidig, Hustoutowu 
Benjamin Gilson, Hydetown 
James M. Ahlburn, Hyndman 
Hillegas & Rush, Hyndman 
W. S. Daugherty, Indiana 
Indiana Lumber & Supply Co., Indiana 
W. K. Sparks, Indian Head 
Irwin Lumber Co., Irwin 
M. J. Snodgrass, Jamestown 
X. H. Hazlett Lumber Co., Jeannette 
Union Planing Mill & Lumber Co., Jeannette 
VV. C. Nicliolson & Co., Jermyn 
Camerer & Lambert, Jersey Shore 
Cambria Steel Co., Johnstown 
Couemaugh Lumber Co., Johnstown 
Jolinstown Millwork & Lumber Co., Johnstown 
Johnstown Planing Mill Co., Johnstown 
The Thomas Kinzey Lumber Co., Johnstown 
The Lorain Steel Co., Johnstown 
David Ott & Co., Johnstown 
Wm. H. Smith Bros., Johnstown 
Levi M. Thomas, Thomas Mill, Johnstown P O 
Kane Blind & Screen Co., Kane 
Peterson & Skooglund, Kane 
Emporium Lumber Co., Keating Summit 
C. G. Gawthrop Co., Kennett Square. 
J. F. Seward & Co., Wilkes-Barre, Kingston 

John B. Senger & Sons, Kinzers 

P. S. Patterson, Kirby R. D. 

American Planing Mill Co., Kittanning 

Heilman Bros. Lumber Co., Kittanning 

Henry Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning 

West Kittanning Lumber Co., Kittanning 

W. W. Bowman, Knox 

I. M. Edgecomb's Sons, Knoxville 

H. F. Kreamer, Kreamer 

Heffner & Savage, Kutztown 

J. H. Kirk & Co., Kylertown 

A. L. Vandervort, Laceyville 

Whipple Bros., Laceyville 

John F. Johnson, Laidig 

HeiT, Draper & Co., Lancaster 

Keystone Planing Mill Co., Ijincaster 

The Wohlsen Planing Mill Co., Lancaster 

Jacob W. Dresher, Lansdale 

Wm. C. Shuster, Jr., Landsdowne 

George C. Anderson & Sons, Inc., Latrobe 

Miller Bros., Inc., Lebanon 

Leechburg Lumber Co., Leechburg 

Lehighton Lumber Co., Lehighton 

E. K. Frazer, Lemoyne 

H. M. Stauffer, Leola 

Le Raysville Furniture & Toy Mfg. Co:, Le 

Raysville 
Kulp Planing Mill Co., Lewistown 
R. N. Miller, Liberty 
1 ohr Bros., Ligonier 
International Silo Co., Linesville 
Keath-Shields Planing Mill Co., IJtitz 
Neidmyer Bros., Lititz 
C. F. Bucher, Littlestown 
George R. Julius & Bro., Littlestown 
K. D. Batchelder, Lock Haven 
Clinton Furniture Co., Lock Haven 
Hippie Estate, Loclc Haven 
H. W. Ruggles, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne (Br. 

P. O.) 
Frank L. Underwood, Luzerne 
N. F. Shillingford, McAllisterville 
P. F. Black, McConnellsburg 
Wm. S. Clevenger, McConnellsburg 
Spangler & Harris, McConnellsburg 
Downie & McCord, McKeesport 
John Calvert, McKees Rocks 
John Davis & Co.. McKees Rocks 
Elmer Nesbltt, McLane 



192 



PLANING MILL PRODUCTS— Contiuued 



Nathan Shelly, Manheim 
Hummer Bros., ivlanheim 
ii;. 1j. Grabble, Manor 
b. M. JilaKesiee, Mauorville 
George Zacherl, Marble 

B. i''. Heistaud <te Sons, Marietta 
M. A. Snyder, Markleton 

'i.ne Mars Land <& L-umuer Co., Mars 

Holger Graffius & Co., Martmsburg 

Chas. Neast & Co., Mauch Chunk 

(ieorge H. Cutter Lumber Co., Meadville 

The Walter G. Harper Lumber Co., Meadville 

Miller & Uevore, Meadville 

Mill Kun Lumber Co., Meadville 

W. E. Morrison & Son, Meadville 

1-. F. Smith, Meadville 

George W. Sauter, Menges Mills 

i). W. Faust & Sons, Mercersburg 

O. H. Allen, Meshoppen 

J. M. Stillwell, Meshoppen 

Meyersdale Planing Mill, Meyersdale 

Kern & Triss, Middleburg 

Aaron Stetler's Estate, Middleburg 

John L. Brindle, Mifflin 

Enoch Miller, Mifflinburg 

Elmer C. Kudy, Mifflinburg 

Howe Bros., Milford 

A. Douden Planing Mill Co., Millersburg 

Millersburg Manufacutring Co., Millersuurg 

J. F. Kerr, Marsh Run, Millerstown P. 0. 

Ruhl & Watson, Millmont 

C. A. Swetland, Mills , , 
Bennett Lbr. & Mfg. Co., Pittsburgh. MiUvale 

(Br. P. 0.) 
L. W. Waterhouse, Mill Village 
p:;dward Buck, MiUville 
Orville Robbins, MiUville 
1). dinger & Sons, Milton 
Jacob Fetter's Sons, Milton 
Anthracite Lumber Co., MinersvlUe 
Motz Lumber Co., Monesseu 
Westmoreland Lumber Co., Monesseu 
Monongahela Saw & Planing Mill Co., Monon- 

gahela 
I'ohe Bros., Monongahela 
Penn Furniture Co., Montgomery 
William T. Lundy, Montoursvillc 
W. H. Lundy, Montoursvillc 
Spring Brook Lumber Co., Moosic 
L. W. Hart, Morris 
P. H. Hart, Nauvoo, Morris P. 0. 
T. B. Stockham & Bto., Morrisville 
C. P. Van Brunt Manufacturing Co., Moscow 
Geiger Gibson & Co., Mount Carmel 
Mount Carmel Lumber Co., Mount Carmel 
Ijcmley Bros., Mount Morris 
H. .T.'Heiser (Mill at Shadle), Mount Pleasant 

Mills 
A. S. Welsh, Mount Union 
Edward F. Ives, Muncy 
Isaac B. Haak, Myerstown 
S. B. Price & Co., Nantlcoke 
Susquehiinna Lumber Co., Nanticoke 
Nazareth Planing Mill Co., Nazareth 

C. O. Solomon, New Berlin 

R. B. McDanel Co., New Brighton 
MaitsofE Bros. Co., New Brighton 

D. H. Fair, New Buena Vista 

Kline Lumber & Construction Co., New Castle ■ 

Mahoning Valley Lumber Co., New Castle 

New Castle Lumber & Construction Co.. New 

Castle 
Shenango Lumber Co., New Castle 
Wallace Bros., Mahoningtown Sta., New Castle 
Thomas Kirscher, New Florence 
W. E. Jones, New Park 
Newport Planing Mill, Newport 
A. W. & W. M. Watson Co., Newtown 
George & Clyde Pratt, Nicholson 
Rought-Wright Co., Nicholson and Factoryville 
H. J. & Wm. Krunenacker, Nicktown 
W. A. Baier, Nisbet R. B. 
Grater Body Co., Norristown 
Stow Lumber & Coal Co., North East 
O. M. Webber Co., Inc., North Wales 
Lillo Bros. Co., Oakdale 
C. F. Reed & Bro., Oakmont 
J. W. Bailey, Ohiopyle 
Borland & Dimond Lumber Co., Oil City 
Caldwell Lumber Co., Oil City 
United Lumber & Coal Co., Oil City 
Wilson & Carothers, Orbisonla 
L. F. Mickley, Orrtanna 
Osceola Lumber Co., Osceola Millst 
R. J. Walker., Osceola Mills 
Wm. Adams, Osterburg 



Harry Hilanian, Oxford 

W. G. Sigler, PaintersviUe 

New Jersey Zinc Co. (of Pennsylvania), Pal 

merton 
Eariy &. Wengel, Palmyra 

Palmyra Woodwork Manufacturing Co., Palmyra 
\Vm. i-otis «& Son, faikersburg 
/I. P. Reid, Parkersburg 
J. W. Ijjgan & Sons, Parnassus 
Twist & Hippensteel, Wilkes-Barre, Parsone 

(Br. P. O.) 
Fitzg( rald-Speer Co., Pen Argyl 
Harry Shatter, Penn Run 
Pennsburg Manufacturing Co., Peunsburg 
J. E. Myers, Penus Station 

C. P. Fox, Perkasie 

S. K. Slonecke, Perkiomenville 
Daniel Adams, 2940 North Marshall St., Phila- 
delphia 
EUwood Allen Lumber Co., Trenton Avenue & 

Ann St., Philadelphia 
Isaac Ambrose, 1118 Siebel, Philadelph.a 
Chas. A. Anderson, 1629 North 10th St., Ph.la- 

delpuia 
Bailey & Co., lilO New St., Philadelphia 
John Barber, 22© Chancellor St., Philadelphia 
Gustave Berger, 1143 N. Front Street, Philadel- 
phia 
John M. Cromwell, 1136 Harrison Street, Phila- 
delphia 

D. R. Crumrine, 301 Edgewood, Philadelphia 

E. M. Gulbertson & Son, 232S N. Sydenham St., 
l-hiladelphia 

John A. Dubs, 269 S. Fifth St., Philadelphia 

Esenwein & Boorse, 1M9 W. Susquehanna Ave., 
Philadelphia 

Chas. Feline & Co., York Road and Butler, 
Philadelphia 

Fite & Arbelo Co., 20th and Glenwood, 

Philadelphia 

Fritz & La Rue, 1124 Chestnut St., Philadelphia 

Frederick Gerry & Co., Schuylkill Ave. and Peltz 
Street, Philadelphia 

Wm. G. Gibson, 3527 Market St., Philadelphia 

T. H. Grigg, Lancaster Ave. and Baring St., 
Philadelphia 

Hale & Kilburn Co., ISth Street and Lehigh 
Ave., Philadelphia 

Hall Bros. & Wood. .")4th and Lancaster Ave., 
Philadelphia 

Edward F. Henson & Co., 921 N. Delaware 
Philadelphia 

HoeLng Bros., 314 S. Lawrence, Philadelphia 

Ernest Hoffman (Est), 1124-32 Washington Ave., 
Philadelphia 

Solomon Horn, 615 Pine Street, Philadelphia 

Chas. I). Hughes, 3072 Janney St., Philadelphia 

Joseph W. Janney, 1147 Beach St., Philadelphia 

Jones, Doll & Co., 203 North 22d Street, Phila- 
delphia 

S. S. Keely & Sons, Main and TJmbria Streets, 
Philadelphia 

Kensington Planing Mill, 1925 E. York Street, 
Philadelphia 

I ouis Kirchgraber. 613-15 Cherry St., Phila- 
delphia 

Charles B. Kline, 2S South 16th Str., Philadel- 
phia 

George W. Kugler & Sons Co., 919 New Market 
Street, Philadelphia 

Dudley W. Lance, 721 W. Tioga St., Phila- 
delphia 

Richard Lloyd, im North 22d St., Philadelphia 

T. B. Luzier & Son, 1645 North 10th Street, 
Philadelphia 

Joseph Miles, River Rocd, Manayunk Station, 
Philadelphia 

\. V. Miller, 239 S. Hutchinson, Philadelphia 

Peter C. Osada & Co., 1422 S. Front Street. 
Philadelphia 

John Parker & Son, 16th and Fitzwater Streets, 
Philadelphia 

I'enn.'^ylvania Sash and Door Co., 25th and Col- 
lowhill Streets, Philadelphia 

I'liiladelphia Screen Manufacturing Co., 56th 
Street and Woodland .Avenue, Philadelphia 

Staeey Reeves & Sons, 1611 Filbert Street, 
Philadelphia 

A. W. Renninger, 2309 North 6th St., Philadel- 
phia 

William Russel Woodworking Co., 3015-29 Chest- 
nut Street, Philadelphia 

Seymour Bros., 3402 Lee Street, Philadelphia 

Sheip & Vandergrlft, In? , 814-832 W. Lawrence 
Street, Philadelphia 



193 



PLANING MILL PRODUCTS— Continued 



Silberman & Fleislier, 1218 Mascher Street, 
Philadelphia 

Smedley Bros. Co., Church and Tacony Streets, 

Franlvfbrd Sta., Philadelphia 

George W. Smith & Co., Inc., 390'? Powelton 
Ave., Philadelphia 

Frank C. Snedaker & Co., 9th and Tioga Sts., 
Philadelphia 

Robert Tarle & Son, 413-17 S. Fifth Street, Phila- 
delphia 

Tucker & Staehle, 167 East Allen St., Phila- 
delphia 

William I. Underwood & Co., Cottman and Key- 
stone Sts., Tacony Sta.. Philadelphia 

Martin H. Walrath, Broad and Cambria Sts., 
Philadelphia 

Joseph T. Ward, 5809-19 Baynton Street, Phila- 
delphia 

Watson & Robinson, 49 Queen Street, German- 
town Sta., Philadelphia 

A. Wilt & Sons, 721 N. Front St., Philadelphia 

Fred V. Yeager, 9-13 S. 36th St., Philadelphia 

D. Grebe & Son, Philipsburg 

Phillipsburg Planing Mill Co., Philipsburg 

Phoenix Machine Co., Phoenixville 

George C. Fry & Son, Picture Rocks 

Chas. Werner, Pine Grove 

Lesher Lumber & Supply Co., Pitcairn 

Ahlers Lumber Co., 928 B. Ohio St., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 

Ben Avon Lumber Co., Spruce Street & Brighton 
Road, N. S., Pittsburgh 

Robert J. Barnes Co., S ISth & Mary Streets, 
Pittsburgh 

Andrew Bonsen, 150 South 18th St., Pittsburgh 

Smith Bovard, 6616 Kelly St., Pittsburgh. 

Bruekman Lumber Co., Pittsburgh 

Edward A. Caler, 621 Industry St., Pittsburgh 

Dlebold Lumber & Manufacturing Co., 99 Wa- 
bash Street, Pittsburgh 

b. M. Diebold Lumber Co., E. Liberty Station, 
Pittsburgh 



G. D. Dubarry & Co., 41st St. & A. V. Ry., 
Pittsburgh 

Filer Lumber & Mill Co., So. 23rd St., Pitts- 
burgh 

Henry J. Frey, Kaiser & Haslage Aves., Pitts- 
burgh 

Green & Evans Lumber Co., Ltd., 107 Warring- 
ton Ave., Pittsburgh 

Jacob Haney. 912 Lincoln St., Pittsburgh 

R. W. Hare, 632 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh 

L. J. Higgins Lumber Co., 33rd & Liberty Ave., 
Pittsburgh 

Edwin M. Hill, 2601 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh 

Interior Finish Co., Beaver Ave. & Fayette St., 
Pittsburgh 

T. W. Jones, 2603 Penn Ave., Pittsburgh 

The Keystone Lumber Co., S. 17th & Merriman 
Sts. . Pittsburgh 

R. A. McCa-I Lumber Co., Putnam nelar Franks- 
town Ave., Pittsburgh 

Frank McFeeley, 520 W. Reliance St., Pitts- 
burgh 

The May Lumber Co., 1201 Irwin Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 

George B. Monks, 8-12 Ketchum St., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 

NorUi Avenue Stair Co., 809 North Ave., N. S.,^ 
Pittsburgh 

Pittsburgh & Lake Erie R'. R., Pittsburgh 

Pensylvania Door and Sash Co., 900 Second. Ave-. ,. 
Pittsburgh 

Phoenix Glass Co., P. O. Box 757, Pittsburgh' 

A. F. Schwerd Manufacturing Co., 145 MeClure 
Ave., N. S., Pittsburgh 

M. Simon's Sons, 121-127 Anderson St., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 

H. R. Walter Lumber Co., Fayette & Manhattan 
Aves., Pittsburgh 

Wigman Lumber Co., S. 18th & Wharton St., 
Pittsburgh 

Young & Schmidt, 3209 Carson St., Pittsburgh 



Pittsburgh Branch Post Offices. 



Ingram Lbr. & Supply Co., 3 Prospect Ave., 
Ingram, Crafton, Pittsburgh 

Bennett Lbr. & Mfg. Co., 213 Sedgewick St., 
Millvale, Pittsburgh 

Colonial Floor Co., 1840-44, Sharpsburg, Pitts- 
burg 

Daniel Whitmore & Co., Hiel Ave., Wilkins- 
burg, Pittsburgh 

Wilkinsburg Stair & Mfg. Co., Penn Ave. & 
Penn. R. R., Wilkinsburg, Pittsburgh 

W. F. Youngk Co., 903 Hay St., Wilkinsburg, 
Pittsburgh 

The Exeter Lumber Co., Inc., Pittston 

J. E. Patterson & Co., Pittston 

Wyoming Valley Lumber Co., Pittston 

J. "W. Cook & Sons, Platea 

Clark Bros. & Co., Plymouth 

John A. Clarke, Point Marion 

A. K. Jenkins & Co., Point Marion 

Point Marion Lumber Co., Point Marion 

Lerov Pearson, Portland 

H. G. Miller, Potter Brook 

E. S. Potter, Potter Brook 

L. M. Moll, Potts Grove 

Josiah Frederick, Pottstown 

William Bueehley & Son, Pottsville 

Kreig Bros., Pottsville 

The Sailor Planing Mill & Lumber Co., Potts- 
ville 

Walter Wertley Cons, Pottsville 

James K. Long & Son, Lindsey Station, Punxsu- 
tawney 

McKean, Hare & Son, Punxsutawney 

Peoples Planing Mill, Punxsutawney 

Punxsutawney Planing Mill Co., Punxsutawney 

Silas Miller, Purcell 

G. P. Smith, Purcell 

Henry A. Good, Quincy 

Neversink Planing Mill. Reading 

Northeastern Planing Mill Co., Reading 

Philadelphia & Reading Railway Co., Reading 

Sheeder Planing Mill Co., Reading 

C. C. Bierlv, Rebersburg 

D. J. Rumbel, Red Hill 
Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion 
Joseph M. Young & Co.. Reedsville 

Isaac H. Lebo, Reinholds Station R. D. 

Philip Reitz. Reitz 

L. D. Stine, Reitz R. D. 

13 



Oil City Woodworking Co., Reno 

J. H. Baird, Renovo 

The Woodward Supply Co.. Keynoldsville 

Arthur Westgate, Riceville 

W. B. Shrawder. Richfield 

Hyde-Murphy Co., Ridgway 

Riegelsvilie Mfg. Co.. Riegelsville 

Wallace A. Hoover, Riverside 

Wallace Hoover & Bro., Riverside 

Planing Mill Co., Roaring Spring 

H. C. Fry Glass Co., Rochester 

David Hawk. Rochester Mills 

J. P. Growall, Rockwood 

Schrock Bros., Rockwood 

0. 0. West. Rogersville 
C. L. Wilmot. Rome 
Bush Bros., Royersford 
McKelvey & Peters, Rural Valley 

Henry Umholtz, Sacramento ■ 

Byron W. Stehbins, Saegerstown 

Schaut Bros. Ma.pufaeturing Co., Saint Mary's 

L. H. Knapp, Salona 

Kimmell & Cornelius, Saltillo 

George H. Rhea, Saltshurg 

Baker & Carv. Sayre 

1. S. Hart, Sayre 
Charles S. Metzgar, Sciota 
AV. A. Pentz, Scotland 
Broadway Planing Mill, Scottdale 
J. W. Ruth, Scottdale 

.John Benore, Scranton 

George H. Bingham, Dunmore (Br. P. O.) 
Scranton 

Brown Bros., Scranton 

Burcher & Robinson, Scranton 

Delaware Lackawanna & Western R. R., Scran- 
ton 

De Witt Lumber Co., Scranton 

Hagen Lumber Co.. Scranton 

Mason & Sriowdon Lumber Co., Scranton 

Nay Aug Lumber Co., Scranton 

Peck Lumber Manufacturing Co., Scranton 

AVashbiirn, Williams Co., Scranton 

J. B. Woolsey & Co., Scranton 

East End Planing Mill Co., Saxton 

Harper Bros., Shade Gap 

W. G. Piper, Shade Gap 

Ralph W. Barnhart, Shamokin 

East End Lumber Co., Shamokin 



194 



PLANING MILL PEODUCTS— Continued 



H. P. Raup & Sons, Shamokln 

Sbamokin Lumber Manufacturing Co., Shamokin 

W. G. Berkey, Shanksville 

Walker & Lowry, Shanksville 

Chas. C. Baker, Sharon 

John Cook & Son, Sharon 

IJine Cook & Son, Sharon 

J M. Hoagland & Co., Sharon 

Wallis <ffe Carley Co., Sharon 

A. Wisbart & Sons Co., Sharon 

C. C. Weaver, Sharon 
Bixby & Son, Sharon Center 

B. L. Gaines & Son, Sharpsville 
Frank W. Wiley, Sheakleyville 
G. R. Wood's Sons Co., Sheffield 
Shickshinnv Lumber Co., Sbickshinny 

D. B. Booker Planing Mill, Shillington 
Builders Home Supply Co., Shinglehouse 
W. S. Snoke, Shippensburg 

J. P. Kilmer '& Son, Shnnk 

C. P. Schulze, Silver Creek 

John H. Glassmyer, Sinking Spring 

L. L. Texter, Sligo 

W. J. Ruble, Ruble Mills. Smithfleld P. 0. 

O. W. Mitchell, Snedekerville 

Berkebile Lumber Co., Somerset 

Globe Column & Mfg. Co., Somerset 

Somerset Door & Column Co., Somerset 

Somerset Lumber Co., Somerset 

Hemsing & Son, Souderton 

Brown-Borhek Lumber Co., South Bethlehem 

Robert Pfeifle, South Bethlehem 

Perry Gilpin, South Sterling 

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 

D. H. Leaner, Springhope 
C. P. Long, Spring Mills 
Steelton Planing Mill, Steelton 
Stewartstown Lumber & Mfg. Co., Stewartstown 
John T. Long, Summerbill 

Andrew Breslin, Summithill 

Tllman Hontz, Summithill 

Malick & Erdman, Sunbury 

Sunbury Planing Mill Co., Sunbury 

T)eakiD & Ash, Susnuehanna 

J. B. Svkes, Sykesville 

Henry Becker, Tamaqua 

J. A. Schilbe, Tamaqua 

Hough & Leard Co., Ltd.. Tarentum 

The Tarentum Lbr. Co., Tarentum 

E. H. Harman, Thompsontown 
Ben Lesher, Thompsontown 



H. C. Mapes, Tionesta 
W. C. Harrison, Titusville 
D. L. Renting, Titusville 
I. L. Shank, Titusville 
Humphrey Mfg. Co., Towanda 
D. Snyder & Son, Tower City 
Park E. Wood, Townville 

F. P. Case & Son, Troy 

G. Bow Dewitt, Tunkhannock 
A. H. Harris, Tunkhannock 
Wm. Grittner, Turbotville 
Jno. B. Beam, Tyrone 

F. D. Beyer & Co., Tyrone 
Perry Bingham, Ulysses 
Caflisch Bros., Union City 
H. Clark & Son, Union City 
Douglass & Yale, Union Dale 
Carroll Lumber Co.. Uniontown 
Chas. P. Eggers, Uniontown 
South Penn Bldg. Co., Uniontown 
Oglevee, McClure & Co., Vanderbilt 
W. J. Reed, Vanderbilt 
C. C. Shaffer, Varden 
S. Heinly, Virginville 
Pickett Lumber Co., Warren 
L. D. Wetmore Co., Inc., Warren 
Tester, Stewart & Rossell Co., Washington 
Walker & Slater, Washington 
Watson town Door & Sash Co., Watsontown 
U. G. Stover, AVaynesboro 
W. F. Blair, Wavnesburg 
J. A. Culver & Co., Wellsboro 
Harkness & Borden. Wellsboro 
J. C. & S. A. Spencer, Wellsboro 
Wolfenberger & Feather, Wernersville 
S. C. Black, West Chester 
E. R. & W. H. Griffith, West Chester 
Isaac D. Shaffer, West Conshohocken 
Luse & Shaull Co.. West Fairview 
C. B. NefC, West Newton 
Wesley L. Beam, West Point 
J. C. McQuaid, West View 
H. W. White, Whites Valley 
The GofC Lumber Co., Wilkes-Barre 
Kehoe & Mowery Co.. Wilkes-Barre 
Conrad Lee, Wilkes-Barre 
E. T. Long & Co., Wilkes-Barre 
-Bobbins Lumber Co.. Wilkes-Barre 
W. H. Shepherd & Son, Wilkes-Barre 
The Steinhauer Co., Wilkes-Barre 



Wilkes-Barre Branch Post Offices. 



J. F. Seward & Co., Kingston, Wilkes-Barre 
H. W. Ruggles, Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre 
Frank L. Underwood. Luzerne, AVilkes-Barre 
Twist * Hippensteel, Parsons, Wilkes-Barre 
Hart Pinning Mill Co., North Ave. & Pitt St., 

Wilkinsburg (Br. P. O.) Pittsburgh 
Dan'l Whitmore & Co., Wilkinsburg (Br. P. 0.) 
Wilkinsburg Stair & Mfg. Co., Wilkinsburg 

(Br. P. 0.) 
W. F. Toungk Co., Wilkinsburg (Br. P. 0.) 
F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg 
John Coleman, Williamsport 
W. D. Crooks & Sons. Williamsport 
Goertz Carving Co., Williamsport 
Loyalsock Planing Mill Co., Williamsport 
Simmons Wood Working Co,, Williamsport 
William Slack, Williamsport 
Vallamont Bldg. & Planing Mill Co., Williams- 
port 



Willlamsnort Pinning Mill Co., Williamsport 

Woodworking & Stnirbuilding Co., Williamsport 

Doralnifk Genre, Wilmerding 

Windber Lumber Co., Windber 

D. N. Byers, Woodbury 

EUwood lumber Co , Woodlawn 

I. C. Fuller, Wynlnsing 

W. John Stevens, Inc., Wyncote 

BillmeTer & Small, York 

Frederick Blaebaura, York 

Henry G. Brockmna. York 

Codorns Planins Mill, York 

Geo. W. Gilbert. York 

Home Furniture Co., York 

Casper H. Oermann. York 

York Woodworking Co., York 

Voungsvllle Lumber Co.. Youngsville 

Youngsville Planing Mill, Youngsville 



PLUMBERS' AVOODWORK. 



Westmoreland Lumber Co., Monessen 
Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co., New Brighton 
Hale & Kilburn Co., ISth & Lehigh Ave. 
Philadelphia 



Sanitary Specialties Co., 1S24 E. Clearfield St., 

Philadelphia 
Smedley Bros. Co , Church & Tacony Sts., 

Frankford. Philadelphia 
West York Furniture Mfg. Co., York 



PRINTING MATERIAL. 



The W. O. Hickok Mfg. Co., Plarrisburg 
Joseph Adams, 1226 N. Alden, Philadelphia 
American Electrotype Co., 706 Market St., 

Philadelphia 
American Type Founders, 17 and 19 S. Sixth St., 

Philadelphia 
Chas. S. Belz Co., 14 and 16 S. 5th St., 

Philadelphia 
Duncan & Co., 621 Commerce St., Philadelphia 
Franklin Electrotype Co., 224 So. 5th St., 

Philadelphia 



G'^tchPi S- Manning, 6th & Chestnut Sts., 
Philadelphia 

Hanson Brothers, 704 Sansom St., Philadelnhia 

Royal Electrotype Co., 620 Sansom St.. Phila- 
delphia 

Henry H. Sheip Mfg. Co., N. B. Cor. 6th St. 
& Columbia Ave.. Philadelphia 

Sheip & Vandergrift Co., 816 Lawrence St., 
Philadelphia 

AVeskott & Thompson, 112-114 N. 12th St., 
Philadelphia 

Geo. W. White, 721 Walnut St., Philadelphia 



395 

PULLEYS AND CONVEYORS. 

P. & R. R. R. Repair Shops, Catawissa W. W. Patterson Co., 54 Water St., Pittsburgli 

Edwards Mfg. Co., Laceyville Pittsburgh Block & Mfg. Co., SIS Soutb Ave, 

Eclipse Piille.v Co., Meyersdale North Side, Pittsburgh 

Coliditz-McMinn & Co., 702 W. Canal St., Reading Wood Pulley Co., Reading 

Philadelphia Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 

PUMPS. 

Connellsville Mch. & Car Co., Connellsville G. R. Wood's Sons Co., Sheffield 

The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and Standard Wood Pipe Co., Williamsport 
Coke Co., 4S Market St., Pittsburgh 

REFRIGERATORS AND KITCHEN CABINETS. 

J. D. Naftzinger, Centerport Thos. Mills & Bro., Inc., 1301 N. Sth St., 

Stevenson Co., Chester Philadelphia 

Banta Refrigerator Co., Clearfield Ridgway Refrigerator Co., 3519 N. Lawrence 

R. F. Kleinginna, Du Bois St., Philadelphia 

W. H. Kelchner, Miffllnville C. J. & A. Schad, 519 Bainbridge St., Phila- 

J. FLsher and Co., 1216-18 N. Sth St., Phila- delphia 

delphia H. Daniel Long, S. W. Cor. Front & Mont- 
Hale & Kilburn Co., ISth St. and Lehigh Ave., gomery St., Philadelphia 

Philadeliihia Standard Refrigerator Co., 2543-45-47 Germantown 

John Knoell & Sous, 171 Jefferson St., Phila- Ave., Philadelphia 

delphia S. Delp's Sons, Fourth and Liberty Sts., Pitts- 

A. H. & F. H. Lippincott, Inc., 24th & Locust burgh 

Sts., Philadelphia Bernard Gloekler Co., 1127 Penn. Ave., Pitts- 

McCracken & Hall, 1120 Washington Ave., burgh 

Philadelphia The Specialty Mfg. Co., Titusville 

H. A. Boyer, West Hanover 

ROLLERS AND CURTAIN POLES. 

Webb Mfg. Co., Brookville Thomas Ott & Co., 1124-1132 Washington Ave., 
Bernard McCurdy, 9th & Arch Sts., Phila- Philadelphia 

delphia R. M. Bowser & Son, Renfew 

Smedley Bros. Co., Church & Tacony Sts., Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 



Frankford, Philadelphia 



SADDLES AND HARNESS. 



Barton Mfg. Co., Ivyland H. M. Easterbrook, 311 Cherry St., Philadelphia 

Eagle Scotch Hame Manufacturers, 235 No. Hessler Wagon Works, Inc., 857 E. Girard Ave., 
Lawrence St., Philadelphia Philadelphia 

SHIP AND BOAT BUILDING. 

A. Long & Son, Albion E. F. Ward & Sons, Philadelphia 

Rift Climbing Boat Co., Athens Hazelwood Dock Co., Pittsburgh 

Ray Hoffman, Bloomsburg The Monongahela River Consolidated Coal and 
W. N. Foust & Son, Conneaut Lake Coke Co., 8 Market St., Pittsburgh 

Hauser Bros., Delaware Water Gap Neville Dock Co., 1218 Park Building, Pitts- 
Dravosburg Dock Co., Dravosburg burgh 

Paasch Bros., Erie R. C. Price & Co., Foot Federal St., Pitts- 
John S. Sheppard, Essington burgh 

Harrisburg River, Coal, Sand & Stone Co., James Rees & Sons Co., Pittsburgh 

Harrisburg H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan 
Geo. V. Tompkins, Marcus Hook Aves., Pittsburgh 

The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Co., Mauch J. M. Samsel, Point Pleasant 

Chunk Peck Lbr. Mfg. Co., Scranton 

Collins, Darrah & Co., Nebraska J. P. Coryell, Shamokin Dam 

Wm. Cramp & Sons, Ship & Eng. Bldg. Co., Bethlehem Steel Co., South Bethlehem 

Beach and Ball Sts., Philadelphia Forest Barge Co., Tionesta 

William Glass & Son, 779 N. 2Sth St., Phila- U. S. Boat Yards, Lock No. 4 

delphia Douglass & Yale, Union Dale 

Wesley Glenn, S. L. Tacony St., Philadelphia Wyatt Stroman, Yorkhaven 
U. S. Navy Yard (Hull Division), Philadelphia 

SHUTTLES, SPOOLS, AND BOBBINS. 

Allentown Bobbin Works, AUentown Excelsior Bobbin & Spool Co., Newtown 

AUentown Reed, Harness & Mill Supply Co., J. B. Brusher, Norristown 

Allentown , Jas. H. Billington & Co., Randolph & Jefferson 
Clover Leaf Mfg. Co., Carbondale Sts., Philadelphia 

Arnold & Bro., Coopersburg B. R. Dover, 1126 N. Orianna, Philadelphia 

SPORTING AND ATHLETIC GOODS. 

A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland Geo. Wuerthele & Sons, 1724 East St., N. S., 

Oneida Community, Ltd., Lititz Pittsburjrli 

Clark Herd Mfg. Co., 2419 Front St., Phila- Wm. Wuerthele, 418 Diamond St., Pittsburgh 

delphia Geo. H. Rhea, Saltsburg 

Chas. P. Foulkrod, 2235 Wood St., Philadelphia Holmee & Gilfillan, Smethport 

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., Becker Novelty Co., Spring Creek 

Philadelphia J. H. Park, Warren 
Prank Rosatto Co., 222 So. Sth St., Philadelphia 



196 



TANKS AND SILOS. 



Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 
P. & R. Ry. Repair Shops, Catawissa 
Downiiifrton Mfg. Co., Downington 
Grater Body Co., Norrlstown 



H. Blsesser & Bros., 1334 Ohio St., N. S., 
Pittsburgh 

Fleming Tank Co., 3115 Liberty Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 



Amos H. Hall Son & Co., 2915-2933 N. Second H. R. Walter Lbr. Co., Fayette & Manhattan 

St., Philadelphia Aves., Pittsburgh 

E. F. Schliohter Co., 10 S. 18th St., Philadelphia Rouseville Supply Co., Rouseville 
Woolford Wood Tank Mfg. Co., 1429 Chestnut John Benore, Scranton 

St., Philadelphia International Silo Co., Linesville 

F. P. Case & Son, Trov 



Standard Novelty Co., Duncannon 

P. W. Crandall & Co., Blkland 

Barton Mfg. Co., Ivyland 

Benner Mfg. Co., Inc., Lancaster 

Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mavv'rglen. 

Le Raysville Furn. & Mfg. Co., Le Raysville 

Mansfield Novelty Works, Mansfield 

L. Hopkins Mfg. Co., North Girard 

S. L. Allen & Co., 5th St. and Glenwood Ave., 

Philadelphia 
A. Schoenhut Co., 2215 Adams St., Philadelphia 



J. T. Hammond ik Son, Inc., 4534 Hedge St., 
Frankford, PhiladelTihia 

A. Mecky Co., 1705 Allegheny Ave., Philadel- 
phia 

Penn. Wheelbarrow Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts- 
burgh 

Weaver Specialty Co., 6344 Aurelia St., E. B., 
Pittsburgh 

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 

Hawes Mfg. Co., Towanda 

Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 



TRUNKS AND VALISES. 

Fiber Specialty Co., Kennett Square Cramer and Sherr, 123 So. 3rd St., Philadelphia 

S. J. Bailey, Nicholson ' B. Podol, 1103 N. 2nd St., Philadelphia 

The Belber Trunk & Bag Co., 1641 N. Hancock J. H. Seitz & Son, 414 & 438 Brown St., Phila- 

St., Philadelphia delphia 

S. Berkowitz, 1818 So. 9th St., Philadelphia R. B. & B. Trunk Co., 32-40 Isabella St., Pitts- 
Robert McGuinn & Co., 437 Market St., Phila- burgh 

delphia South Montrose Mill Co., South Montrose 



VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS. 



International Motor Co., Allen town 

Est. of W. Wolf, Allentown 

Lewis Wolf's Sons, AUentown 

Balzer Koelle, Altoona 

Russell Delozier, Altoona 

Penn. R. R. Co. (Foundries), Altoona 

Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 

J. L. Saylor & Son. Annville 

T. M. Werner. Annville 

The Autocar Co., Ardmore 

L. C. Brenner, Bainbridge 

W. Ira Baker, Baker.sville 

W. G. Sterling, Bakerstown 

Josepli Litterhouse, Bally 

S. S. Lynch, Bausman 

Jacob F. Schmitt, Beaver Meadows 

J. 0. Klinger, Beaver Springs 

Bedford Planins Mill Co., Bedford 

F. H. Brightbill, Bedford 

A. G. Brightbill & Son, Bedford 

W. S. Fletcher, Bedford 

Isaac K. Meyer, Bedminster 

H. 3. Horton & Co., Belleville 

S. F. Appleman, Benton 

Long Wagon Co., Benton 

Wm. E. Gruber. Bernville R. D. 

Gruber Wagon Works, Bernville R. D. 

Trescott Carriage Works, Berwick 

A. K. Huntzinger, Blainsport 

Edw. Stevens, Bowmansdale 

Bovertown Carriage Co., Boyertown 

Pittsburgh Machine Tool Co., Braddock 

C. A. Adams, Bridgeton R'. D. 

Chas. B. Sossong Co., Bridgeville 

Standard Cast Iron Pipe & Foundry Co., Bristol 

J. D. McSparrin, Brockwayville 

Brookville Mfg. Co., Brookvllle 

C. W. Scott Co., Bryn Mawr 

A. F. Fey, Carbondale 

H. J. & W. A. Krumenacker, Carrolltown 

A. C. Kelly, Center Moreland 

J. G. Reber, Centerport 

C. H. Schantz, Center Valley 

AValton Lumber Co., Charleroi 

M. Ocheltree, Chester 

S. M. Congleton, Chester Heights 

Schaller Bros., Clark 

Clearfield Novelty Works, Clearfield 

R. H. Grater, CoUegeville 

Fr.ank J. Bower, Collomsville 

Columbia Wagon Co., Columbia 

Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis 

F. E. Neffe, Coudersport 

Z. H. Markley, Cressman 

John G. Stoll, Deodate 



J. K. Hinkle, Dillshurg - 

Huston Irwin Mfg. Co., Du Bois 

Hobson & Co., Baston ■• 

J. Monroe Young, Easton 

St. Francis Industrial School, Eddington 

C. Prouty & Co., Eldred 

C. Bailey & Co., Elimsport 

A. Buch's Sons Co.. Elizabethtown 
Martin & Heagy Mfg. Co., Elizabethtown 
Swab Carriage Co., Elizabethville 

Swab Wagon Co., Elizabethville 

Horace Handwork, Elverson 

Acme Wagon Co.. Emigsville 

J. H. Young Lumber Co., Emlenton 

H. N. Thayer Co., Erie 

W. C. Laderer, Evans City 

F. M. Ott & Son. Everett 

B. F. Beers, Fallentimber 
S. A. Mowers. Fayef-fville 
Finleyville Planing Mill Co., Finleyville 
Fleetwood Metal Body Co., Fleetwood 
Myers Carriage Co., Franklin 

A. Reynolds, Franklin 

Fredonia Bending Works, Fredonia 

R. M. Whitney, Galeton 

M. Schultz, Gallitzin 

George T. Sellers, Gap 

George Keinard, Geigers Mills 

n. W. Bryan, Gillett 

J. N. Kramer. Coodville 

Stoyers Carriage Shop. Greenville 

Grim & Bro., GrimvilU. 

P. C. Fehrman, Groffs Store 

McKay Carriage Co. , Grove City 

Scott & Kemmerer. Hamburg 

Hanover Bending & Mfg. Co., Hanover 

Hopkins Mfg. Co , Hanover 

Eureka Coal Wagon Co., Harrisburg 

C. A. Pair Carriage & Auto Works, Harrisburg 
C. A. Sefton Cirriace Works. Harrisburg 

C. E. Shaffer Est., Harrisburg 

Penna. R. R. Co.. Harrisburg 

F. N. Watts, Harrisburg 

Samuel Fahs, Highspire 

Jas. B. Condroii, Hollidayshurg 

Penwarden Mfg. Co., Honesdale 

Wm. Nelms, Honey Brook 

Bowers & Leathers, Howard 

Howard Handle & Spoke Co., Howard 

Chas. E. Pletcher, Howard 

M. Gillis, Hughesville 

Conner Vehicle Co., Indiana 

John F. Klein, Ironbridge 

T. H. Hazlett Lbr. Co., Jeannette 

C. H. Decker, Jersey Shore 



137 



VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS— Continued. 



Chas. Shoup, Jersey Shore 

OouemaugU Lbr. Co., Jolinstown 

iiaucli il.iiulwcrk iV Co., Jordan 

American Road Machine Co., Kennett Square 

Jacohs ix; Coliey Wilkes-Barre, Kingston Br. 

P. 0. 
H. \V. Miller, Kittanning 
H. Shaffer Lumber Co., Kittanning 
E. R. Kroninger, Kutztown 
R. Miller's iSons, Xi^utztown 
Edwin A. Kamer, Kutztown 
J. H. Kirk & Co., Kylertown 
Roy M. Plank, Lampeter 
Samuel E. Bailey, Lancaster 

uowney Bros. Spoke & Bending Co., Lancaster 
Edwin Edgerly, Lancaster 
Michael Hoover, Lancaster ^ 

StoU Bros., Lancaster 
S. M. Skeen, Lancaster 
John R. Cooper, Landenberg 
Automatic Wagon & Truck Co., Lansdowne 
Latrobe Carriage Co., Latrobe 
Monyar Carriage Co., Latrobe 
The Fauber Coach Works, Lebanon 
A. F. Heim Carriage Works, LenhartsvlUe 
T. L. Blocker & Sons, Littlestown 
S. D. Mehring, Littlestown 
Frank L. Underwood, Wilkes-Barre, Luzerne Br. 

P. 0. 
N. F. Shillingford, McAlisterville 

A. Mauser & Bro., McEwensville 
L. Loeffler, McKeesport 

Otto Sippel, McKees Rocks 

J. ^V. Gerhard, Macungie 

H. P. Frank, Maytown 

Sload & Bro., Maytown 

The Bberly & Orris Mfg. Co., Mechanicsburg 

J. K. Hinkel, Mechanicsburg 

J. B. Koller & Co., Mechanicsburg 

Fred Seidel Estate, Mechanicsburg 

Seidel & Hinkel, Mechanicsburg 

Hopp Carriage Co., MlfHinburg 

Mifflinburg Body & Gear Co., Mifllinburg. 

D. B. Miller, Mifflinburg 

Elmer C. Rudy, Mifllinburg 

Potter Wagon Works, Mifflintown 

Charles S. Pearson, Milford 

Edward Buck, Millville 

John lv<-es & Co., Millville 

Valley Machine & Turning Co., Monongahela 

J. Howard Ames, Morgantown 

Wm. H. Albright, Mount Penn 

Mountville Mfg. Co., Mouutville 

Jacob M. Ames, Neffsville 

C. H. Felten, New Baltimore 

Darlington & Hoffman, New Bloomfield 

B. S. Struckman, New Buena Vista 
Shenango Lumber Co., New Castle 
H. A. Buffeumyer, New Holland 
Graff & Weaver, New Holland 
Wm. Huntley, New Milford 

0. H. Mathews, Newportville 
Clarence Randall, Newtown 
McGowan & Heuscher, Newtown 
Horace Ervieu, Ogontz 
Harry Williams & Son, Ogontz 
Eagle Spoke Works, Oil City 
Kramer Wagon Co., Oil City 
J. W. Connor, Orangeville 
S. B. Wise Sons, Orrstown 
Johnson Carriage Co., Oxford 
Wilson Bros., Oxford 
Martz & Fisher, Paxinos 
J. G. Moyer & Sons Co., Perkasie 
Max M. Betz & Son, 1041 Frankford Ave., Phila- 
delphia 
Bloch Go-Cart Co., 1136-48 N. American St., 

Philadelphia 
The John Buckley Hub, Spoke & Wheel Co., 

i)f;9-75 N. 2ud St., Philadelphia 
J. Haynes CaflTey, 1712 Fairmount Ave., Phila- 
delphia 
Finnesey & Kobler, Inc., S. W. Cor. 26th & 

Parrish Sts., Philadelphia 
Fulton-Walker Co., 1931 Filbert St., Phila- 
delphia 
Geo. W. Garrett & Sons, 39th & Lancaster Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Hale and Kilburn Co., ISth St. & Lehigh Ave., 

Philadelphia 
H. Kaiser & Co., Inc., 23rd & Race Sts., 

Philadelphia 
Kessler Wagon Works, Inc., 857 E. Girard Ave., 

Philadelphia 



Morris Truck & Wheel Co., 2016 S. Bancroft St., 

Philadelphia 
Louis Oehme, 3045 Richmond St., Philadelphia 
Petzelt & Keyser, N. E. Cor. 24th & Locust, 

Philadelphia 
Pennsylvania R. R. (West Phila. Shops), Phila- 
delphia 
Kech-Marbaker Co., Eight St. & Girard Ave., 

Philadelphia 
Rodenhausen's Excelsior Wagon Wks., 1437 

Hutchinson St., Philadelphia 
Frank Schanz, 40S N. Randolph St., Philadelphia 
The Schwarz Wheel Co., Margaret St., & P. R. 

R., Philadelphia 
Southwork Truck Co., 911-913 Ellsworth, Phila- 
delphia 
Sowney Bros., 1204 & 22 Frankford Ave., Phila- 
delphia 
Martin H. Walrath, Broad & Cambria, Phila- 
delphia 
Wm. Wenkenbach's Sons, 1310 Germantown Ave., 

Philadelphia 
C. F. Bufflngton & Bros., Pillow 
Jno. Deisenroth, 48 Sth St., Pittsburgh 
Doehle Wagon Co., 1055 Ohio St., Pittsburgh 
Eagle Transfer Co., 101 Galveston Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 
Geo. J. Eisenhauer, 220 Brighton Road, Pitts- 
burgh 
H. J. Evans, 314-315 E. Reliance St., Pittsburgh 
Frazier & Foltz, 2614 Smallman St., Pittsburgh 
L. Glesenkamp Sons & Co., 320 Penn. Ave., 

Pittsburgh 
R. J. Hayden, 4110 Liberty Ave., Pittsburgh 
Wm. L. Heusel Wagon Co., 1st & Middle St, 

N. S., Pittsburgh 
W. J. Hittner. 3402 Penn. Ave., Pittsburgh 
Jno. H. Huy's Sons, Basin & Welsler Sts., 

Ewalt Station, Pittsburgh 
Lewis Kauft'man, 1206 East St., Pittsburgh 
Kholos Wagon Co., 2213 Forbes St., Pittsburgh 
H. Lange Wagon Co., 504 Second Ave. & 

S. St. Clair St., Pittsburgh 
W. H. Leonhard & Son, 21S 43rd St., Pittsburgh 
H. Linde, So. 24th & Sidnev, Pittsburgh 
McClinton & Co., 309 Sandusky St., Pittsburgh 
Metz & Miller, S13 Penn. Ave., Pittsburgh 
Monongahela River Consolidated Coal & Coke 

Co.. No. S Market St., Pittsburgh 
Penn. Wheelbarrow Co., 4741 Kansas St., Pitts- 
burgh 
John Sauter, 414 Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh 
G. A. Schnabel & Sons, 3069 Penn. Ave., Pitts- 
burgh 
Frank Sismour, SS4 Main St., Pittsburgh 

E. J. Thompson Co., Louisa St., Pittsburgh 
H. R. Walter Lumber Co., Fayette & Manhattan 

Ave., Pittsburgh 
J. G. Weir & Son, 1325 Liberty St., Pittsburgh 

C. West & Co., 420 Duquesne Way, Pittsburgh 
Wilkinsburg Carriage Works, 500 Penn Ave., 

Wilkinsburg, Pittsburgh 

F. F. Childs, Pittsfleld 

H. N. Tritmyer, Pleasant Gap 

H. W. Millard, Pomeroy 

Pennsylvania R. K. Co.^ Pottsville 

P. McKean Harl & Son, Lindsay Sta., Punxsu- 

tawney 
Puns.sutawney Pdy. & Mach. Co., Punxsutawney 
Anchor Bending Works, Reading 
Biehl's Carriage & Wagon Works, Reading 
Keystone Vehicle Co., Reading 
The S. 6. V. Co., Reading 
Wetherhold & Bros., Reading 
Harvey S. Smith, Rebuck 

D. J. Rumbel, Red Hill 
Alvin Fauth, Red Lion 
Noah C. Stabley, Red Lion 

J. & H. C. Dieble, Reynoldsville. 
Schrock Bros., Rockwood 
Levi Hackerty, Rohrerstown 
L. D. Fields, Roxburv 

G. W. Huber, Rural "Valley 
McKelvey & Peters, Rural Valley 

E. C. Beckley, Saint Clairsville 
John Benore, Scranton 
Blume Wagon Works, Scranton 
A. R. Gould & Sons, Scranton 
Mason & Snowdon Lbr. Co., Scranton 
Steup Bros., Sewickley 

Frank K. Morgan, Shamokin 
Shamokin Wagon Works, Shamokin 
J. M. Hoagland & Co., Sharon 
E. M. Seyfert, Shartlesville 



198 



VEHICLES AND VEHICLE PARTS— Continued. 



W. E. Sell, Shelocta 

The Parker Mfg. Co., Souderton 

L. Hammond, Spangler 

The Graves & Eighmy Co., Sprlngboro 

Kramer & Son, Springboro 

Ephraim Fluck, Springtown 

Albert Miller & Co., Springtown 

A. D. Shollenberger, Stelnsville 

F. B. Hess, Stockertown 
Levi Raezer, Talmage 
Christ & Becker, Tamaqua 
Eagle Carriage Works, Tamaqua 
The Tarentum Lbr. Co., Tarentum 
Martin Hub Works, Tidioute 

J. C. Scowden, Tionesta 
Titusville Handle Co., Titusville 
J. F. Cupp, Trout Run 
Fred CaUisch, Union City 
The Star Handle Co., Union City 
J. M. Howard & Son, Uniontown 
Thos. Matthews, Uniontown 

G. W. Baum, Urban 

J. M. Davis, Walnut Bottom 
Samuel Peterson, Warren 



John S. Pross, Warrington 

Hoopes Bro. & Darlington, Inc., West Chester 
Jacobs & CoUey, Kingston, Wilkes-Barre 
Frank L. Underwood, Luzerne, Wilkes-Barre 
Wilkinsburg Carriage Works, 500 Penn. Ave., 

Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg Br. P. 0. 
Loyalsock Planing Mill Co., Williamsport 
J. L. Rush & Son, Willow Grove 
Willow Grove Bending Co., Willow Grove 
J. R. Barnhart, Worthington 
A. D. Benton, Worthington 
John F. Stephens, Woodbine R. D. 
Werner & Lesher, Teagertown 
W. A. Eberly Wheel Works, York 
Eureka Bending & Wheel Works, York 
A. B. Farquhar Co., York 
Hoover Wagon Co., York 
The Martin Carriage Works, York 
Ness Bros. & Co., York 
Pullman Motor Car Co., York 
Ervin Smith & Co., York 
York Carriage Co., York 
York Wagon Gear Co., York 



WEIGHING APPARATUS. 



Penn. R. R. Car Shops, Altoona 
Penn. R. R. iCo. (Juniata Shops) , Altoona 
Louis Kirchgraber, 613-15 Cherry St., Phila- 
delphia 



The Standard Scale & Supply Co. 
St.,' Pittsburgh 



WHIPS, CANES, AND UMBRELLA STICKS. 



Chicora Whip Co., Ltd., Chicora 

T. H. Gilpin, Greentown 

Laanna Mfg. Co., Laanna 

Wm. G. Bayha, 333-35 N. Fourth St., Phila- 
delphia 

James S. Caterson, 1136 Catherine St., Phila- 
delphia 

M. Horwitz, 305 Montrose St., Philadelphia 



The Harvey V. Watt Co., 1804-26 E. Venango St., 
Philadelphia 

L. Schneider Co., 4701 Worth St., Frankford 

L. Silverstone & Co., 1126 N. Orianna St.,, Phila- 
delphia 

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 

Wells Whip Co., Wellsville 



WOODENWARE AND NOVELTIES. 



Keystone Mfg. Co., Albion 

AUentown Reed Harness & Mill Supply Co. 

Allentown 
The Belmer Mfg. Co., Canton 
The H. Sheldon Mfg. Co., Canton 
Catawissa Specialty & Mfg. Co., Catawissa 
Clearfield Woodenware Co., Inc., Clearfield 
Corry Pail Co., Corry 
F. E. Westley, Corry 

East Greenville Mfg. Co., East Greenville 
0. Prouty & Co., Bldred 
Lovell Mfg. Co., Erie 
Hanover Bending and Mfg. Co., Hanover 
Laanna Mfg. Co., Laanna 
E. H. Alpha, Lakeville 
Oneida Community Ltd., Lititz 
Glen Mawr Novelty Works, Mawrglen 
Norris Pattern & Machine Co., Norristown 
The Eclipse Co., North Girard 
The Empire Co., North Girard 
Penn Mfg. Co., North Girard 



John C. Dettra <fe Co., Oaks 

John P. Little Co., Pitcure Rocks 

Nathan Cohen, 1126 N. Orianna St., Philadelphia 

John Grass Wood Turning Co., 222 Vine St., 
Philadelphia 

J. T. Hammond & Sons, Inc., 4534 Hedge St., 
Frankford, Philadelphia 

Kassell & Co., 309 Montrose St., Philadelphia 

.John Klett, 1305 N. 27th St., Philadelphia 

Thomas Ott & Co., 1124 Washington Ave., 
Philadelphia 

L. Silverstone & Co., 1126 N. Orianna, Phila- 
delphia 

Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling 

W. S. Wilcox, Turnersville, Jamestown P. 0. 

Blasdell Novelty Mfg. Co., Towanda 

Patterson Bros. Co., Wellsboro 

H. W. White, Whites Valley 

F. B. Sherman. Williamsburg 

W. John Stevens, Inc., VVyncote 

Keystone Farm Machine Co., York 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



Pennsylvania Match Co., Belief onte, Matches 
Fred Fear Match Co., Bloomsburg, Matches 
Coraopolis Mfg. Co., Coraopolis, Signs and 
Supplies 



Heilprin Mfg. Co., Philadelphia, Firearms 
John Grass Wood Turning Co., Philadelphia, 

Bungs and Faucets 
A. H. Fox Gun Co., Philadelphia, Firearms 



Penna. Hub & A'^cneer Co., Laquin, Brewers' Geo. H. Lancaster, South Sterling, Flag Poles 

Chips and Staffs 

Bernard McCurdy, Philadelphia, Flag and Tent F. B. Sherman, Williamsburg, Firearms 

Poles 



APPENDIX 



(1^9) 






(200) 



ROUGH FOREST PRODUCTS. 

It was pointed out on a preceding page that this study does not include 
the rough lumber produced by the Pennsylvania sawmills, nor the State's out- 
put of shingles, lath, cooperage, wood distillation, veneer, pulpwood, etc. 
The Bureau of the Census, co-operating with the Forest Service, yearly col- 
lects statistics for these commodities and in order to make this report com- 
plete in all phases of wood consumption, the census figures have been copied 
from the latest bulletins, 1911-12, in so far as they relate to Pennsylvania, 
and are presented in tabular form in the following paragraphs. 

LUMBER. 
In the production of chestnut lumber, Pennsylvania is second among the 
states, and third in the cut of hemlock, maple, and beech. The following 
table shows 22 woods cut in the State in 1912, arranged according to quantity, 
together with the average price per M feet at the mill and the total cost. 

Table a. — Production of Rough Lumber. 





a 


1 






.o 


u 






1 


0) 




Kind of AVood. 


-*-' 

3 








^ 


a 






>> 




I 




a 

0! 


ej. 


'3 




3 


t>«w 






©■ 


< 


^ 



Hemlock 

Oak 

Chestnut, 

Maple 

White pine, .. 

Vifc-r-h 

YeUow pine, . 

Birch, 

Yellow poplar, 
Basswood, 

Ash 

Hiclsory, 

Elm 

Walnut, 

Red gum 

Cedar, 

Sycamore, 

Spruce 

Balsam fir, ... 
Tupelo 

l/arch, 

Cottonwood, .. 
All others. 

Total, . . 



386,188,000 
209,473,000 
93,294,000 
81,617,000 
71,870,000 


?15 41 
19 52 
16 29 
16 19 
21 33 


$5,951,157 
4.088,913 
1,519,759 
1,321,379 
1,532.987 


21,6471000 
17,666,000 
14,413,000 
10,925,000 


13 87 
16 72 
22 75 
18 67 


6?.S,031 
300.244 
295,376 
327,896 
203,970 


10,336,000 
9,82«,000 
2,994,000 
2,268,000 
1,454,000 


20 55 

21 86 
16 67 
21 47 
12 47 


201,924 
225,945 
49,910 
48,694 
18,131 


892,000 
575,000 
342,000 
141,000 
100,000 


14 40 
13 87 
17 30 
13 42 
13 90 


12,845 
7,975 
5 917 
1,892 
1,390 


76,000 

46,000 

6,351,000 


13 29 
18 12 
18 50 


1,010 

834 

U7,494 


992,180,000 


$17 OO 


$16,863,673 



*Prices supplied from information in files of the Forest Service for prices f. o. b. mill. 



( 2ob 



202 

LATHS. 
Many of the plastering laths produced in Pennsylvania are produced from 
sawmill waste. Large quantities are also manufactured by portable lath mills 
that follow the sawmill onto cut-over tracts and clear up the remaining small 
softwood and the soft hardwood trees, as well as utilize the cutoffs, crooked 
logs, tops, and other material the lumbermen left in the woods. Hemlock 
and white pine are the principal lath woods in Pennsylvania, although spruce, 
yellow poplar, cucumber, and aspen were also reported. 



SHINGLES. 

Chestnut, because it is a durable wood outside and cheap, is the principal 
shingle material in Pennsylvania. White pine, hemlock, and a few hard- 
woods in small amounts were the other woods to contribute to the output. In 
the production of shingles Pennsylvania is not one of the principal states, 
but compared with the quantity of wood used by the various wood-using in- 
dustries of the State and especially with the home-grown material reported, 
it is of considerable importance. Shingles made in Pennsylvania are both 
split and sawed, the sawed shingle is more salable and therefore, the kind 
generally manufactured. 



Table b. — Production of Laths and Shingles. 































^ 






si 




















Products. 




a 




t^ 






■*-» 


tB 
















3 • 






&f> 




C 


H 



Laths, . . 
Shingles, 



78,758,000 
26,957,000 



15,752,000 
2, 696, GOO 



COOPERAGE. 

Table "c" reports the quantity and cost of material used in Pennsylvania 
for the manufacture of barrel stock, staves, and heading. Raw material for 
both stave and heading is usually purchased in the form of bolts but consider- 
able sawmill waste is saved by being converted into these products. The 
prices given were not taken from the Census bulletin as they are not com- 
prised in these statistics. Information concerning them was collected from 
cooperage plants by agents when in the field in connection with the wood- 
using industry investigation, and an average made of them and applied to the 
Census figures. 

The manufacture of cooperage is an industry which rightfully comes within 
the scope of the wood-using industry study because both staves and heading 
are but knocked-down barrels and should be included the same as box shooks 
or other manufactured material which needs only to be assembled to be 
finished. However, owing to the fact that one Bureau of the Federal Gov- 
ernment gathers these statistics, the Forest Service did not deem it ex- 
pedient to seek similar information from the coopv^rage plants twice in the 
same year. Had the cooperage data been included in the foregoing report. 



203 



this industry, according to quantity consumed, would have stood fourth in 
the list of over 51 industries in Table 3. Thirteen woods are demanded each 
year for staves and heading. They are shown in the order of amounts as 
follows: 

Table c. — Production of Cooperage Stock. 









u ? 


o 










ca ^ 












°"3 


iH 






m 






^-i 
















Kind of Wood. 


> 


.9 


«^a 


■M O 
03 *H 
O 


W 
































Oj CD 








a 








03 




!5 


m 


H 


< 


B 



Beech, 

Chestnut 

Maple, 

Birch, 

Pine, 

Oak, 

Red gum, 

Spruce 

Ash, 

Elm 

Yellow poplar, 
Basswood, 
All others, 

Total, . . 



78, 588,000 
46,186,0O'0 
22,108,000 
10,367,0010 
7,957,000 

1,972,000 
414,000 
200,000 
146,000 
105,000 

47,000 

37,000 

437,000 



168,564,000 



2,347,000 
3,545,000 
1,715,000 
231,000 
1,773,000 



77,000 



7,000 
3,000 



55,000 
196,000 



9,949,000 



85,082,700 
71,079,252 
34,190,916 
10,458,756 
23,556,780 

1,561,82:4 

1,077,252 

158, 400 

183,756 

112,356 

572, 4S4 

1. 936,776 

346,104 

230,326,356 



$7 00 


6 03 


7 00 


6 50 


700 


e 00 


7 75 


6 5(T 


6 50 


7 00 


6 50 


7 00 


6 15 


$6 66 



$595,579 
426,476 
239, 39-9 
67,982 
164,897 

9,371 
8,349 
1,030 
1,194 

786 

3,7211 
13,557 
2,129 

$1,534,470 



PULPWOOD. 
The quantity of wood consumed for making paper pulp in Pennsylvania, 
according to the 1911 Census figures, amounts to over 315,000 cords. It is 
procured in bolt form and is equivalent to more than 158,000,000 board meas- 
ure feet that is annually taken from the forests of the State. Pennsylvania 
is the fifth State in the consumption of wood pulp and stands next to Maine 
in using large quantities of mill and woods waste in this line of manufacture. 



Table d. — Pulpwood Consumption. 







j= 






^ 






SH 






,^ 






as 






O 


Kind of Wood. 








+j 






• a 


















a 


















Sa 




o 




O 


H 



Spruce, 

Pine, 

Beech, 

Yellow poplar, 

Hemlock, 

Maple 

All others 

Slab wood and other mill waste, 

Total 



56, 243 
51,265 
44,320 
35,120 
33,181 


28,121,500 
25,632,500 
22,160,000 
17,560,000 
16,590,500 


30,874 
10,295 
54,384 


15,437,000 
5.147,500 
27,192,000 


315,682 


157,841,000 



204 

HARDWOOD DISTILLATION. 
Beech, birch, and maple are the principal woods consumed in hardwood 
distillation. They have been separated in the following table merely to 
emphasize the kinds used and the quantities are not representative of the 
actual results but were arbitrarily divided in equal amounts for the want of 
more definite information. Besides the above named woods, oaks, hickory, 
chestnut, elm, and ashes were also consumed but in small quantities only. 
Pennsylvania hardwood distillation plants generally employ the destructive 
process. Charcoal, crude wood alcohol, and gray acetate are the principal 
products. 

Table e. — Hardwood Distillation. 



) 




.Q 


















^ 














Kind of Wood. 




a 






>■ 




■a 






o 


ga 




O 


& 



Beech. 

Bircli, 

Maple 

Total, 




60,756,500 
60,756,500 
60,756,500 

182,269,500 



VENEER. 
Over 2,500,000 feet of logs in Pennsylvania were converted into veneer in 
1911. These are not necessarily cut from the forests of the State as veneer 
logs are sought after over a wide territory and are imported from foreign 
countries and manufactured into veneer by mills in easy reach of important 
markets. In Pennsylvania maple was the principal wood consumed, followed 
by beech, yellow poplar, basswood, oak, birch, and cherry, in the order 
named. Spanish cedar was the only foreign wood. 



155 78 









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